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1.
Environ Health Prev Med ; 25(1): 83, 2020 Dec 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33308136

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Glyphosate and its salt formulations are nonselective herbicides that have been extensively used worldwide, both for residential and agricultural purposes. The possible carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of glyphosate remain to be elucidated. We developed a sensitive and high-throughput analytical method for urinary glyphosate using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with the aim of contributing to glyphosate exposure assessment in epidemiological studies. METHODS: After urine dilution (creatinine matching dilution to 0.05 g creatinine/L), glyphosate was extracted using two types of solid phase extraction columns (SCX and NH2) with automated sample preparation instruments. The eluate was dried and dissolved in the mobile phase, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The optimized method was applied to urine samples obtained from 54 Japanese adults and children. RESULTS: The results from the validation study demonstrated good recoveries (91.0-99.6%), within- and between-run precisions (< 15%), low detection limits (0.1 µg/L), and lower limit of quantification (0.3 µg/L). The detection frequency and median concentration of the urinary glyphosate in Japanese subjects were 59% and 0.25 µg/L (0.34 µg/g creatinine). CONCLUSIONS: Our reliable determination method was successful in measuring urinary glyphosate concentration. Moreover, this is the first biomonitoring report of urinary glyphosate levels in the Japanese general population.


Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Extração em Fase Sólida/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Glicina/urina , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Glifosato
2.
Appl Environ Microbiol ; 82(6): 1818-1827, 2016 Jan 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26746714

RESUMO

The actual state of intestinal long-term colonization by extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in healthy Japanese people remains unclear. Therefore, a total of 4,314 fecal samples were collected from 2,563 food handlers from January 2010 to December 2011. Approximately 0.1 g of each fecal sample was inoculated onto a MacConkey agar plate containing cefotaxime (1 µg/ml). The bacterial colonies that grew on each plate were checked for ESBL production by the double-disk synergy test, as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The bacterial serotype, antimicrobial susceptibility, pulsotype, sequence type (ST), and ESBL genotype were checked, and the replicon types of plasmids harboring the ESBL gene were also determined after conjugation experiments. ESBL producers were recovered from 70 (3.1%) of 2,230 participants who were checked only once. On the other hand, ESBL producers were isolated at least once from 52 (15.6%) of 333 participants who were checked more than twice, and 13 of the 52 participants carried ESBL producers for from more than 3 months to up to 2 years. Fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant E. coli strains harboring bla(CTX-M) were repeatedly recovered from 11 of the 13 carriers of bla(CTX-M)-harboring E. coli. A genetically related FQ-resistant E. coli O25b:H4-ST131 isolate harboring bla(CTX-M)-27 was recovered from 4 of the 13 carriers for more than 6 months. Three FQ-resistant E. coli O1:H6-ST648 isolates that harbored bla(CTX-M-15) or bla(CTX-M)-14 were recovered from 3 carriers. Moreover, multiple CTX-M-14- or CTX-M-15-producing E. coli isolates with different serotypes were recovered from 2 respective carriers. These findings predict a provable further spread of ESBL producers in both community and clinical settings.


Assuntos
Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Manipulação de Alimentos , beta-Lactamases/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Povo Asiático , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Conjugação Genética , Testes de Sensibilidade a Antimicrobianos por Disco-Difusão , Escherichia coli/classificação , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/microbiologia , Transferência Genética Horizontal , Técnicas de Genotipagem , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Japão/epidemiologia , Plasmídeos , Sorotipagem , beta-Lactamas/farmacologia
3.
Environ Res ; 147: 89-96, 2016 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26855126

RESUMO

The use of neonicotinoid (NEO) insecticides has increased over the past decade not only in Japan but also worldwide, while organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid (PYR) insecticides are still conventionally used in agriculture and domestic pest control. However, limited data are currently available on the NEO exposure levels, especially in children, who are particularly vulnerable to environmental toxicants. Thus, the purpose of this study was to characterize the exposure to NEOs, as well as OPs and PYRs, in three-year-old Japanese children by assessing the range, distribution, and seasonal differences of the urinary concentrations of seven NEOs (acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, and nitenpyram); four OP metabolites (dialkylphosphates [DAPs]), including dimethylphosphate, dimethylthiophosphate, diethylphosphate, and diethylthiophosphate; and three PYR metabolites (3-phenoxybenzoic acid, trans-chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid, and 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2- dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid). Urine samples were collected from 223 children (108 males and 115 females) in the summer and winter months. The detection rates of NEOs were 58% for dinotefuran, 25% for thiamethoxam, 21% for nitenpyram, and <16% for all other NEOs. The median and maximum concentrations of the sum of the seven NEOs (ΣNEO) were 4.7 and 370.2nmol/g creatinine, respectively. Urinary ΣNEO, dimethylphosphate, and all PYR metabolite concentrations were significantly higher in the summer than in the winter (p<0.05). The creatinine-adjusted concentration of ΣNEO significantly correlated with those of all DAPs (p<0.05) but not with those of the PYR metabolites. Moreover, the NEO-detected group showed higher urinary ΣDAP (sum of four OP metabolites) concentrations than the group without NEO detection. These findings suggest that children in Japan are environmentally exposed to the three major insecticide lines, and that the daily exposure sources of NEOs are common to those of OPs.


Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais/urina , Inseticidas/urina , Organofosfatos/urina , Piretrinas/urina , Anabasina/urina , Pré-Escolar , Monitoramento Ambiental , Feminino , Humanos , Japão , Masculino
4.
Foodborne Pathog Dis ; 11(2): 104-10, 2014 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24093132

RESUMO

Contamination of retail meat with extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli has been reported, but only limited data have been documented in Japan. One hundred fifty-three retail foods including chicken meat, beef, pork, and vegetables were purchased from 29 supermarkets between January and October in 2010. ESBL producers were recovered from each food sample using McConkey agar plate supplemented with 1 mg/L of cefotaxime. ESBL type was identified by DNA sequencing analysis after polymerase chain reaction amplification. Antibiogram, O serotype, plasmid replicon type, pulsotype, and multilocus sequence type were also determined. Fifty-two epidemiologically unrelated Escherichia coli isolates producing ESBL were recovered from 35 (22.9%) of 153 samples, all of which were chicken meat. ESBL types were mainly CTX-M-2 group followed by CTX-M-1 group and CTX-M-8 group. The numbers of bacterial isolates (8 of 21, 38.1%) harboring bla(CTX-M-8) recovered from imported meat samples were significantly larger than those of domestic ones (one of 31, 3.2%) (p<0.05). Nine O serotypes (mainly O8, O25, and O1) were found, together with O-antigen untypable (OUT). Four E. coli belonging to the O25b:H4-ST131 clone were recovered from domestic (n=1) and imported meat samples (n=3), respectively. These four isolates were susceptible to fluoroquinolones, although the E. coli O25b:H4-ST131 clone producing CTX-M-15, which is predominant in human isolates, is usually resistant to fluoroquinolones. By contrast, five CTX-M-15-producing E. coli strains were recovered only from domestic meat samples, and their serotypes were O8 or OUT instead of predominant serotype O25b. Our results showed that ESBL-producing E. coli isolates recovered from retail chicken meat samples in Japan are generally divergent in both genetic and serological aspects. Further comparative analyses of bla(CTX-M)-mediating genetic elements would be continued in the next step to characterize the ESBL producers from retail foods in Japan.


Assuntos
Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Carne/microbiologia , beta-Lactamases/genética , Animais , Bovinos , Galinhas , Análise por Conglomerados , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/fisiologia , Escherichia coli/classificação , Fluoroquinolonas/farmacologia , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Japão , Epidemiologia Molecular , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Sorotipagem , Suínos
5.
J Med Entomol ; 61(2): 418-426, 2024 03 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38157310

RESUMO

We developed a predictive model for activities and outbreaks of female Aedes albopictus Skuse, using meteorological data. The number of Ae. albopictus collected from human bait-sweep net collection (h-BNC) surveillance, conducted by the local government between 2010 and 2019 in Japan, was adopted as a mosquito-activity indicator. The best model was composed of the backward cumulative and backward moving mean of meteorological data (parameters that were measured daily include mean, maximum, and minimum temperature, mean humidity, amount of precipitation, maximum wind speed, and sunshine hours). The root mean squared error (RMSE) and the coefficient of determination (R2) of the best model for the test set, which was not included in the training dataset, were 1.33 and 0.74, respectively. The best model was applied to predict the number of Ae. albopictus obtained from our own h-BNC surveillance in Okazaki City, Japan. RMSE and R2 of the results were 1.17 and 0.92, respectively. The present model, using publicly available meteorological values, can predict the collection number of adult Ae. albopictus using h-BNC surveillance thereby providing information to control mosquito activities and outbreaks. Therefore, it may be possible to mitigate the risk of mosquito-borne infections and secondary adverse effects of mosquito bites, such as infectious impetigo and deterioration of the quality of life.


Assuntos
Aedes , Qualidade de Vida , Feminino , Humanos , Animais , Japão , Mosquitos Vetores , Surtos de Doenças
6.
Int J Hyg Environ Health ; 242: 113963, 2022 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35364446

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Over the past two decades, domestic shipments of glyphosate (Gly), in the form of an ionic salt, have been increasing steadily in Japan. This increase has raising concerns about the effects of chemical exposure on children. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified Gly as a "probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A)" in 2015. The purpose of the current study was to analyze Gly in urine samples of Japanese children to determine temporal changes, seasonal changes, and gender differences. METHOD: First-morning urine samples were obtained from 50 Japanese children (4-6-year-old) in October of 2006, 2011, and 2015 (total = 150) to investigate the temporal trends in urinary Gly concentrations. Additionally, first-morning urine samples were collected from 3-year-old children in August-September of 2012 (summer; n = 42) and in February of 2013 (winter; n = 42) to investigate the seasonal and gender differences, and the correlations between urinary Gly concentrations and insecticide exposure biomarkers. Urine samples were analyzed to measure for Gly using a liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS: Detectable Gly concentrations were found in 41% of the 234 children. The 75th percentile and maximum concentrations of urinary Gly were 0.20 and 1.33 µg/L, respectively. The urinary Gly concentration in 2015 was significantly higher than in 2006, suggesting that the Gly exposure levels have been increasing. No seasonal or gender-specific differences in urinary Gly concentrations were observed, and no correlation with insecticide exposure biomarkers was found. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that Gly exposure trends show an increase between 2006 and 2015, and that season and gender were not the exposure-determining factors. Overall, urinary concentrations of Gly were comparable with studies from other countries.


Assuntos
Inseticidas , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Cromatografia Líquida , Estudos Transversais , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Humanos , Inseticidas/urina , Japão , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Glifosato
7.
Int J Hyg Environ Health ; 225: 113448, 2020 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31962275

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Metofluthrin, profluthrin, tefluthrin, and transfluthrin are pyrethroid (PYR) insecticides increasingly used to control mosquitoes, flies, and moths in households and public places (hygiene-PYRs). Currently, there is limited data available concerning exposure to these novel hygiene-PYRs. The goal of this study was to monitor exposure to these hygiene-PYRs by analysing their urinary metabolites and to investigate the temporal and seasonal trends in the concentrations of these metabolites. METHODS: First morning urine samples were obtained from 50 Japanese children (four-six years old) in October of 2006, 2011, and 2015 (total = 150 children) in order to investigate temporal trends. Additionally, first-morning urine samples were collected from 44 three-year-old children in August-September of 2012 (summer) and in February of 2013 (winter) to investigate seasonal differences. The urinary concentrations of 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl alcohol (FB-Al; a specific metabolite of transfluthrin), 4-methyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl alcohol (CH3-FB-Al; a common metabolite of tefluthrin and profluthrin), 4-methoxymethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl alcohol (CH3OCH2-FB-Al; a specific metabolite of metofluthrin), and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-1,4-benzenedimethanol (HOCH2-FB-Al; a common metabolite of metofluthrin, tefluthrin, and profluthrin) were measured using GC-MS/MS. RESULTS: For the investigated years, rapid increases in the detection rates of the hygiene-PYR metabolites were observed. In 2015, FB-Al was identified in 64% of the samples, CH3-FB-Al in 46%, CH3OCH2-FB-Al in 50%, and HOCH2-FB-Al in 83%. Significant increasing trends were found for the concentrations of all hygiene-PYR metabolites from 2006 to 2015 (Jonckheere-Terpstra test, p < 0.001). The concentrations of FB-Al and CH3OCH2-FB-Al were higher in summer than in winter (Mann Whitney-U test, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that, in Japanese children, exposure to hygiene-PYRs has increased over the past decade, and that children are exposed to higher levels of hygiene-PYRs in summer than in winter.


Assuntos
Inseticidas/urina , Piretrinas/urina , Monitoramento Biológico , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Higiene , Japão , Masculino , Estações do Ano
9.
Biocontrol Sci ; 21(2): 135-8, 2016.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27350432

RESUMO

Kudoa septempunctata is the causative agent of a food-borne disease associated with the ingestion of raw olive flounder. As the current qRT-PCR method for its detection is time-consuming, a rapid and simple method is required. Recently, a new real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method and an immunochromatography method, whose sensitivities are intended to be compatible with that designated in the official analytical method (10(5) spores/g olive flounder), have been developed. To validate these new methods, we performed an inter-laboratory study across seven laboratories. Both methods could not detect less than 10(4) spores/g; however, these methods were able to detect more than 10(5) spores/g in olive flounder samples. These results demonstrated that the sensitivities of these methods were compatible with the designated level in the official analytical method. We concluded that these new methods were acceptable as the screening methods for K. septempunctata.


Assuntos
Cromatografia de Afinidade/métodos , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/diagnóstico , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/parasitologia , Myxozoa/classificação , Myxozoa/genética , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , Doenças Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Doenças Parasitárias/parasitologia , Animais , Cromatografia de Afinidade/normas , Humanos , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico/normas , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/métodos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/normas , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade
10.
Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi ; 56(6): 252-5, 2015.
Artigo em Japonês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26699273

RESUMO

Cases of hepatitis E have been caused by infection with hepatitis E virus (HEV) due to consumption of raw or undercooked game meats and liver of wild boars or deer in various countries. We investigated HEV prevalence in wild boar and deer in Okazaki City and its outskirts, Aichi, Japan, using liver samples (439 boar; 185 deer) collected between April 2010 and November 2014. HEV RNA was detected in 49 (11.2%)of 439 and 0 of 185 samples of wild boar and deer, respectively. The positive rate (13.0%, 28/216) of HEV RNA from the wild boar with estimated body weight of less than 40 kg was significantly higher than that (2.7%, 3/111) in animals with estimated body weight of more than 40 kg. The 49 HEV strains were typed as genotype 4 (G4) by phylogenetic analysis. They clustered with Aichi/Shizuoka strains and 48 of the 49 strains subclustered together (Okazaki strains).


Assuntos
Animais Selvagens/virologia , Cervos/virologia , Vírus da Hepatite E/genética , Hepatite E/epidemiologia , Hepatite E/veterinária , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Suínos/virologia , Animais , Genótipo , Hepatite E/virologia , Japão/epidemiologia , Prevalência , RNA Viral/genética , Fatores de Tempo
11.
Microb Drug Resist ; 19(6): 477-82, 2013 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23909549

RESUMO

We examined the prevalence and mechanism of fosfomycin resistance in CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli isolates from healthy Japanese individuals. One hundred thirty-eight CTX-M-producing E. coli isolates were subjected to fosfomycin susceptibility testing. The presence of acquired fosfomycin resistance genes such as fosA, fosA3, and fosC2 was explored, and the transmissibility of fosfomycin resistance, replicon type of plasmid, and genetic environment of fosA3 were investigated. Eight isolates (5.8%) showed resistance to fosfomycin, five of which harbored fosA3, which was in genetic linkage with blaCTX-M. The replicon types of the five transferred fosA3-carrying plasmids were as follows: IncI1 (n=2), IncN (n=1), and IncFII (n=2). Each fosA3 gene was located close to the blaCTX-M gene and was flanked by IS26 elements. These genetic environments of fosA3 in E. coli from healthy individuals were quite similar to those observed in the clinical and veterinary settings. Our results indicate that fosA3 genes possibly inserted by small mobile genetic elements flanked by two IS26 elements have already spread throughout the plasmids along with the blaCTX-M genes of commensal E. coli colonizing in healthy Japanese people.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Escherichia coli/genética , Fosfomicina/farmacologia , beta-Lactamases/genética , Portador Sadio , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Ligação Genética , Humanos , Japão , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Plasmídeos , Replicon , Retroelementos , beta-Lactamases/metabolismo
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