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1.
Rev Med Liege ; 77(5-6): 392-398, 2022 May.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35657199

RESUMO

Autoinflammatory diseases refer to a broad spectrum of diseases that are primarily due to an abnormality in the regulation of natural immunity. Some are polygenic and highly influenced by the environment, others are monogenic. This article is devoted to a family of monogenic autoinflammatory diseases that is very important because it includes the emblematic Mediterranean familial fever, the first autoinflammatory disease described as such and which heavily affects the Eastern Mediterranean populations. We will discuss the regulatory mechanisms of inflammasomes and the impact of certain mutations on their function. General principles of treatment and diagnosis will also be discussed. Other autoinflammatory diseases (including type 1 interferonopathies and NF-?b and TNF-? axis abnormalities) deserve to be discussed later on.


: Les maladies auto-inflammatoires désignent une vaste gamme de maladies dues, avant tout, à une anomalie de régulation de l'immunité naturelle. Certaines sont polygéniques et très influencées par l'environnement, d'autres sont monogéniques. Cet article est consacré à une famille de maladies auto-inflammatoires monogéniques très importante car elle comprend l'emblématique fièvre familiale méditerranéenne, la première maladie auto- inflammatoire décrite comme telle et qui touche lourdement les populations de l'Est de la Méditerranée. Nous aborderons les mécanismes de régulation des inflammasomes et l'impact de certaines mutations sur leur fonctionnement. Les principes généraux du traitement et du diagnostic seront aussi abordés. Les autres maladies auto- inflammatoires, dont les interféronopathies de type 1 et les anomalies de l'axe NF-?b et du TNF-?, mériteraient d'être traitées ultérieurement.


Assuntos
Febre Familiar do Mediterrâneo , Febre Familiar do Mediterrâneo/diagnóstico , Febre Familiar do Mediterrâneo/genética , Febre Familiar do Mediterrâneo/terapia , Humanos
2.
Rev Med Liege ; 77(11): 678-683, 2022 Nov.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36354231

RESUMO

Streptococcus pneumoniae infections cause bacteremic and non-bacteremic community-acquired pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) such as bacteremia, sepsis and acute meningitis. They are potentially lethal. Although polysaccharide vaccines (PPV23, Pneumovax 23®) have already provided protection in at-risk individuals, they have been imperfect, mainly because the development of anti-polysaccharide antibodies occurs without the help of T cells. The introduction of immunogenic protein conjugate vaccines (ICVs) has overcome this problem and provided better and longer lasting protection. The first available vaccine of this type for adults was Prevenar 13®, targeting 13 polysaccharides of S. pneumoniae (PCV13). A new vaccine, Apexxnar®, targeting 20 polysaccharides (PCV20), the 13 of Prevenar 13®, to which 7 other serotypes considered to be equally responsible for invasive infections have been added, has recently been launched. Clinical studies have demonstrated a good immunogenic response against all 20 serotypes in adult patients who are either vaccine-naive or previously vaccinated with PPV23 and/or PCV13. Furthermore, the tolerance of the PCV20 vaccine was found to be comparable to that of Prevenar 13®. Vaccination with PCV20 involves a single injection. The Belgian Superior Health Council has recently reiterated the importance of vaccinating at-risk individuals against S. pneumoniae (a vaccination that is still under-performed). It now recommends vaccination with PCV20 (Apexxnar®) as the preferred primary vaccination regimen in high-risk adults with co-morbidities or in good health aged between 65 and 85 years.


Les infections par le Streptococcus pneumoniae sont responsables de pneumonies communautaires bactériémiantes ou non ainsi que de maladies invasives à pneumocoques (MIP) telles que bactériémies, sepsis et méningites aiguës. Elles sont potentiellement létales. Certes, les vaccins polysaccharidiques (PPV23, Pneumovax 23®) ont déjà permis d'assurer une protection chez les personnes à risque, mais de façon imparfaite essentiellement parce que le développement des anticorps anti-polysaccharides se fait sans l'aide des lymphocytes T. La commercialisation des vaccins conjugués (PCV) à une protéine immunogène a permis de remédier à ce problème et d'assurer une meilleure protection plus durable. Le premier vaccin disponible pour les adultes était le Prevenar 13®, ciblant 13 polysaccharides du S. pneumoniae (PCV13). Un nouveau vaccin vient d'être commercialisé, l'Apexxnar®, ciblant 20 polysaccharides (PCV20), les 13 du Prevenar 13® auquels 7 autres sérotypes considérés comme également responsables d'infections invasives ont été ajoutés. Des études cliniques ont démontré une bonne réponse immunogène contre l'ensemble des 20 sérotypes, chez des personnes adultes naïves de vaccination ou déjà vaccinées antérieurement par le PPV23 et/ou le PCV13. Par ailleurs, la tolérance du vaccin PCV20 s'est révélée comparable à celle du Prevenar 13®. La vaccination avec le PCV20 comporte une injection unique. Le Conseil Supérieur de la Santé Belge vient de rappeler l'importance de vacciner les personnes à risque contre S. pneumoniae (vaccination encore trop peu réalisée). Il recommande désormais la vaccination avec le PCV20 (Apexxnar®) comme schéma préférentiel de primo-vaccination chez les personnes adultes à haut risque, avec comorbidités ou en bonne santé âgées entre 65 et 85 ans.


Assuntos
Infecções Pneumocócicas , Pneumonia Pneumocócica , Adulto , Humanos , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Vacinas Conjugadas/uso terapêutico , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/uso terapêutico , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Vacinação
3.
Rev Med Liege ; 77(9): 510-515, 2022 Sep.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36082597

RESUMO

Phages are viruses that infect bacteria in a very specific way. They are naturally present throughout the biosphere and are also involved in various biological processes in humans. The beginning of the twentieth century saw the birth of phage therapy which consisted of using phages to fight against bacterial infections. Very quickly, however, the medical community turned away in favour of antibiotics. In recent years, bacteria that are multi-resistant to antibiotics have appeared and are giving rise to renewed interest in phages in the face of this therapeutic impasse. This review aims to rediscover phage therapy in the medical profession, by detailing its mechanisms of action, its clinical aspects and its practical modalities of use in Belgium. Future challenges are also outlined.


Les phages sont des virus qui infectent de façon très spécifique les bactéries. Ils sont naturellement présents dans toute la biosphère et sont également impliqués dans différents processus biologiques chez l'homme. Le début du vingtième siècle voit la naissance de la phagothérapie qui consiste à utiliser des phages pour lutter contre les infections bactériennes. Très vite pourtant, la communauté médicale s'en détourne au profit des antibiotiques.Ces dernières années, des bactéries multi-résistantes aux antibiotiques apparaissent et font naître un regain d'intérêt pour les phages face à cette impasse thérapeutique. Cette revue vise à faire redécouvrir la phagothérapie auprès du corps médical, en détaillant ses mécanismes d'action, ses aspects cliniques et ses modalités pratiques d'utilisation en Belgique. Les défis futurs sont également exposés.


Assuntos
Infecções Bacterianas , Bacteriófagos , Terapia por Fagos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bactérias , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/terapia , Humanos
4.
Rev Med Liege ; 77(7-8): 452-455, 2022 Jul.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35924502

RESUMO

Monkeypox (MPX), is a rare endemic zoonotic disease of certain areas of Central and West Africa. Nevertheless, in recent years, several outbreaks have occurred outside the African continent. Monkeypox usually presents with a flu-like prodromal period (fever, headache, chills, sweating) associated or followed by the appearance of lymphadenopathy and a typical skin rash. Transmission is suspected to be direct or indirect via contact with saliva, respiratory droplets or skin lesions of infected animals or more rarely of humans. The gold standard for diagnosis is the detection of MPX virus (MPXV) by PCR on skin lesion fluid. The evolution is usually favourable in 2 to 5 weeks but severe complications and sequelae are possible. In the absence of a specific treatment, the management is essentially supportive: appropriate local care, rehydration, analgesia and management of eventual complications.


La variole du singe (monkeypox, MPX), ou orthopoxvirose simienne, est une zoonose rare et endémique de certains pays d'Afrique Centrale et de l'Ouest. Néanmoins, ces dernières années, plusieurs épidémies sont survenues en dehors du continent africain. La MPX se manifeste, habituellement, par un prodrome pseudogrippal (fièvre, céphalées, frissons, sudations), associé ou suivi par l'apparition d'une lymphadénopathie et d'un rash typique. La transmission serait directe ou indirecte, via contact avec la salive, les gouttelettes respiratoires ou les lésions cutanées d'animaux ou, plus rarement, d'humains contaminés. Le gold standard du diagnostic est la mise en évidence du virus monkeypox (MPXV) par «polymerase chain reaction¼ (PCR) sur lésion cutanée. L'évolution est habituellement favorable en 2 à 5 semaines, mais des complications et des séquelles sévères sont possibles. En l'absence d'un traitement spécifique, le traitement de soutien comporte: soins locaux adaptés, réhydratation, antalgie et prise en charge des éventuelles complications.


Assuntos
Mpox , Animais , Surtos de Doenças , Humanos , Mpox/diagnóstico , Mpox/epidemiologia , Mpox/terapia , Monkeypox virus/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase
5.
Rev Med Liege ; 76(9): 677-682, 2021 Sep.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34477339

RESUMO

Current guidelines increasingly consider some dual antiretroviral therapies as bona fide alternatives to triple therapy as these regimens are proven to be safe and efficacious. These drug sparing regimens have many advantages such as a reduction of drug burden and subsequent toxicity, preservation of future treatment options, cost reduction and avoidance of drug-drug interactions. In the past, some dual therapies were associated with a higher risk of selecting resistance mutations. Nevertheless, current and future dual regimens based on powerful drugs with a high genetic barrier are non-inferior to triple therapies and could become the future gold standard for HIV treatment.


Grâce à l'arrivée de nouvelles molécules antirétrovirales plus puissantes, de plus en plus de recommandations internationales mentionnent quelques bithérapies antirétrovirales comme étant une alternative valable à certaines trithérapies, vu leur efficacité et leur sécurité démontrées dans de nombreuses études. Parmi les potentiels avantages de ces doubles associations, mentionnons la simplification du schéma thérapeutique, la réduction potentielle du coût et de la toxicité, la limitation des interactions médicamenteuses et l'épargne de certaines molécules qui pourront, alors, être utilisées en seconde ligne. Certaines de ces bithérapies ont montré un risque majoré d'échappement thérapeutique et de sélection de souches virales résistantes en comparaison avec des trithérapies réputées robustes. Toutefois, certaines bithérapies récemment mises sur le marché, comprenant des médications plus puissantes, plus sûres, moins toxiques et avec une plus grande barrière génétique à l'apparition de résistances, présentent un risque très faible d'échappement thérapeutique lié à la sélection de souches résistantes. Les bithérapies présentent donc plusieurs avantages les rendant intéressantes et leur garantissant, probablement, une place grandissante dans les futures stratégies de traitement.


Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV , Infecções por HIV , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Quimioterapia Combinada , HIV , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos
6.
Respir Res ; 21(1): 309, 2020 Nov 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33234132

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease COVID-19 has become a public health emergency of international concern. Together with the quest for an effective treatment, the question of the post-infectious evolution of affected patients in healing process remains uncertain. Krebs von den Lungen 6 (KL-6) is a high molecular weight mucin-like glycoprotein produced by type II pneumocytes and bronchial epithelial cells. Its production is raised during epithelial lesions and cellular regeneration. In COVID-19 infection, KL-6 serum levels could therefore be of interest for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic response evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study retrospectively compared KL-6 levels between a cohort of 83 COVID-19 infected patients and two other groups: healthy subjects (n = 70) on one hand, and a heterogenous group of patients suffering from interstitial lung diseases (n = 31; composed of 16 IPF, 4 sarcoidosis, 11 others) on the other hand. Demographical, clinical and laboratory indexes were collected. Our study aims to compare KL-6 levels between a COVID-19 population and healthy subjects or patients suffering from interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). Ultimately, we ought to determine whether KL-6 could be a marker of disease severity and bad prognosis. RESULTS: Our results showed that serum KL-6 levels in COVID-19 patients were increased compared to healthy subjects, but to a lesser extent than in patients suffering from ILD. Increased levels of KL-6 in COVID-19 patients were associated with a more severe lung disease. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that KL-6 could be a good biomarker to assess ILD severity in COVID-19 infection. Concerning the therapeutic response prediction, more studies are necessary.


Assuntos
COVID-19/diagnóstico , Mucina-1/sangue , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/diagnóstico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença
7.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol ; 34(1): 127-134, 2020 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31099916

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is characterized by the repeated occurrence of persistent hives and/or angioedema for ≥6 weeks, without specific external stimuli. H1 -antihistamines have long been the standard of care of CSU, but many patients remain uncontrolled even at 4× the approved dose. Add-on therapy with omalizumab has proven effective in clinical trials, but little is known about omalizumab treatment in Belgium. OBJECTIVE: To collect real-world clinical data on omalizumab treatment in adults with CSU in Belgium. METHODS: This was an observational, retrospective chart review of adults with CSU, who initiated omalizumab treatment between August 2014 and December 2016 (maximum 28 months follow-up). RESULTS: In total, 235 patients were included (median time from symptom onset to diagnosis, 5.4 months; median time from diagnosis to commencing omalizumab, 6.7 months). Treatments used before/after commencing omalizumab did not always adhere to guidelines; many patients (26.4%/11.1%) received first-generation H1 -antihistamines, while 20.4% used omalizumab monotherapy after initiating treatment. The mean interval between omalizumab administrations was 4.8 (SD 1.7) weeks; 67.8% of patients had ≥1 interval prolongation and/or shortening. Mean baseline 7-day Urticaria Activity Score (UAS7) was 32.0 (SD 6.05); this improved to 12.6 (SD 11.2) after 1 month of omalizumab. About 67.2% of patients reached UAS7 ≤ 6 (well controlled) during the study. A total of 87 patients stopped omalizumab and never restarted before the end of the observation period; the most prevalent reason was remission of symptoms (49.4% of patients), followed by lack of effect (12.6%), lost to follow-up (6.9%) and adverse events (3.4%). Headache was the most common adverse event (n = 8/82). No anaphylaxis was reported. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that patients initiated on omalizumab in Belgium had severe CSU at baseline, and showed substantial improvements after 1 month of treatment. Greater adherence to the prescription of guideline-recommended medications is needed for the treatment of CSU.


Assuntos
Antialérgicos/uso terapêutico , Urticária Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Omalizumab/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Bélgica , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Masculino , Adesão à Medicação , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento
8.
Rev Med Liege ; 75(S1): 162-169, 2020.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33211441

RESUMO

The COVID-19 outbreak has raised numerous attempts of diverse pharmacological interventions to improve the prognosis of the infection, especially among hospitalized patients due to an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Initially, these interventions used known medications capable to directly target SARS-CoV-2 by investigating several antiviral therapies already applied with some success in other viral infections. Among them remdesivir appears to be the most promising drug against SARS-CoV-2. Then, owing to the deleterious impact of the cytokine storm, medications that more specifically inhibit proinflammatory cytokines (especially interleukin-1 and interleukin-6) were tested. Hydroxychloroquine, sometines combined with azithromycin, has benefited for a while from a media buzz. However, hopes initially founded in all such drugs turned into disappointments because the specificities of SARS-CoV-2 make this virus resistant to most pharmacological interventions. Only glucocorticoids, dexamethasone and hydrocortisone, were associated with a significant reduction in mortality of patients with ARDS due to COVID-19, most probably via non-specific anti-inflammatory effects. These corticosteroids are currently recommended by the World Health Organisation. An intensive research is ongoing worldwide to find effective combined therapies or innovative drugs which could unequivocally improve the prognosis of COVID-19 at the different stages of the infection.


La pandémie COVID-19 a suscité de nombreuses tentatives d'intervention pharmacologique, diverses et variées, pour améliorer le pronostic de l'infection, en particulier chez les patients hospitalisés pour un syndrome de détresse respiratoire aiguë (SDRA). Ces essais ont d'abord fait appel à des médicaments connus, susceptibles d'agir directement sur le virus SARS-CoV-2, en testant divers agents antiviraux déjà utilisés avec un certain succès dans d'autres infections virales. C'est le remdésivir qui a montré les résultats les plus prometteurs. Ensuite, au vu du rôle néfaste attribué à l'orage cytokinique, des médicaments enrayant plus spécifiquement l'action de cytokines proinflammatoires (notamment, interleukine-1 et interleukine-6) ont été essayés. L'hydroxychloroquine, éventuellement associée à l'azithromycine, a fait l'objet, un moment, d'un véritable buzz médiatique. Au total, cependant, les espoirs fondés dans tous ces médicaments se sont plutôt mués en déceptions face au SARS-CoV-2 qui présente des particularités insoupçonnées, le rendant résistant à la plupart des médicaments testés. Seules la dexaméthasone et l'hydrocortisone, sans doute par une action anti-inflammatoire non spécifique, ont montré une réduction significative de la mortalité des patients COVID-19 avec SDRA. Dès lors, ces glucocorticoïdes sont maintenant recommandés par l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé. Une recherche intense est actuellement en cours à l'échelle mondiale pour trouver des combinaisons thérapeutiques ou des médicaments innovants qui pourraient améliorer, de façon incontestable, le pronostic de l'infection COVID-19 aux différents stades de la maladie.


Assuntos
Antivirais , Betacoronavirus , Infecções por Coronavirus , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2 , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19
9.
Rev Med Liege ; 75(7-8): 553-557, 2020 Jul.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32779911

RESUMO

This is the case report of a 57-year-old women with a 10-year long history of urticarial-like exanthema and monoclonal immunoglobulin M Kappa gammopathy, associated to arthralgia with pain of the lower limbs. A cutaneous biopsy and an inflammatory syndrome on laboratory testing helped to diagnose an urticarial vasculitis. A treatment with colchicine was set up but the response to therapy was not satisfactory. The diagnosis of Schnitzler syndrome was eventually suggested based on the combination of monoclonal gammopathy, urticarial and pain. A therapy with anakinra, an interleukin-1-receptor antagonist (IL-1), was started accordingly. The response was remarkable on skin rash, bone pain and laboratory testing including inflammatory syndrome.


Le cas présenté est celui d'une femme de 57 ans avec une histoire, longue de 10 ans, d'exanthème de type urticaire associé à des douleurs aux membres inférieurs et à une protéine monoclonale de type immunoglobuline M (IgM) Kappa. Une biopsie cutanée et un syndrome inflammatoire biologique ont permis de poser le diagnostic de vascularite mixte. La patiente est alors traitée par colchicine. Durant les années qui suivent, la colchicine n'a apaisé que modérément les plaintes. Un syndrome de Schnitzler est finalement évoqué face à la combinaison d'urticaire et de protéine monoclonale. Cette piste envisagée, un traitement par anakinra, un antagoniste des récepteurs de l'interleukine-1 (IL-1) est instauré, entraînant la disparition complète de l'urticaire.


Assuntos
Síndrome de Schnitzler , Urticária , Biópsia , Feminino , Humanos , Proteína Antagonista do Receptor de Interleucina 1 , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pele
10.
Rev Med Liege ; 75(5-6): 362-365, 2020 May.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32496680

RESUMO

Malaria is a worldwide public health problem. In Europe, data show an increasing trend of imported cases in the last ten years. Following an alarming observation reporting resistance to anti-malarial drugs, new effective treatments have been developed in early 21st century. These are artemisinin and its derivatives. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACT) are now recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO) since 2006 as the first-line treatment for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. However, resistance phenomena to these new drugs have been described in South-East Asia since 2009. It is thus necessary to use them properly and to monitor their use to preserve their effectiveness in the future.


Le paludisme représente un problème majeur en termes de santé publique mondiale et l'on décèle une augmentation du nombre de cas d'importation en Europe au cours des dix dernières années. Suite au constat alarmant faisant état de phénomènes de résistance aux anciens anti-paludéens et grâce aux recherches activement menées, de nouveaux traitements extrêmement efficaces ont été développés au début du XXIème siècle. Il s'agit de l'artémisinine et de ses dérivés. L'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) recommande depuis 2006 l'utilisation en première intention de dérivés semi-synthétiques combinés de l'artémisinine (ACT) dans le traitement des formes non sévères de paludisme à Plasmodium falciparum. Toutefois, des phénomènes de résistance partielle aux ACT sont décrits en Asie du sud-est depuis 2009. Il est donc nécessaire de les utiliser de manière judicieuse et de majorer la surveillance par le biais de programmes de monitoring standardisés afin de maintenir leur efficacité sur le long terme.


Assuntos
Antimaláricos , Malária Falciparum , Antimaláricos/uso terapêutico , Resistência a Medicamentos , Europa (Continente) , Humanos , Malária Falciparum/tratamento farmacológico
11.
Rev Med Liege ; 75(9): 573-577, 2020 Sep.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32909407

RESUMO

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), responsible for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS, is a major public health problem. In Belgium, 2 to 3 new cases are diagnosed every day. Since the advent of combined antiretroviral treatments in 1996, the life expectancy and quality of life of infected patients have greatly improved. However, to date there is no cure for HIV. Individuals infected with HIV must remain on antiretroviral treatment for life. One of the reasons for the difficulty in finding a cure for HIV is that the virus can remain in a latent form, i.e. dormant, in some of the cells it infects. These latent reservoirs are not recognized by the immune system and can reactivate and thus restart the infection if the patient stops the treatment. These latent reservoirs are therefore a major obstacle to cure HIV and a great deal of research is being conducted by the scientific community to find an eradication strategy. In this article, we will present the different characteristics of these latent reservoirs and the different strategies put in place to identify and eliminate them.


Le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH), responsable du syndrome d'immunodéficience acquise ou SIDA, est un problème de santé publique majeur. En Belgique, 2 à 3 nouveaux cas sont diagnostiqués par jour. Depuis l'arrivée des traitements antirétroviraux combinés en 1996, l'espérance et la qualité de vie des patients infectés se sont grandement améliorées. Cependant, il n'existe, à ce jour, aucun traitement curatif de cette infection. Les individus atteints doivent rester sous traitement antirétroviral toute leur vie. Cette difficulté à trouver un traitement curatif du VIH provient, notamment, du fait que le virus peut rester sous une forme latente, c'est-à-dire endormie, dans certaines cellules qu'il infecte. Ces réservoirs latents ne sont pas reconnus par le système immunitaire et peuvent se réactiver lorsque le patient arrête son traitement et ainsi redémarrer l'infection. Ces réservoirs latents sont, donc, un obstacle majeur à la guérison et de nombreuses recherches sont menées par la communauté scientifique afin de trouver une stratégie d'éradication. Dans cet article, nous présentons les différentes caractéristiques de ces réservoirs latents et les différentes stratégies mises en place pour les identifier et tenter de les éliminer.


Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Infecções por HIV , Bélgica , Humanos , Qualidade de Vida , Latência Viral
12.
Rev Med Liege ; 75(9): 582-587, 2020 Sep.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32909408

RESUMO

The antiretroviral therapy (ART) has proven its effectiveness in improving the life expectancy of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Based on the inhibition of HIV replication, ART ensures the reduction of plasma viral load to undetectable levels on long-term. Unfortunately, once ART is interrupted, the viral load rises up. Consequently, the therapy remains not curative. The reasons for this failure lie in the presence of latent reservoirs of the virus and/or the presence of ongoing replication, responsible for the persistence of the virus. This ongoing replication despite ongoing therapy has been demonstrated in sanctuary sites where the penetration of antiretroviral drugs is suboptimal. Moreover, some treatment intensification studies, mostly through addition of an integrase inhibitor, transiently resulted in increases in HIV replication by-products, highlighting that such strategies could reduce ongoing replication. Although the debate is still open, confirming the presence of this ongoing replication and finding strategies to eliminate it would be part of the key to a cure for HIV.


Le traitement antirétroviral (ART) a prouvé son efficacité ces vingt-cinq dernières années en améliorant l'espérance de vie des personnes infectées par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH), et en empêchant la transmission du virus. Basé sur l'inhibition de la réplication du VIH, ce traitement permet de diminuer la charge virale plasmatique du virus, à des niveaux indétectables, de façon durable. Malheureusement, le traitement n'est pas curatif et un arrêt de celui-ci résulte inévitablement en un rapide rebond de la virémie. Les raisons de cet échec sont, d'une part, la présence de réservoirs latents du virus et, d'autre part, la persistance d'une réplication du virus à bas bruit, malgré le traitement. Cette réplication se produirait dans les sites sanctuaires où la concentration des antirétroviraux serait sous-optimale. Des études d'intensification du traitement antirétroviral, par ajout d'une drogue supplémentaire (généralement, un inhibiteur de l'intégrase), ont produit des résultats en faveur de la persistance d'une réplication continue du virus, malgré le traitement préalable, chez certains patients. Comprendre ce phénomène et développer des stratégies visant à l'éliminer constituent des éléments clés dans la quête d'une guérison des patients infectés par le VIH.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Humanos , Carga Viral , Replicação Viral
13.
Rev Med Liege ; 74(1): 28-35, 2019 Jan.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30680971

RESUMO

The use of the emergency department (ED) by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults undergoes an evolution following the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Improving our knowledge about ED use characteristics will contribute to a correct diagnosis and therapeutic approach in this patient group, at the moment they are discharged from the ED. We conducted a one-year retrospective study on characteristics of ED use involving 1026 patients living with HIV. The majority of them was treated with antiretroviral therapy (95 %) and had a viral load lower than 50 copies (73.6 %). Among them, 117 patients (11.8 %) were admitted at least once to the ED. The most common ED discharge diagnoses were related to trauma (30 %). This study shows that the great majority of diagnoses were not related to infectious diseases (6.3 %, of which half were HIV-related). One hypothesis to explain these results would be that HIV-positive adults in this study had excellent antiretroviral coverage and were well controlled in terms of HIV.


L'utilisation du département des urgences (DU) par les adultes infectés par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) évolue suite à l'instauration des traitements antirétroviraux (TAR). Nous avons besoin d'améliorer nos connaissances à ce sujet et d'en savoir plus sur le diagnostic de ces patients lorsqu'ils quittent le service d'urgence. Nous avons réalisé une étude rétrospective sur une durée d'un an et qui s'intéresse aux caractéristiques de l'utilisation du DU par 1.026 patients vivant avec le VIH. La majorité d'entre eux était sous traitement anti-rétroviral (95 %) et avait une charge virale inférieure à 50 copies (73,6 %). Parmi eux, 117 (11,8 %) se sont présentés au moins une fois au DU. Les principaux motifs d'admission étaient d'ordre traumatologique (30 %). Cette étude montre que la grande majorité des motifs d'admission au DU des patients vivant avec le VIH n'était pas en rapport avec des pathologies infectieuses (seulement 6,3 %, dont la moitié directement liées au VIH). Une hypothèse pour expliquer ces résultats serait que les patients étudiés bénéficiaient d'une excellente couverture anti-rétrovirale et étaient bien contrôlés en termes de VIH.


Assuntos
Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Bélgica/epidemiologia , Doenças do Sistema Digestório/epidemiologia , Feminino , Hospitais Universitários , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Admissão do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Carga Viral , Ferimentos e Lesões/epidemiologia
14.
Rev Med Liege ; 72(9): 388-392, 2017 Sep.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28892313

RESUMO

More than 30 years after its discovery, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to be a major global public health issue. Antiretroviral therapy increases survival and quality of life of HIV-infected patients but is not curative. Indeed, interruption of therapy invariably leads to the re-emergence of detectable viral replication, since HIV persists in extremely long-lived viral latent reservoirs. Those viral latent reservoirs constitute the major source of viral recovery following antiretroviral treatment interruption and are considered as the most important hurdle to HIV eradication. Multiple strategies aimed at targeting the HIV latent reservoirs are intensively being explored. We discuss here the most recent innovative works that will hopefully contribute to find a cure for HIV.


Plus de 30 ans après sa découverte, le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) reste un problème de santé majeur. La multithérapie antirétrovirale est efficace et représente une avancée importante dans la prise en charge des patients séropositifs. Toutefois, elle ne permet pas de guérir les patients infectés par le VIH. En effet, le virus persiste durant des décennies dans des réservoirs latents capables de se réactiver et de causer une résurgence de l'infection lorsque la thérapie antirétrovirale est arrêtée. Ces réservoirs latents constituent l'obstacle principal à la mise au point d'un traitement curatif de l'infection à VIH. Nous proposons ici de décrire les différentes stratégies visant à éliminer ces réservoirs latents et qui pourraient permettre de guérir les patients séropositifs.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/terapia , Erradicação de Doenças/métodos , Reservatórios de Doenças , HIV/fisiologia , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Humanos , Controle de Infecções/métodos , Indução de Remissão , Latência Viral
15.
Rev Med Liege ; 72(12): 522-528, 2017 Dec.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29271131

RESUMO

We present the case of an acute endocarditis of mitral and aortic prosthetic heart valves caused by Aggregatibacter aphrophilus (Haemophilus aphrophilus-paraphrophilus). This third report in the literature emphasizes the diagnostic work-up and the role of positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography in this setting. The specificities of endocarditis due to the HACEK group (Haemophilus spp., Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens and Kingella spp.) and the specific microbiological data and therapeutic options pertinent to this germ are discussed.


Nous rapportons la troisième observation clinique de la littérature d'une endocardite sur prothèses mécaniques mitrale et aortique due à l'Aggregatibacter aphrophilus (Haemophilus aphrophilus-paraphrophilus). Le pathogène récemment rebaptisé Aggregatibacter aphrophilus fait partie du groupe HACEK (Haemophilus spp., Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens and Kingella spp.) impliqué dans des endocardites valvulaires de diagnostic difficile. Cette histoire clinique est l'occasion d'une revue de la littérature et des spécificités de ce pathogène. Elle met en exergue la contribution de la tomographie à émission de positons combinée à une tomodensitométrie dans le diagnostic et le suivi. Elle démontre, avec un recul de plus de deux ans, l'efficacité du traitement médical dans certaines endocardites sur prothèse.


Assuntos
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus , Endocardite Bacteriana/diagnóstico , Próteses Valvulares Cardíacas/microbiologia , Infecções por Pasteurellaceae/diagnóstico , Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese/diagnóstico , Idoso , Aggregatibacter aphrophilus/isolamento & purificação , Endocardite Bacteriana/microbiologia , Feminino , Valvas Cardíacas/diagnóstico por imagem , Valvas Cardíacas/microbiologia , Humanos , Valva Mitral/diagnóstico por imagem , Valva Mitral/microbiologia , Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese/microbiologia
16.
HIV Med ; 17(3): 231-4, 2016 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26222266

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: In 2011, a consensus was reached defining "late presenters" (LPs) as individuals presenting for care with a CD4 count < 350 cells/µL or with an AIDS-defining event, regardless of CD4 count. However, a transient low CD4 count is not uncommon in recent infections. The objective of this study was to investigate how measurements of late presentation change if the clinical stage at the time of diagnosis is taken into account. METHODS: Case surveillance data for newly diagnosed patients in Belgium in 1998-2012 were analysed, including CD4 count at diagnosis, the presence of AIDS-defining events, and recent infections (< 6 months) as reported by clinicians in the case of acute illness or a recent negative test. First, proportions of LPs were calculated according to the consensus definition. Secondly, LPs were reclassified as "nonlate" if infections were reported as recent. RESULTS: A total of 7949 HIV diagnoses were included in the study. Recent infections were increasingly reported over time, accounting for 8.2% of new infections in 1998 and 37.5% in 2012. The consideration of clinical stage significantly modified the proportion of LPs: 18.2% of men who have sex with men (MSM) diagnosed in 2012 would be classified as LPs instead of 30.9% using the consensus definition (P < 0.001). The proportion of patients misclassified as LPs increased significantly over time: 5% in MSM in 1998 vs. 41% in 2012. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that low CD4 counts in recent infections may lead to overestimation of late presentation when applying the consensus definition. The impact of transient CD4 count on late presentation estimates should be assessed and, if relevant, the introduction of clinical stage in the definition of late presentation should be considered.


Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Bélgica/epidemiologia , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Consenso , Diagnóstico Tardio/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por HIV/patologia , Homossexualidade Masculina/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Risco
17.
Rev Med Liege ; 71(4): 204-9, 2016 Apr.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27295901

RESUMO

Pneumococcal infections remain a major public health issue in aging people. The recent publication of the CAPITA trial evaluating the efficacy of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13, Prevenar 13®) in elderly subjects has brought several countries including Belgium to modify their vaccinal recommendations. These new developments have motivated us to write this brief review about the burden of pneumococcal disease, the mechanism of action of conjugate vaccines, the clinical efficacy of PCV13 with a special emphasis on CAPITA data. The questions of herd protection and serotype substitution are also introduced as well as a summary of the more recent guidelines.


Assuntos
Vacinas Pneumocócicas/farmacologia , Vacinas Conjugadas/farmacologia , Adulto , Humanos
18.
Rev Med Liege ; 71(7-8): 328-331, 2016 Jul.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28383840

RESUMO

We describe a case of atypical miliary tuberculosis diagnosed by molecular testing in a patient suffering from psoriasis arthritis treated by adalimumab. Tuberculosis may have a non-classical presentation in patients under biological treatments. We briefly discuss the difficulties underlying the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, especially in patients suffering from fever of unknown origin.


Nous rapportons un cas de tuberculose (TB) miliaire chez une patiente souffrant de polyarthrite psoriasique traitée par adalimumab. L'opportunité nous est ainsi donnée d'illustrer la possibilité de présentations atypiques, en particulier chez les patients traités par agents biologiques. Nous discutons brièvement, aussi, des difficultés inhérentes au diagnostic et au traitement de la tuberculose.


Assuntos
Adalimumab/uso terapêutico , Artrite Psoriásica/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Miliar/diagnóstico , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Tuberculose Miliar/patologia
19.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis ; 34(1): 19-31, 2015 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25149825

RESUMO

Individuals <2 years and ≥ 50 years of age, as well as those with other specific risk factors, are especially vulnerable to invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Conjugate vaccines have been developed against encapsulated bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae to provide improved immune responses. The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) has significantly reduced the burden of vaccine-type pneumococcal diseases in children, including invasive disease and pneumonia and acute otitis media. There have also been significant declines in antimicrobial resistance in 7-valent vaccine serotypes and carriage of S. pneumoniae in the post-PCV7 era. Two to three years after the introduction of PCV13, there is emerging, global evidence of a reduced burden of pneumococcal diseases in children, including declines in IPD (UK and Germany) and nasopharyngeal carriage of PCV13 serotypes (Portugal and France). The functional immunogenicity of PCV13 in individuals ≥ 50 years of age has been demonstrated in clinical trials in comparison with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and for children and adults 6 to 49 years of age. Between 2011 and 2013, PCV13 received market authorisation by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for these additional age groups and is now available in Europe for the prevention of pneumococcal disease in all age groups.


Assuntos
Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Portador Sadio/prevenção & controle , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classificação , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Vacina Pneumocócica Conjugada Heptavalente , Humanos , Nasofaringe/microbiologia , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/administração & dosagem , Prevalência , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos
20.
Rev Med Liege ; 69(10): 541-8, 2014 Oct.
Artigo em Francês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25796748

RESUMO

Hereditary angio-oedema is an autosomal dominant transmitted disease that is characterized by swellings of the subcutaneous or mucosal tissues. The edematous manifestations develop over a few hours and disappear spontaneously in a few days. This disease, which is due to an excess of bradykinine, a peptide that induces vasodilatation and increases vascular permeability, is different from angioedema mediated by histamine (frequently accompanied by urticaria). This difference explains the inefficiency of antiallergic therapies to treat the crises. This condition, although rare, is important to know because it is potentially lethal if the edema leads to laryngeal obstruction. After the report of a clinical example, this paper will consider the pathophysiology and the classification of angio-oedema without urticaria. New therapeutic recommendations for the treatment of hereditary angio-oedema will also be considered.


Assuntos
Obstrução das Vias Respiratórias/etiologia , Angioedemas Hereditários/fisiopatologia , Bradicinina/metabolismo , Angioedemas Hereditários/diagnóstico , Angioedemas Hereditários/terapia , Feminino , Humanos , Urticária/etiologia
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