First Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. Infecting Buffalo Calves in Brazil.

With the aim of determining the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp., 222 fecal samples were collected from Murrah buffalo calves aged up to 6 mo. Fecal DNA was genotyped with a nested polymerase chain reaction targeting the 18S rRNA gene and sequencing of the amplified fragment. Nested 18S PCR was positive for 48.2% of the samples. Sequence analysis showed that the most frequent species in these animals was Cryptosporidium ryanae, which was present in buffalo calves as young as 5 d. The zoonotic species Cryptosporidium parvum was detected in one animal. An uncommon Cryptosporidium 18S genotype was found in buffaloes.

Real-time PCR assay targeting the actin gene for the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in calf fecal samples.

Cryptosporidium parvum infection is very important with respect to public health, owing to foodborne and waterborne outbreaks and gastrointestinal illness in immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons. In cattle, infection with this species manifests either as a subclinical disease or with diarrheal illness, which occurs more often in the presence of other infectious agents than when alone. The aim of this study was to develop a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the detection of C. parvum in calf fecal samples and to compare the results of this assay with those of the method routinely used for the diagnosis of Cryptosporidium spp., nested PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene. Two hundred and nine fecal samples from calves ranging in age from 1 day to 6 months were examined using real-time PCR specific for the actin gene of C. parvum and by a nested PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium spp. Using real-time PCR detection, 73.2% (153 out of 209) of the samples were positive for C. parvum, while 56.5% (118 out of 209) of the samples were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. when the nested PCR amplification method was used for the detection. The analytical sensitivity of the real-time PCR was approximately one C. parvum oocyst. There was no significant nonspecific DNA amplification of any of the following species and genotype: Cryptosporidium andersoni, Cryptosporidium baileyi, Cryptosporidium bovis, Cryptosporidium canis, Cryptosporidium galli, Cryptosporidium ryanae, Cryptosporidium serpentis, or avian genotype II. Thus, we conclude that real-time PCR targeting the actin gene is a sensitive and specific method for the detection of C. parvum in calf fecal samples.

Physical, epidemiological, and molecular evaluation of infection by Cryptosporidium galli in Passeriformes.

Due to the scarcity of information related to the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium infection in passerine birds, this study aimed to determine the periodicity of fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, after natural infection, and its clinical signs, mortality, and molecular characterization. Four hundred eighty fecal samples were collected from 40 birds, including 372 samples from 31 adult birds and 108 samples from nine young birds (up to 12 months old), housed in five aviaries, monthly from September 2007 to September 2008, with the exception of April. The birds originated from aviaries in which the following species were raised: great-billed seed-finch (Oryzoborus maximiliani), lesser seed-finch (Oryzoborus angolensis), ultramarine grosbeak (Cyanocompsa brissonii), and rusty-collared seedeater (Sporophila collaris). The samples were preserved in 2.5% potassium dichromate at 4 degrees C until processing. The oocysts were purified by centrifugal flotation in Sheather's solution, followed by genomic DNA extraction and molecular characterization of oocysts using the nested polymerase chain reaction for amplification of fragments of the 18S subunit of rRNA gene. Intermittent shedding of oocysts was observed by positive amplification for Cryptosporidium spp. in 91 (24.5%) samples of adult birds and 14 (13%) of young birds. The sequencing of the amplified fragments enabled the identification of Cryptosporidium galli. Although all the aviaries had birds positive for C. galli, morbidity or mortality was observed in only one aviary and was associated with concomitant infection with Escherichia coli and Isospora sp.

Natural infection with Cryptosporidium galli in canaries (Serinus canaria), in a cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus), and in lesser seed-finches (Oryzoborus angolensis) from Brazil.

Proventricular infection by Cryptosporidium sp. or Cryptosporidium galli has been associated with mortality, weight loss, diarrhea, and pasty feces. The purpose of this study is to report the occurrence of natural C galli infection in canaries (Serinus canaria), in a cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus), and in lesser seed-finches (Oryzoborus angolensis) with clinical complaints of apathy and sporadic mortality. Screening for Cryptosporidium spp. using microscopic examination of fecal samples and stained smears, histopathology, and nested polymerase chain reaction for actin gene and 18S ribosomal RNA gene following sequencing of amplified fragments allowed for the identification of C galli. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C galli in birds in Brazil and the first report of this species in lesser seed-finches.

Diagnosis of gastric cryptosporidiosis in birds using a duplex real-time PCR assay.

Three species and several genotypes of Cryptosporidium can infect the epithelial surface of the bursa of Fabricius, the respiratory tract, the proventriculus, the intestine, and the urinary tract in birds. There is reason to believe that gastric cryptosporidiosis in birds is caused by Cryptosporidium galli and Cryptosporidium avian genotype III, resulting in a chronic illness of the proventriculus that can lead to a debilitating and fatal clinical condition in birds of the orders Passeriformes and Psittaciformes. The objectives of the present study were to develop a duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that targets the 18S rRNA gene to simultaneously detect C. galli and Cryptosporidium avian genotype III DNA and to compare the duplex real-time PCR results to those of nested PCR targeting a partial fragment of the 18S rRNA gene, followed by sequencing of the amplified products (nPCR/S). A total of 1027 fecal samples were collected from birds of the orders Psittaciformes and Passeriformes originating either from captivity or the wild. Duplex real-time PCR results were positive in 580 (56.47%) and 21 (2.04%) samples, respectively, for C. galli and Cryptosporidium avian genotype III, whereas nPCR/S was positive in 28 (2.73%) and three (0.29%) samples, respectively, for C. galli and Cryptosporidium avian genotype III. Novel host birds were identified for both of the above gastric species, and it was also possible to identify Cryptosporidium baileyi and, for the first time in Brazil, Cryptosporidium avian genotype V. The duplex real-time PCR assay developed in the present study represents a sensitive and specific method for the detection of C. galli and Cryptosporidium avian genotype III in bird fecal samples. Moreover, this method may serve as an alternative to nPCR/S as a gold standard for the diagnosis of gastric cryptosporidiosis in birds.

Clinical, serological, and parasitological analysis of snakes naturally infected with Cryptosporidium serpentis.

Infection by Cryptosporidium serpentis is one of the most important diseases in reptiles and is characterized by chronic clinical or subclinical infection and the presence of hypertrophic gastritis, food regurgitation, progressive weight loss, mortality, and intermittent or continuous shedding of oocysts in the feces. The objectives of this study were to standardize an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies against C. serpentis and to evaluate the clinical, parasitological, and humoral immune response in snakes naturally infected with C. serpentis. Twenty-one snakes naturally infected with C. serpentis and housed at the Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil, underwent clinical and parasitological analyses for C. serpentis infection through daily records of clinical signs and a monthly survey of fecal shedding of oocysts using the Kinyoun's acid-fast staining. The serological evaluation was performed monthly by indirect ELISA using crude total antigen from oocysts of C. serpentis to detect anti-C. serpentis antibodies. Clinical symptoms consisted of food regurgitation, inappetence, and progressive weight loss. The parasitological analysis revealed intermittent fecal shedding of a variable number of oocysts in all snakes, with positivity in 85.32% (157/184) of the samples. The indirect ELISA was positive in 68.25% (86/126) of the samples. A humoral immune response was observed in most animals; however, fluctuating antibodies levels, leading to alternating positive and negative results, were observed in most snakes.

Detection of natural occurrence of Tritrichomonas foetus in cats in Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil / Detecção da ocorrência natural de Tritrichomonas foetus em gatos em Araçatuba, São Paulo

The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Tritrichomonas foetus in cats in the area surrounding the city of Araçatuba municipality, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Fecal samples from 129 cats were collected by rectal flush technique. It was compared two diagnosis methods, direct examination of feces and PCR. The presence of T. foetus DNA was verified using PCR by amplification of 347-bp fragment from the primers TFR3 and TFR4 and amplicons of positive cases were sequenced. Statistical analyses were performed investigating the associations between T. foetus infection with gender, age, breed, presence of diarrhea and/or history of diarrhea, previous treatment, lifestyle, origin, environment, and co-infection. T. foetus was observed in one sample (n=129) by direct microscopic examination of feces while PCR was positive in five samples (3.9%). Giardia species and Cryptosporidium species co-infection was also observed. Statistical analyses showed no significant associations between T. foetus infection and all listed factors, although most positive cats were asymptomatic and lived in multi-cat household. The isolates of T. foetus showed 100% identical sequences with other T. foetus isolates from cats around the world. So, the occurrence of T. foetus was confirmed in cats in Araçatuba city (Brazil). This parasite must be considered as a differential diagnosis in cats with diarrhea and also in asymptomatic carriers as source of infection in multi-cat environments.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a ocorrência de Tritrichomonas foetus em gatos na região do município de Araçatuba, SP, Brasil. Foram coletadas amostras fecais de 129 gatos através da técnica de lavado retal. Dois métodos diagnósticos foram comparados, o exame direto das fezes e a PCR. A presença de DNA de T. foetus foi verificada por meio da PCR através da amplificação de 347 pares de bases a partir dos iniciadores específicos TFR3 e TFR4. Posteriormente, os resultados amplificados das amostras positivas foram sequenciadas. Também foi feita análise estatística a fim de investigar a correlação entre infecção por T. foetus e sexo, idade, raça, presença e/ou histórico de diarreia, tratamento prévio, coinfecção, estilo de vida, origem e tipo de ambiente. O protozoário pôde ser observado em uma amostra através do exame direto das fezes e à PCR foram detectadas cinco amostras positivas (3.9%). Foram detectadas coinfecções por Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. Não foram observadas correlações entre infecção por T. foetus e todos os fatores listados anteriormente, embora a maioria dos felinos positivos fossem assintomáticos e vivessem em ambientes multigatos. O resultado do sequenciamento genético dos isolados das amostras positivas mostrou 100% de similaridade com outros isolados de felinos no mundo. Assim, a ocorrência de T. foetus foi confirmada em gatos em Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil. Sendo assim, o parasito deve considerado como diagnóstico diferencial em gatos com diarreia assim como em portadores assintomáticos como fontes de infecção em ambientes multigatos.(AU)