Role of C3a as a Novel Regulator of 25(OH)D3 to 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Metabolism in Upper Airway Epithelial Cells.

In patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, primary human sinonasal epithelial cell (HSNEC) 1α-hydroxylase levels are reduced, as is their ability to metabolize 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D3] to its active metabolite, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. In this study, we sought to identify the factor responsible for the regulation of HSNEC metabolism of 25(OH)D3, focusing on C3 and C3a. Multiple inhaled irritants trigger the release of complement components, C3 and C3a, leading to suppression of 1α-hydroxylase levels in HSNECs. Recombinant C3a was able to decrease 1α-hydroxylase and impair 25(OH)D3 to 1,25(OH)2D3 metabolism, while addition of a C3a receptor antagonist restored conversion. Conversely, 1,25(OH)2D3 suppressed Aspergillus fumigatus-induced C3 and C3a levels in HSNEC supernatant. Given the ability of 1,25(OH)2D3 to modulate LL37 in other cell types, we examined its regulation in HSNECs and relationship to C3a. 1,25(OH)2D3 stimulated the secretion of LL37, whereas A. fumigatus and C3a suppressed it. Conversely, LL37 reduced the release of C3/C3a by HSNECs. Lastly, oral steroid use and in vitro dexamethasone application both failed to increase 1α-hydroxylase or reduce C3a levels. In summary, in this article, we describe for the first time a novel relationship between complement activation and local vitamin D metabolism in airway epithelial cells. The presence of elevated C3/C3a in patients with asthma and/or chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps may account for their impaired HSNEC 25(OH)D3 to 1,25(OH)2D3 metabolism and explain why they receive limited therapeutic benefit from oral vitamin D3 supplementation.

Modulating donor mitochondrial fusion/fission delivers immunoprotective effects in cardiac transplantation.

Early insults associated with cardiac transplantation increase the immunogenicity of donor microvascular endothelial cells (ECs), which interact with recipient alloreactive memory T cells and promote responses leading to allograft rejection. Thus, modulating EC immunogenicity could potentially alter T cell responses. Recent studies have shown modulating mitochondrial fusion/fission alters immune cell phenotype. Here, we assess whether modulating mitochondrial fusion/fission reduces EC immunogenicity and alters EC-T cell interactions. By knocking down DRP1, a mitochondrial fission protein, or by using the small molecules M1, a fusion promoter, and Mdivi1, a fission inhibitor, we demonstrate that promoting mitochondrial fusion reduced EC immunogenicity to allogeneic CD8+ T cells, shown by decreased T cell cytotoxic proteins, decreased EC VCAM-1, MHC-I expression, and increased PD-L1 expression. Co-cultured T cells also displayed decreased memory frequencies and Ki-67 proliferative index. For in vivo significance, we used a novel murine brain-dead donor transplant model. Balb/c hearts pretreated with M1/Mdivi1 after brain-death induction were heterotopically transplanted into C57BL/6 recipients. We demonstrate that, in line with our in vitro studies, M1/Mdivi1 pretreatment protected cardiac allografts from injury, decreased infiltrating T cell production of cytotoxic proteins, and prolonged allograft survival. Collectively, our data show promoting mitochondrial fusion in donor ECs mitigates recipient T cell responses and leads to significantly improved cardiac transplant survival.

Sociodemographic factors affecting perceived stress during pregnancy and the association with immune-mediator concentrations.

OBJECTIVES: Determine which sociodemographic factors are most associated with increased maternal perceived stress during pregnancy. Evaluate the association between maternal stress and plasma immune-mediator concentrations (IMCs). METHODS: As part of a prospective, randomized clinical trial, 247 participants completed a Perceived Stress Scale survey (PSS-10) during each trimester of pregnancy. Blood samples were collected from participants and were analyzed for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration and for several IMCs: interferon-gamma, interleukins (IL-) IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, vascular endothelial growth factor, c-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (R&D Elisa). The potential associations between PSS-10 scores, sociodemographic factors, and IMCs were assessed. RESULTS: In bivariate analysis, participants who were not married and/or had high risk pregnancies were more likely to have increased PSS-10 scores (p<0.05). Increased PSS-10 scores were associated with higher serum concentrations of IL-2 and TNF-α, and decreased concentrations of IL-10 and 25(OH)D. In linear regression analysis, single marital status, high-risk pregnancy, IL-2, and TNF-α were independent predictors of PSS-10 scores. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies specific sociodemographic factors that are associated with increased perceived stress during pregnancy. This study also provides evidence that increased perceived stress is associated with physiological changes as measured by changes in circulating IL-2, TNF-α, IL-10, and 25(OH)D concentrations.

Endotyping chronic rhinosinusitis based on olfactory cleft mucus biomarkers.

BACKGROUND: Although chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is considered the most treatable form of olfactory dysfunction, there has been relatively little clinical attention focused on assessing endotypes as they pertain to olfactory loss. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to explore inflammatory endotypes in CRS using an unsupervised cluster analysis of olfactory cleft (OC) biomarkers in a phenotype-free approach. METHODS: Patients with CRS were prospectively recruited and psychophysical olfactory testing, Questionnaire of Olfactory Dysfunction (QOD-NS), and bilateral OC endoscopy were obtained. Mucus was collected from the OC and evaluated for 26 biomarkers using principal component analysis. Cluster analysis was performed using only OC biomarkers and differences in olfactory measures were compared across clusters. RESULTS: A total of 198 subjects (128 with CRS and 70 controls) were evaluated. Evaluation of OC biomarkers indicated 6 principal components, explaining 69.50% of the variance, with type 2, mixed type 1/Th17-cell, growth factor, and neutrophil chemoattractant inflammatory signatures. A total of 10 clusters were identified that differed significantly in frequency of controls, and subjects with CRS with nasal polyps, and subjects with CRS without nasal polyps across the clusters (likelihood ratio test, χ182=178.64; P < .001). Olfactory measures differed significantly across clusters, including olfactory testing, QOD-NS, and OC endoscopy (P < .001 for all). CONCLUSIONS: Clustering based solely on OC biomarkers can organize patients into clinically meaningful endotypes that discriminate between subjects with CRS and controls. Validation studies are necessary to confirm these findings and further refine olfactory endotypes.

Effects of vitamin D supplementation on circulating concentrations of growth factors and immune-mediators in healthy women during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: For the second aim of the Kellogg Foundation grant, this double-blind RCT investigated the impact of plasma vitamin D metabolite 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) on plasma immune-mediators during pregnancy. We hypothesized that higher 25(OH)D concentrations would associate with reduced pro-inflammatory and increased tolerogenic immune-mediator concentrations. METHODS: Pregnant women enrolled at 10-14 weeks gestation were randomized to 400 or 4400 IU vitamin D3/day. Data on health, safety, circulating 25(OH)D, and 9 immune-mediators were collected at each trimester. Associations between immune-mediators and 25(OH)D at baseline and at second and third trimesters were examined. RESULTS: Baseline TGF-ß and second and third trimesters IFN-γ and IL-2 were associated with baseline 25(OH)D. Baseline immune-mediators were associated with immune-mediators at second and third trimesters for all immune-mediators except IL-5 and IL-10. Race was associated with baseline TGF-ß, VEGF and IL-10 and with IL-10 at second and third trimesters. CONCLUSIONS: Both treatment groups had increased 25(OH)D at second and third trimesters, greatest in the 4400 IU group. Though associations between baseline 25(OH)D and baseline TGF-ß and second and third trimester IFN-γ and IL-2 were noted, vitamin D supplementation throughout pregnancy did not impact immune-mediators at later trimesters. Supplementing with vitamin D before conception conceivably influences immune-mediator responses during pregnancy. IMPACT: In this vitamin D supplementation clinical trial, baseline (first trimester) but not increasing plasma 25(OH)D concentration impacted select plasma immune-mediator profiles in pregnant women. Baseline 25(OH)D was associated with baseline TGF-ß and with IFN-γ and IL-2 at second and third trimesters. Baseline IFN-γ, CRP, TGF-ß, TNF-α, VEGF, IL-2, and IL-4 were associated with concentrations at second and third trimesters for respective immune-mediators; however, 25(OH)D concentration at second and third trimesters were not. Some racial differences existed in immune-mediator concentrations at baseline and at second and third trimesters. This study assesses the impact of vitamin D supplementation on multiple immune-mediators in pregnant women of different racial/ethnic groups using longitudinal data from a relatively large randomized controlled trial. This study found that race was associated with baseline TGF-ß, VEGF, and IL-10 and with IL-10 at second and third trimesters, a novel finding that sheds light where relationships were less well defined. The results of this study suggest that vitamin D supplementation before conception or early in pregnancy, rather than during pregnancy, may be necessary to significantly impact immune-mediator response. This study sets premise for future clinical trials to evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation before conception or prior to pregnancy.

Relationship between Targeting Efficacy of Liposomes and the Dosage of Targeting Antibody Using Surface Plasmon Resonance.

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was used in this research to investigate the targeting efficacy (i.e., the binding affinity) of antibody-modified liposomes. The results indicated that liposomes modified by targeting antibodies exhibited an increase in apparent binding affinity, a result attributed to the avidity effect. More specifically, the targeting effect improved as the surface density of the targeting antibody increased, an increase primarily attributed to the decrease of the dissociation rate. However, this trend stopped when the surface density reached a threshold of approximately 1.5 × 10(8) antibody/mm(2). This surface density was found to be quite consistent regardless of the liposome size and the type of targeting antibody. In addition, a traditional cell binding experiment was conducted to confirm the saturation point obtained from SPR.

Cigarette smoke exposure is associated with vitamin D3 deficiencies in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoke (CS) plays a role in the exacerbation of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS); however, the mechanism for this is unknown. We hypothesize that CS impairs human sinonasal epithelial cell (HSNEC) conversion of 25(OH)D3 (25VD3) to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25VD3) and, furthermore, that supplementation with 1,25VD3 will reverse smoke-induced inflammatory responses by HSNECs. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the effect of CS on vitamin D3 (VD3) levels, conversion, and regulation of CS-induced inflammation in control subjects and patients with CRS. METHODS: Blood and sinus tissue explants were collected at the time of surgery from control subjects, patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps, and patients with chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Expression of VD3 metabolizing enzymes were measured by using RT-PCR. Primary HSNECs were cultured from tissue explants. 25VD3 with and without cigarette smoke extract (CSE) was used to examine conversion of 25VD3 to 1,25VD3, as well as HSNEC production of proinflammatory cytokines. RESULTS: CS exposure was associated with reduced circulating and sinonasal 25VD3 levels in all groups compared with those seen in CS-naive, disease-matched counterparts. CS exposure decreased expression of CYP27B1 and was especially pronounced in patients with CRSwNP. CSE impairs control HSNEC conversion of 25VD3. HSNECs from patients with CRSwNP also demonstrate an intrinsic reduction in conversion of 25VD3 to 1,25VD3. Exogenous 1,25VD3 reduces CSE-induced cytokine production by HSNECs. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to CS is associated with reduced 25VD3 levels and an impaired ability of HSNECs to convert 25VD3 to 1,25VD3. Addition of 1,25VD3 reduces the proinflammatory effects of CS on HSNECs. Impaired VD3 conversion by CS exposure represents a novel mechanism through which CS induces its proinflammatory effects.

All chronic rhinosinusitis endotype clusters demonstrate improvement in patient-reported and clinical outcome measures after endoscopic sinus surgery.

BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) endotypes show a differential response to endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). We explored patient mucous inflammatory cytokine expression and associations with patient-reported and clinically measured post-operative outcome measures. METHODS: Patients with CRS were prospectively recruited between 2016 and 2021 into a national multicenter, observational study. Mucus was collected from the olfactory cleft preoperatively and evaluated for 26 biomarkers using cluster analysis. Patient-reported outcome measures included the 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) and Questionnaire of Olfactory Dysfunction (QOD). Additional clinical measures of disease severity included threshold, discrimination, and identification (TDI) scores using "Sniffin' Sticks" testing and Lund-Kennedy endoscopic score (LKES). RESULTS: A total of 115 patients were clustered into type 2 inflammatory, non-type 2 inflammatory, noninflammatory, and two indeterminate clusters based on individual protein levels. Overall, the type 2 inflammatory cluster was found to have the highest mean improvement in both SNOT-22 (-28.3 [standard deviation, ±16.2]) and TDI (6.5 [standard deviation, ±7.9]) scores 6 months after ESS. However, on average, all endotype clusters demonstrated improvement in all outcome measures after ESS without statistically significant between-group differences in SNOT-22 (p = 0.738), QOD (p = 0.306), TDI (p = 0.358), or LKES (p = 0.514) measures. CONCLUSIONS: All CRS endotype clusters responded favorably to surgery and showed improvements in patient-reported and objective outcome measures. Thus, ESS should be considered a more generalized CRS therapy, and benefits appear to not be limited to specific endotypes.

Sinonasal IgG4-related sclerosing disease: A rare entity and challenging diagnosis.

Objectives: To describe the rare presentation, imaging and histological findings, and treatments in patients with IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) and diagnostic pitfalls and difficulties. Methods: Cases of sinonasal IgG4-RD were retrieved, and clinicopathological features were reviewed. Results: Seven cases of sinonasal IgG4-RD were identified over an 11-year period, including four males and three females, with an age range of 19-66 years (median 58 years). Patients presented with symptoms related to the mass effect of the lesions or the destructive nature of the disease including fullness, swelling, obstruction, and pain. Serum IgG and IgG4 levels, IgG/IgG4 ratios, storiform fibrosis, obliterative phlebitis, and plasma cell infiltration were seen in varying proportions. Bony erosion and tissue inflammation were present in some cases. Conclusion: Sinonasal IgG4-RD is exceedingly rare among other IgG4-RD and varied in its clinical presentation thus posing as a clinically difficult disease to diagnosis. Proper clinical, pathological, and immunohistopathological analysis is required for accurate diagnosis. Such disease should be considered in all cases of similar presentation to those in this study.Level of Evidence: 4.

Utilization of Nasal Mucus to Investigate the Pathophysiology of Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

BACKGROUND: Nasal mucus is proving to be a useful means by which to study the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Given the increase in publications examining nasal mucus and the lack of a review on this topic, we will focus on this noninvasive approach to studying CRS. Particular attention will be drawn towards inflammatory cytokines and biomarkers and their influence on disease severity. METHODS: A literature review of papers published in English pertaining to nasal mucus was performed using the PubMed database. The search utilized combinations of the following keywords: sinusitis, polyps, sample collection, nasal mucus, or nasal secretion. Studies solely on acute or bacterial sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, or cystic fibrosis were not included. RESULTS: A wide variety of materials and methods have been used to collect nasal mucus. Numerous assay types have been performed with the most common being ELISA, cytometric bead array, and proteomics. Most studies have focused on examining the levels of Th1/Th2 cytokines along with chemokines associated with type 2 immunity. Other factors identified include growth factors, senescence-associated proteins, complement, and antimicrobial defenses have also been identified. Nasal mucus cytokines have proven useful in cluster analysis and predicting postoperative improvement in Sino-nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) scores. One limitation of the use of nasal mucus is that some studies have suggested that nasal mucus does not always reflect the tissue microenvironment. CONCLUSIONS: Nasal mucus represents a critical tool by which to examine the sinonasal microenvironment in a noninvasive manner. Unlike studies of tissue, it can be utilized in both surgically and medically managed patients and avoids the trauma of biopsies. However, studies are still needed to determine the most effective method for nasal mucus collection. Studies should also take care to confirm that nasal mucus markers do, in fact, reflect the levels of the product studied in the tissue.

Dexamethasone Alters Tracheal Aspirate T-Cell Cytokine Production in Ventilated Preterm Infants.

Postnatal corticosteroids improve respiratory status and facilitate respiratory support weaning in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Older literature describes characteristic cytokine profiles in tracheal aspirates (TA) of BPD patients which are altered with corticosteroids. Corticosteroids also influence peripheral blood T-cell presence. However, little is known regarding TA T-cell phenotype and cytokine production before or after exogenous corticosteroids. We hypothesized that postnatal dexamethasone alters the TA T-cell cytokine profiles of preterm infants. TA samples were collected from 14 infants born from 23 0/7 to 28 6/7 weeks who were mechanically ventilated for at least 14 days. Samples were collected up to 72 h before a ten-day dexamethasone course and again 1 to 3 calendar days after dexamethasone initiation. The primary outcome was change in T cell populations present in TA and their intracellular cytokine profile after dexamethasone treatment, ascertained via flow cytometry. Following dexamethasone treatment, there were significant decreases in respiratory severity score (RSS), percent CD4+IL-6+ cells, CD8+IL-6+ cells, CXCR3+IL-6+ cells, and CXCR3+IL-2+ cells and total intracellular IFN-γ in TA. RSS significantly correlated with TA percent CD4+IL-6+ cells. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that dexamethasone reduced T-cell IL-6 and this reduction was associated with improved RSS in pre-term infants with evolving BPD.

Olfactory cleft mucus inflammatory proteins in CRS: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Multiple hypotheses are evolving that suggest several, potentially overlapping etiologies for olfactory dysfunction (OD) in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Understanding inflammatory cytokine profiles of the olfactory cleft (OC) and their association with olfactory function is foundational for future clinical care and research. METHODS: This cross-sectional, case-control study evaluates associations among OC mucus inflammatory proteins, psychophysical olfactory testing, and computed tomography (CT) analysis of the OC and sinuses. Normative reference intervals were determined for each protein and odds ratios (ORs) were used to compare proportions of altered expression between CRS without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP) and CRS without nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). RESULTS: Case subjects with CRS (n = 151) and controls (n = 74) were evaluated. A majority of OC proteins tested were found within detectable ranges for cases and controls. The CRS cohort had significantly higher concentrations for 23 of 26 proteins. CRS cases with abnormal levels of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL3, interleukin 5 (IL5), IL10, and IL13 associated with greater olfactory deficits. The prevalence of elevated IL5 and IL13 in anosmic patients was 64.6% and 62.5%, respectively (p < 0.004). CRS cases with the highest odds of elevated expression in CRSwNP were IL5 (OR = 10.83) and IL13 (OR = 8.36). However, both IL5 and IL13 were still elevated in approximately 14% of CRSsNP patients. The highest magnitude of correlation between the total percent of OC opacification was found to be with IL5 (r = 0.543; p < 0.001), whereas other moderate correlations were noted with immunoglobulin E (IgE), IL10, and IL13. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that OC inflammatory proteins vary both by disease phenotype and in their association with OD. Type 2 inflammatory mediators are increased in CRS, especially within the CRSwNP group. However, a substantial proportion of CRSsNP also express type 2 inflammatory mediators. Further research is necessary to understand the complex roles OC mucous inflammatory proteins might play in defining endotype and in impacting CRS-related OD. ©2021 ARSAAOA, LLC.

Olfactory cleft mucus proteome in chronic rhinosinusitis: a case-control pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Mechanisms of smell loss in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are still unclear and likely multifactorial. Little attention has been given to olfactory cleft (OC) mucus proteins involved in odorant binding and metabolizing enzymes and their potential role in smell loss. METHODS: Mucus from the OC was sampled from patients with CRS (n = 20) and controls (n = 10). Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were performed, followed by data processing so that protein groups could be identified, quantified, and compared. Hierarchical clustering and bioinformatic analysis were performed on significantly different proteins to explore for enrichment in known biologic pathways. RESULTS: A total of 2514 proteins were found in OC mucus from all 30 subjects. Significant differences in protein abundance were found between CRS and controls, including both CRSsNP (n = 351 proteins; log2 fold change range: -3.88 to 6.71) and CRSwNP (n = 298 proteins; log2 fold change range: -4.00 to -6.13). Significant differences were found between patients with normosmia and those with dysosmia (n = 183; log2 fold change range: -3.62 to -2.16) and across groups of interest for a number of odorant binding proteins and metabolizing enzymes. CONCLUSION: OC mucous in CRS displays a rich and abundant array of proteins, many of which have been implicated in odorant transport and metabolization in animal studies. Significant differences in the olfactory mucus proteome were seen between CRS subtypes and controls, as well as between those with normal and abnormal olfaction. Further study should confirm these findings and explore the role individual proteins play in odorant transport and metabolization. ©2020 ARSAAOA, LLC.

Tumors induce the formation of suppressor endothelial cells in vivo.

Patients with solid tumors have defects in immune effector cells, which have been associated with a poorer prognosis. Previous studies by our laboratory have shown that exposure to Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC)- secreted products induces the formation of suppressor endothelial cells in vitro. The current studies examined if tumors could induce the formation of suppressor endothelial cells in vivo. Endothelial cells were immunomagnetically isolated from the lungs of tumor-bearing mice or normal controls and examined for their ability to modulate NK cell, T-cell and macrophage functions. Compared to normal controls, supernatants from endothelial cells isolated from tumor-bearing lungs had elevated secretion of PGE2, IL-6, IL-10 and VEGF. Conditioned media from endothelial cells isolated from normal lungs increased CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ and CD4+ T-cell IL-2 production in response to anti-CD3 stimulation, while media conditioned by endothelial cells from tumor-bearing lungs had a diminished stimulatory capacity. Examination of NK cell functions showed that supernatants from endothelial cells isolated from normal lungs were potent activators of NK cells, as indicated by their secretion of TNF- and IFN-γ. Endothelial cells isolated from tumor-bearing lungs had a significantly diminished capacity to activate NK cells. Finally, supernatants from endothelial cells of tumor-bearing lungs diminished macrophage phagocytosis compared to either treatment with supernatants of normal endothelial cells or treatment with media alone. The results of these studies demonstrate that tumors induce the formation of suppressor endothelial cells in vivo and provide support for the role of endothelial cells in tumor-induced immune suppression.

Correlation of mucus inflammatory proteins and olfaction in chronic rhinosinusitis.

BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is one of the most common causes of olfactory loss, but the pathophysiology underlying olfactory dysfunction in CRS has not been fully elucidated. Previous studies found correlations between olfactory cleft (OC) inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and olfaction in CRS. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between OC mucus inflammatory proteins and olfaction in a multi-institutional cohort. METHODS: Adults with CRS were prospectively recruited. Demographics, comorbidities, olfactory assessment (Sniffin' Sticks), computed tomography (CT), and OC mucus for protein analysis were collected. Statistical analysis was performed to determine associations between olfactory function, OC mucus protein concentrations, and CT opacification. RESULTS: Sixty-two patients were enrolled in the study, with an average age of 48.2 (standard deviation, 16.2) years, and 56.5% were female and 59.7% were classified as CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Ten of 26 OC mucus proteins were significantly correlated with threshold, discrimination, and identification (TDI) scores and OC opacification. Subgroup analysis by polyp status revealed that, within the CRSwNP group, C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-6, IL-13, IL-10, IL-9, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), CCL5, and CCL11 were significantly correlated with olfaction. For CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), only C-X-C ligand 5 (CXCL5) showed a correlation. In CRSwNP, IL-6, IL-10, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, and immunoglobulin E (IgE) correlated with OC opacification, whereas, in CRSsNP, only CXCL5 showed a correlation. OC mucus proteins and Lund-Mackay score correlated only in the CRSsNP group (CXCL5, IL-5, IL-13, IgE). CONCLUSION: Several OC mucus proteins have been found to correlate with olfactory function and OC opacification. The profile of OC mucus proteins differs between CRSsNP and CRSwNP subgroups, suggesting different mechanisms between groups, but further study is required.

A Community-Based Study on the Prevalence of Olfactory Dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is common, affecting an estimated 13 million adults in the United States. Prior studies may underestimate OD prevalence due to use of brief smell identification tests or age-adjusted cutoff values, which concede that it is acceptable for older people to have a decreased sense of smell. OBJECTIVE: To determine OD prevalence in the healthy community when the goal and expectation is ideal olfactory function, rather than age-based population norms. Secondary goals were to explore factors associated with OD. METHODS: Subjects without otolaryngic complaints were recruited from the community surrounding the Medical University of South Carolina. Olfactory-specific information was collected, and olfactory function was assessed using the Sniffin' Sticks test (Burghardt, Wedel, Germany) to measure threshold, discrimination, and identification (TDI). OD was defined as a TDI score < 31. Bivariate analysis and linear regression were used to determine factors associated with OD. RESULTS: In total, 176 subjects were included with mean age of 52 years (range: 20-93), 111 (63%) female, and 127 (72%) white. Mean TDI score was 28.8 (6.9) and OD was present in 94 (53%) subjects. Multivariate linear regression revealed that TDI decreased an average of 1 point every 5 years. TDI was also associated with Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) score, asthma, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Threshold was associated with age, heart problems, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Discrimination was associated with age and MMSE scores. Identification was associated with age, heart problems, and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: In a community-based sample, OD affects greater than 50% of subjects. Aging impacts all aspects of olfaction, while the effects of factors such as asthma, MMSE scores, gastroesophageal reflux disease, heart problems, and anxiety may only be evident in specific olfactory subtests.

Olfactory cleft mucus proteins associated with olfactory dysfunction in a cohort without chronic rhinosinusitis.

BACKGROUND: Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a common problem, affecting up to 20% of the general population. Previous studies identified olfactory cleft mucus proteins associated with OD in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) but not in a healthy population. In this study we aimed to identify olfactory cleft mucus proteins associated with olfaction in individuals without sinus disease. METHODS: Subjects free of sinus disease completed medical history questionnaires that collected data regarding demographics, comorbidities, and past exposures. Olfactory testing was performed using Sniffin' Sticks, evaluating threshold, discrimination, and identification. Olfactory cleft mucus (OC) and, in select cases, inferior turbinate mucus (IT) were collected with Leukosorb paper and assays performed for 17 proteins, including growth factors, cytokines/chemokines, cell-cycle regulators, and odorant-binding protein (OBP). RESULTS: Fifty-six subjects were enrolled in the study, with an average age of 47.8 (standard deviation [SD], 17.6) years, including 33 females (58.9%). The average threshold/discrimination/identification (TDI) score was 30.3 (SD, 6.4). In localization studies, OBP concentrations were significantly higher in OC than IT mucus (p = 0.006). Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A/p16INK4a), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2/MCP-1), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20/MIP-3a) all inversely correlated with overall TDI (all rho ≥ -0.479, p ≤ 0.004). Stem cell factor (SCF) correlated positively with overall TDI (rho = 0.510, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Placement of Leukosorb paper is relatively site-specific for olfactory proteins and it is feasible to collect a variety of olfactory cleft proteins that correlate with olfactory function. Further study is required to determine mechanisms of OD in non-CRS subjects.

Glucocorticoid receptor isoform expression in peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.

BACKGROUND: In several inflammatory disorders, altered peripheral blood mononuclear leukocyte (PBML) glucocorticoid (GC) receptor isoform expression has been associated with GC resistance and disease severity. However, it is unclear if PBML GC receptor isoforms are expressed differentially and are associated with worsened disease severity in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). METHODS: PBMLs were isolated from control (n = 8), CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) (n = 8), atopic CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) (n = 8), non-atopic CRSwNP (n = 8), and allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) (n = 8) patients. Demographics, atopic status, asthmatic status, 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) scores, Lund-Kennedy nasal endoscopy scores, Lund-Mackay sinus computed tomography (CT) scores, Kennedy Osteitis scores, and GC utilization 6 months postoperatively were collected. Intracellular immunostaining was then performed for functional GC receptor α (GCRα) and nonfunctional GC receptor ß (GCRß), followed by flow cytometry analysis of geometric mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) and the percentage of cells expressing each GC receptor isoform. RESULTS: Compared to controls, each CRS subtype had decreased PBML GCRα and GCRα:GCRß MFI expression, but no difference in GCRß expression. Decreasing PBML GCRα in AFRS was associated with increasing Lund-Mackay sinus CT scores (r = -0.880, p =0.004). No significant associations were found between GC receptor isoform expression and other clinical measures. CONCLUSION: CRS patients have reduced functional PBML GCRα expression and decreased GCRα:GCRß compared to controls. Reductions in GCRα in AFRS are associated with worsening Lund-Mackay sinus CT scores. The clinical implications of decreased functional GC receptor expression merits further investigation.

Impact of Mitochondrial Permeability on Endothelial Cell Immunogenicity in Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) are central to an allograft's immunogenicity. Cold ischemia and reperfusion injury associated with static cold storage and warm reperfusion activates ECs and increases the immunogenicity of the allograft. After reperfusion, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction in the allograft, which correlates to alloimmune rejection. Current understanding of this relationship, however, centers on the whole allograft instead of ECs. This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between EC mPTP opening and their immunophenotype. METHODS: Mitochondrial metabolic fitness and glycolysis in ECs were assessed in parallel with metabolic gene microarray postreperfusion. NIM811 was used to inhibit mPTP opening to rescue mitochondrial fitness. The immunogenicity of NIM811-treated ECs was determined via levels of EC's proinflammatory cytokines and allogeneic CD8 T cell cocultures. Finally, EC surface expression of adhesion, costimulatory, coinhibitory, MHC-I molecules, and MHC-I machinery protein levels were characterized. RESULTS: Genes for glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis were upregulated at 6 hours postreperfusion but either normalized or downregulated at 24 hours postreperfusion. As mitochondrial fitness was reduced, glycolysis increased during the first 6 hours postreperfusion. Endothelial cell treatment with NIM811 during the early postreperfusion period rescued mitochondrial fitness and reduced EC immunogenicity by decreasing CCL2, KC release, and VCAM-1, MHC-I, TAP1 expression. CONCLUSIONS: Static cold storage and warm reperfusion leads to a reduction in mitochondrial fitness in microvascular ECs due to mPTP opening. Further, mPTP opening promotes increased EC immunogenicity that can be prevented by NIM811 treatment.

C3a receptor antagonism as a novel therapeutic target for chronic rhinosinusitis.

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is an inflammatory disease with an unknown etiology. Recent studies have implicated the complement system as a potential modulator of disease immunopathology. We performed proteomic pathway enrichment analysis of differentially increased proteins, and found an enrichment of complement cascade pathways in the nasal mucus of individuals with CRSwNP as compared to control subjects. Sinonasal mucus levels of complement 3 (C3) correlated with worse subjective disease severity, whereas no significant difference in systemic C3 levels could be determined in plasma samples. Given that human sinonasal epithelial cells were the predominate sinonasal source of C3 and complement anaphylatoxin 3a (C3a) staining, we focused on their role in in vitro studies. Baseline intracellular C3 levels were higher in CRSwNP cells, and following exposure to Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) extract, they released significantly more C3 and C3a. Inhibition of complement 3a receptor (C3aR) signaling led to a decrease in Af-induced C3 and C3a release, both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we found in vivo that C3aR deficiency or inhibition significantly reduced inflammation and CRS development in a mouse model of Af-induced CRS. These findings demonstrate that local sinonasal complement activation correlates with subjective disease severity, and that local C3aR antagonism significantly ameliorates Af-induced CRS in a rodent model.