The emerging role of melflufen and peptide-conjugates in multiple myeloma.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The past two decades have witnessed an impressive expansion in the treatment landscape of multiple myeloma, leading to significant improvements in progression-free; as well as overall survival. However, almost all patients still experience multiple relapses during their disease course, with biological and cytogenetic heterogeneity affecting response to subsequent treatments. The purpose of this review is to provide a historical background regarding the role of alkylating agents and an updated data regarding the use of peptide-drug conjugates such as melflufen for patients with multiple myeloma. RECENT FINDINGS: The combination of daratumumab-melflufen-dexamethasone evaluated in the LIGHTHOUSE study showed a statistically significant improvement in progression-free survival compared to single-agent daratumumab (not reached vs. 4.9 months respectively; P  = 0.0032), with improvement in overall response rate to 59% vs. 30% respectively; P  = 0.03. SUMMARY: There have been an interest in developing and utilizing peptide-drug conjugates such as melflufen for treatment of patients with multiple myeloma, especially in the relapsed setting given historical results with alkylating agents, the use of which has been limited by dose-related toxicities in a disease that remains largely incurable. Single agent melflufen initially showed promising results especially in specific subgroups of heavily pretreated patients before the decision to suspend all clinical trials evaluating this agent after results from the OCEAN phase 3 trial. Subsequent reported analyses especially for melflufen-based combinations appear promising and suggest a potential use of peptide-drug conjugates provided optimal patient selection, as well as identification of the best companion agent.

Complex karyotype but not other cytogenetic abnormalities is associated with worse posttransplant survival of patients with nucleophosmin 1-mutated acute myeloid leukemia: A study from the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Acute Leukemia Working Party.

In the 2022 European LeukemiaNet classification, patients with nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1)-mutated acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were classified in the adverse-risk category in the presence of high-risk cytogenetics (CG). Nonetheless, the impact of various CG aberrations on posttransplant outcomes remains to be unraveled. This registry study analyzed adult patients with NPM1-mutated de novo AML who underwent their first allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in the first complete remission from 2005 to 2021. A total of 3275 patients were identified, 2782 had normal karyotype, 493 had chromosomal aberrations including 160 with adverse-risk CG, 72 patients had complex karyotype (CK), and 66 monosomal karyotype (MK). Overall, 2377 (73%) patients had FLT3-ITD. On univariate analysis, only FLT3-ITD, minimal/measurable residual disease (MRD) positivity and CK, but not abnormal CG, affected posttransplant outcomes. On multivariable analysis, CK was associated with lower overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio [HR] 1.72, p = .009). In the subgroup of 493 patients with aberrant CG, the 2-year leukemia-free survival (LFS) and OS were around 61% and 68%, respectively. On multivariable analysis for this subgroup, CK and MRD positivity were associated with increased risk of relapse (HR 1.7, p = .025; and 1.99, p = .003 respectively) and worse LFS (HR 1.62, p = .018; and 1.64, p = .011 respectively) while FLT3-ITD, MK, or other CG abnormalities had no significant effect. Importantly, CK negatively affected OS (HR 1.91, p = .002). In the first complete remission transplant setting, CK was found as the only cytogenetic risk factor for worse outcomes in NPM1-mutated AML. Nevertheless, even for this subgroup, a significant proportion of patients can achieve long-term posttransplant survival.

Could Preoperative Unintended Weight Loss Predispose to Postoperative Thrombosis in Patients Undergoing Colorectal Cancer Surgery? An Analysis of the NSQIP Data.

Objective: A significant portion of colorectal cancer patients lose weight preoperatively. Here we examine the influence of pre-operative significant weight loss on venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk and determine whether pre-operative BMI and albumin could influence VTE outcomes in patients who have lost significant weight prior to surgery.Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) and identified 103,455 colorectal cancer patients undergoing major surgery from 2008 to 2012. Patients were assigned to one of two groups based on whether they lost significant weight preoperatively or not. Simple and stepwise multiple logistic regressions were used to evaluate the association between pre-operative unintended weight loss and 30-days postoperative outcomes. The association between weight loss and postoperative thrombosis was further assessed across several strata.Results: The overall prevalence of pre-operative significant weight loss was 6.8%. Significant weight loss prior to surgery was significantly and independently associated with a higher risk of VTE (adjusted OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.06-1.44), mortality (adjusted OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.35-1.78), composite morbidity (adjusted OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.42-1.62), bleeding (adjusted OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.67-1.91) and return to operation room (adjusted OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.16-1.42). The effect of pre-operative significant weight loss on thromboembolic outcome was evident across patients with a BMI <18.5 kg/m2, 18.5 < BMI < 24.99 and BMI >40kg/m2.Conclusions: Significant weight loss and BMI both need to be measured preoperatively to stratify patients who are at a higher risk of VTE.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of cancer has led to major changes to the therapeutic landscape of lung cancer. Improvements in overall survival relative to standard chemotherapy have been observed in the first-line and second-line therapy settings for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who are treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Consequently, every patient with advanced-stage NSCLC is now a candidate for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. However, it is clear that the benefit from therapy is not universal, and identification of biomarkers to select therapy has assumed importance. In addition to programmed cell death receptor ligand 1 expression, both tissue-based and blood-based markers are under evaluation to select patients. In an era of increasing costs of care and potential for toxicities related to immune checkpoint inhibition, proper patient selection is critical to the optimal use of this new class of agents. In addition, development of novel combination approaches has also emerged as an important way to improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibition. Studies in earlier stages of NSCLC are already underway with the hope of improving the cure rate. In this article, the authors review the current landscape of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of advanced NSCLC. Cancer 2018;124:248-61. © 2017 American Cancer Society.

Iron overload in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes: An updated overview.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) encompass a heterogeneous group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by a broad clinical spectrum related to ineffective hematopoiesis leading to unilineage or multilineage cytopenias, with a high propensity for transformation to acute myeloid leukemia. Iron overload has been recently identified as one of the important conditions complicating the management of these diverse disorders. The accumulation of iron is mainly related to chronic transfusions; however, evidence suggests a possible role for ineffective erythropoiesis and increased intestinal absorption of iron, related to altered hepcidin and growth differentiation factor-15 levels in the development of hemosiderosis in patients with MDS. In addition to its suggested role in the exacerbation of ineffective erythropoiesis, multiple reports have identified a prognostic implication for the development of iron overload in patients with MDS, with an improvement in overall survival after the initiation of iron chelation therapy. This review includes a detailed discussion of iron overload in patients with MDS whether they are undergoing supportive therapy or curative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with a focus on the mechanism, diagnosis, and effect on survival as well as the optimal management of this highly variable complication.

Philadelphia-chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ten frequently asked questions.

Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) constitutes a distinctive cytogenetic entity associated with challenging outcomes, particularly in adult patients. Current upfront chemotherapy-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-based therapies include first, second and third-generation TKIs that have revolutionized patient outcomes including molecular remission and overall survival. Chemotherapy-free regimens such as blinatumomab-dasatinib or blinatumomab-ponatinib offer exciting possibilities, yet challenges arise, particularly in preventing central nervous system relapse. Monitoring measurable residual disease is now a cornerstone particularly using next-generation sequencing (NGS)-Clonoseq for accurate assessment. Controversy regarding the ability to omit consolidation with allogeneic stem cell transplantation, specifically for patients achieving early molecular remission, is related to the excellent survival achieved with novel combinations in the upfront setting, however challenged by the lower disease control when transplant is utilized beyond first remission. Post-transplant maintenance introduces new dilemmas: the optimal TKI, dosing, and duration of therapy are open questions. Meanwhile, a myriad of new combinations and cellular therapies are used for relapsed Ph+ ALL, prompting us to unravel the optimal sequencing of these promising regimen. In this review, we delve into the breakthroughs and controversies in Ph+ ALL with ten commonly asked questions.

Multiple myeloma.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a haematological lymphoid malignancy involving tumoural plasma cells and is usually characterized by the presence of a monoclonal immunoglobulin protein. MM is the second most common haematological malignancy, with an increasing global incidence. It remains incurable because most patients relapse or become refractory to treatments. MM is a genetically complex disease with high heterogeneity that develops as a multistep process, involving acquisition of genetic alterations in the tumour cells and changes in the bone marrow microenvironment. Symptomatic MM is diagnosed using the International Myeloma Working Group criteria as a bone marrow infiltration of ≥10% clonal plasma cells, and the presence of at least one myeloma-defining event, either standard CRAB features (hypercalcaemia, renal failure, anaemia and/or lytic bone lesions) or biomarkers of imminent organ damage. Younger and fit patients are considered eligible for transplant. They receive an induction, followed by consolidation with high-dose melphalan and autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation, and maintenance therapy. In older adults (ineligible for transplant), the combination of daratumumab, lenalidomide and dexamethasone is the preferred option. If relapse occurs and requires further therapy, the choice of therapy will be based on previous treatment and response and now includes immunotherapies, such as bi-specific monoclonal antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy.

Bi- and Tri-specific antibodies in non-Hodgkin lymphoma: current data and perspectives.

Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are a new group of targeted therapies that are revolutionizing the treatment landscape of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL). In the relapsed/refractory setting, salvage chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation are capable of curing 50% of patients, whereas the other half will have a dismal outcome with a median overall survival of less than 12 months. This unmet need reinforced the importance of innovative therapies like the BsAbs and CAR-T cell therapies. In this review, we delve into BsAbs in B-NHL from the preclinical development to clinical data in both refractory and frontline settings, and then discuss future perspectives.

Sexual health and emotional wellbeing of patients with haematological malignancies: general review.

Sexual health is an important aspect of a person's life. Many patients and haematologists believe that intimacy and sexuality issues are substantial during cancer treatment. The haematological cancer disease, diagnosis, shock of the announcement, treatment, and follow-up appointments, can all have negative effects on the quality of life of patients, their partners, other family members, and friends. Addressing the intimate aspects of patients' lives not only enhances their wellbeing but also contributes to the quality of their survivorship. Progress has been made in the management of sexual life-related complications; however, novel strategies in coordination with a multidisciplinary team need to be implemented. New and comprehensive approaches must be developed on a multidisciplinary scale. In this Series paper, we discuss the factors affecting the sexual life of patients with haematological malignancies, different methods to assess sexual function, as well as management approaches of sexual wellbeing among patients with haematological cancers.

Improvements in Posttransplant Outcomes Over Two Decades in Older Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia in the EBMT ALWP Study.

PURPOSE: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a disease of older patients. Progress in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) allowed the delivery of allo-HCT to older patients. We assessed changes over time in transplant characteristics and outcomes in patients with AML ages 65 years and above. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We identified 7,215 patients with AML (median age 68 years, range 65-80) allografted between 2000 and 2021 in first complete remission (CR1; 64%), second or subsequent remission (CR2+; 14%), or active disease (22%). RESULTS: Median follow-up was 40 months. The 3-year cumulative relapse incidence (RI) gradually and significantly decreased from 37% to 31%, then to 30% (P = 0.001) over the three time periods (2000-2009; 2010-2014; 2015-2021), whereas nonrelapse mortality (NRM) decreased from 31% and 31% to 27% (P = 0.003). The 3-year leukemia-free survival (LFS) and overall survival (OS) gradually and significantly improved from 32% to 38%, and then to 44% (P = 0.001) and from 37% to 42%, and then to 49% (P = 0.001), respectively. In multivariate analysis, significant improvement in the RI, LFS, and OS were noted after 2015, whereas NRM was not significantly affected. This improvement was observed regardless of disease status at transplant. CONCLUSIONS: In older patients with AML, we observed an impressive improvement over time in posttransplant outcomes, mostly attributed to decreased RI rather than decreased NRM, and regardless of disease status at transplant. These large-scale, real-world data can serve as a benchmark for future studies in this setting and indicate that the opportunity for transplant for the elderly should be mandatory and no longer an option.

Cardiac toxicities in multiple myeloma: an updated and a deeper look into the effect of different medications and novel therapies.

With the continuous improvement in survival of cancer patients, including those with multiple myeloma, related to the novel treatment agents and therapeutic approaches, the probability for patients to develop cardiovascular disease has significantly increased, especially in elderly patients and those with additional risk factors. Multiple myeloma is indeed a disease of the elderly population and so these patients are, solely by age, at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Risk factors for these events can be patient-, disease- and/or therapy-related, and they have been shown to adversely impact survival. Cardiovascular events affect around 7.5% of patients with multiple myeloma and the risk for different toxicities has considerably varied across trials depending on patients' characteristics and treatment utilized. High grade cardiac toxicity has been reported with immunomodulatory drugs (odds ratio [OR] around 2), proteasome inhibitors (OR 1.67-2.68 depending on the specific agent, and generally higher with carfilzomib), as well as other agents. Cardiac arrhythmias have also been reported with various therapies and drug interaction plays a significant role in that setting. Comprehensive cardiac evaluation before, during and after various anti-myeloma therapy is recommended and the incorporation of surveillance strategies allows early detection and management resulting in improved outcomes of these patients. Multidisciplinary interaction including hematologists and cardio-oncologists is critical for optimal patient care.

Venetoclax: A New Partner in the Novel Treatment Era for Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) are two closely related blood cancers that are more frequent in older adults. AML is the most common type of adult acute leukemia, and MDS is characterized by ineffective blood cell production and abnormalities in the bone marrow and blood. Both can be resistant to treatment, often due to dysfunction in the process of apoptosis, the body's natural mechanism for cell death. Venetoclax, an orally-administered medication that selectively targets the BCL-2 protein, has shown promise in enhancing treatment sensitivity in some hematological malignancies by reducing the apoptotic threshold. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of venetoclax in treating AML and MDS, as well as potential mechanisms of resistance to the medication. METHODS: A literature search was conducted utilizing PUBMED to capture all relevant research articles on the use of venetoclax as a therapy for both diseases. The MeSH terms "acute myeloid leukemia", "myelodysplastic syndrome" and "venetoclax" were searched. Furthermore, Clinicaltrials.gov was accessed to ensure the inclusion of all ongoing clinical trials. RESULTS: Although Venetoclax showed modest results as a single-agent therapy in AML, venetoclax-based combination therapies? mainly with hypomethylating agents or low-dose cytarabine? yielded significantly positive results. Preliminary results oN the use of venetoclax-based combination therapy with HMA, mainly azacitidine, in unfit high-risk MDS also yielded optimistic results. Identification of mutations for which various drugs have been approved has spurred active investigation of venetoclax in combination trials. CONCLUSION: Venetoclax-based combination therapies have been shown to induce rapid responses and increase overall survival in AML patients unfit for intensive chemotherapy. These therapies are also yielding positive preliminary results in high-risk MDS patients in phase I trials. Resistance to venetoclax and drug-related toxicity are two main obstacles that need to be overcome to reap the full benefits of this therapy.

Novel strategies to prevent and overcome relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

The outcome of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) has improved over time with the incorporation of multi-agent chemotherapy in the treatment landscape as well as the recent approval of immunotherapeutic agents allowing a larger proportion of patients to undergo allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) which is still considered a potential curative approach. However, relapse post-transplant is still occurring and constitutes a common cause of treatment failure in B-ALL. The present review aims to discuss the novel strategies and therapies used to prevent and overcome relapse post allo-HCT in patients with ALL, focusing on the role of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in Philadelphia chromosome positive B-ALL, the role of innovative agents such as blinatumomab and inotuzumab ozogamicin, and finally the role of cellular therapy.

Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance: Multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and treatment.

Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS) is a hemato-nephrological term referring to a heterogeneous group of kidney disorders characterized by direct or indirect kidney injury caused by a monoclonal immunoglobulin (MIg) produced by a B cell or plasma cell clone that does not meet current hematologic criteria for therapy. MGRS-associated kidney diseases are diverse and can result in the development of end stage kidney disease (ESKD). The diagnosis is typically made by nephrologists through a kidney biopsy. Many distinct pathologies have been identified and they are classified based on the site or composition of the deposited Mig, or according to histological and ultrastructural findings. Therapy is directed towards the identified underlying clonal population and treatment decisions should be coordinated between hematologists and nephrologists in a multidisciplinary fashion, depend on the type of MGRS, the degree of kidney function impairment and the risk of progression to ESKD.

Clofarabine and total body irradiation (TBI) as conditioning regimen for allogeneic stem cell transplantation in high-risk acute leukemia patients: a two-center retrospective cohort study.

Clofarabine (Clo) is an immunosuppressive purine analog that may have better anti-leukemic activity than fludarabine (Flu). The addition of total body irradiation (TBI) to conditioning regimens has been widely investigated. However, the use of single agent Clo in combination with intermediate doses of TBI ranging from 4 to 8 Gy has not been studied yet. This study is a double center, observational, retrospective study of patients with high-risk hematological malignancies diagnosed from 2012 to 2021, treated at the American University of Beirut Medical Center in Beirut (AUBMC), Lebanon, and Saint-Antoine Hospital (SAH) in Paris, France. It aims to identify the outcome of patients with high-risk hematological malignancies who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-SCT) and received Clo and TBI (4-8 Gy) before transplant. Data regarding patient baseline characteristics, disease-related factors, and transplant outcomes including graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), Non-relapse mortality (NRM), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS), were collected. We identified 24 high-risk patients diagnosed with a hematological malignancy. The median age at transplant was 37 years (range 22-78). At the time of the transplant, only 15 patients (63%) were in complete remission (CR). All patients received Clo/TBI (4-8 Gy). After a median follow-up of 40 months, the cumulative incidences of grade II-III acute GVHD, grade IV acute GVHD, and chronic GVHD were 50%, 4%, and 8%, respectively. NRM at 100 days, and 1 year after transplant was 4% and 25%, respectively. 17% of the patients had a relapse or progression of the disease by the end of the study. The 2-year PFS and OS were 50% and 56%, respectively. The median PFS and OS were 66 and 68 months respectively. As a conclusion, Clo/TBI (4-8 Gy) as a conditioning regimen for allo-SCT in high-risk patients confers disease control with an acceptable toxicity profile.

Haploidentical stem cell transplantation with post-transplant cyclophosphamide challenges and outcome from a tertiary care center in Lebanon.

This letter describes the experience of the American University of Beirut Medical Center in Lebanon with haploidentical stem cell transplant (haplo-SCT) for hematological malignancies in adult patients. Haplo-SCT made it possible through universal and rapid donor availability for most of the adult patients with leukemia or lymphoma not only in the Middle East but also globally. Moreover, the use of post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) and reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens when indicated improved the outcome and decreased the toxicity of haploidentical stem cell transplant.RIC regimens also allowed its use in the elderly population. Patients from throughout the Middle East come to our center, the American university of Beirut Medical Center, to receive this transformative type of stem cell transplant. In this paper, we discuss the results of haplo-SCT with PTCy done on adult patients with hematological malignancies in our center from 2015 to 2021. The results are encouraging and show that haplo-SCT should be considered more often in the Middle Eastern countries. The subgroup analysis showed the importance of achieving complete remission of the disease prior to transplant to improve outcomes in our center. There is a paucity of literature on the outcomes of haplo-SCT in the Middle East which may contribute to the limited number of centers that offer this type of SCT. Herein, we aim to fill this gap in the hopes of encouraging the implementation of this potentially curative modality of treatment to a larger extent in the Middle East.

Pregnancy and sickle cell disease: an overview of complications and suggested perinatal care.

INTRODUCTION: Pregnancy in women with sickle cell disease (SCD) has been identified as high risk owing to increased incidence of materno-fetal complications across various studies and reports. These complications include consequences related to the underlying hemoglobinopathy; chronic anemia/associated inflammation, and pregnancy related including the risk for thromboembolism, bleeding and maternal mortality. Outcomes of neonates born to women with SCD has been suboptimal over the years with recent improvement due to strict monitoring, preventive and therapeutic measures. Much is yet to be unraveled regarding the optimal management of women with SCD during pregnancy, identifying target hemoglobin, delivery mode or timing among others. AREAS COVERED: This review includes a summary of available data of the maternal and fetal outcomes; in addition to current recommendations for monitoring and management of women with SCD during pregnancy. EXPERT OPINION: To have a successful pregnancy, women should be closely monitored, and interventions provided as needed to guarantee adequate management of anemia, as well as prevention, diagnosis and management of disease. They should also be educated regarding their reproductive health, emphasizing that pregnancy is possible, and achieving optimal results depends on providing adequate care in a health care facility with expertise in high-risk pregnancies and SCD.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Indication to Screen for Thrombophilia?

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are systemic conditions characterized by multiple intestinal and extra-intestinal manifestations related to the associated chronic inflammatory state. Among their diverse extra-intestinal complications, venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains one of the most under recognized causes of morbidity and mortality in these patients, highlighting the need for a better understanding of the underlying mechanism of hypercoagulability, in addition to the role of acquired and inherited risk factors that further increase the risk of thrombosis with its impact on patients' outcomes. We hereby present a review of the data regarding thrombosis in the setting of IBD, elucidating the possible role for screening in this high-risk category of patients and specifically in areas where inherited thrombophilia is expected to be highly prevalent, reporting two patients with IBD, one who developed a cerebrovascular event and another one who had recurrent VTE events; nevertheless, both of them had inherited thrombophilic mutations. The identification of specific genetic abnormalities in those patients reintroduces the controversy related to the need to screen a specific category of patients with IBD for hereditary thrombophilia, especially in regions characterized by a higher prevalence of such thrombophilic alterations.

Relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia: an overview of prevention and treatment.

Despite therapeutic progress in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), relapse post-allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) remains a major challenge. Here, we aim to provide an overview of prevention and treatment of relapse in this population, including cell-based and pharmacologic options. Post-transplant maintenance therapy is used in patients who have undetectable measurable residual disease (MRD), while pre-emptive treatment is administered upon detection of MRD. Prompt transfusion of prophylactic donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) was found to be effective in preventing relapse and overcoming the negative impact of detectable MRD. In addition, patients with persistent targetable mutations can benefit from targeted post-transplant pharmacological interventions. IDH inhibitors have shown promising results in relapsed/refractory AML. Hypomethylating agents, such as decitabine and azacitidine, have been studied in the post-allo-HSCT setting, both as pre-emptive and prophylactic. Venetoclax has been shown effective in combination with hypomethylating agents or low-dose cytarabine in patients with newly diagnosed AML, especially those unfit for intensive chemotherapy. FLT3 inhibitors, the topic of another section in this review series, have significantly improved survival in FLT-3-ITD mutant AML. The role of other cell-based therapies, including CAR-T cells, in AML is currently being investigated.

Safety and Efficacy of Elective Switch from Nilotinib to Imatinib in Newly Diagnosed Chronic Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.

The treatment of newly diagnosed chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) with nilotinib has resulted in a higher rate of major molecular (MMR) and complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) at 12 months compared to imatinib but at a higher cumulative cost and increased risk of serious adverse events. To maintain long-term efficacy and minimize both toxicity and costs, we aimed at evaluating in a prospective single-center trial the efficacy and safety of a response-directed switch from nilotinib to imatinib after 12 months in patients newly diagnosed with chronic phase CML. Thirteen adult patients were enrolled. Twelve patients started on nilotinib 300 mg twice daily. Eleven patients completed one year of nilotinib and were switched to imatinib 400 mg daily as per protocol. At 3 months, all patients achieved a complete hematologic response, with 7 (58%) patients had early molecular response. At 12 months, all patients achieved CCyR, of whom 5 (42%) and 4 (33%) patients achieved MMR and MR4.5, respectively. Three (27%) patients switched back to nilotinib after 18, 24, and 51 months respectively: 1 patient because of loss of CCyR after 18 months, and 2 patients because of imatinib intolerance. At last follow-up, all patients (n = 12) were alive and in MMR, 6 (50%) of them in continuous MR4.5. These findings suggest that response directed switch from nilotinib to imatinib at 12 months is capable of maintaining long-term response, with manageable side effects. This approach warrants further exploration with larger prospective trials. Clinical trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01316250, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=&term=NCT01316250&cntry=&state=&city=&dist=. .