Exploring the evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction and genetic abnormalities in the etiopathogenesis of tropical ataxic neuropathy.

Tropical ataxic neuropathy (TAN) is characterised by ataxic polyneuropathy, degeneration of the posterior columns and pyramidal tracts, optic atrophy, and sensorineural hearing loss. It has been attributed to nutritional/toxic etiologies, but evidence for the same has been equivocal. TAN shares common clinical features with inherited neuropathies and mitochondrial disorders, it may be hypothesised that genetic abnormalities may underlie the pathophysiology of TAN. This study aimed to establish evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction by adopting an integrated biochemical and multipronged genetic analysis. Patients (n = 65) with chronic progressive ataxic neuropathy with involvement of visual and/or auditory pathways underwent deep phenotyping, genetic studies including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletion analysis, mtDNA and clinical exome sequencing (CES), and respiratory chain complex (RCC) assay. The phenotypic characteristics included dysfunction of visual (n = 14), auditory (n = 12) and visual + auditory pathways (n = 29). Reduced RCC activity was present in 13 patients. Mitochondrial DNA deletions were noted in five patients. Sequencing of mtDNA (n = 45) identified a homoplasmic variant (MT-ND6) and a heteroplasmic variant (MT-COI) in one patient each. CES (n = 45) revealed 55 variants in nuclear genes that are associated with neuropathy (n = 27), deafness (n = 7), ataxia (n = 4), and mitochondrial phenotypes (n = 5) in 36 patients. This study provides preliminary evidence that TAN is associated with a spectrum of genetic abnormalities, including those associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, which is in contradistinction from the prevailing hypothesis that TAN is related to dietary toxins. Analysing the functional relevance of these genetic variants may improve the understanding of the pathogenesis of TAN.

Neuromuscular disease genetics in under-represented populations: increasing data diversity.

Neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) affect ∼15 million people globally. In high income settings DNA-based diagnosis has transformed care pathways and led to gene-specific therapies. However, most affected families are in low-to-middle income countries (LMICs) with limited access to DNA-based diagnosis. Most (86%) published genetic data is derived from European ancestry. This marked genetic data inequality hampers understanding of genetic diversity and hinders accurate genetic diagnosis in all income settings. We developed a cloud-based transcontinental partnership to build diverse, deeply-phenotyped and genetically characterized cohorts to improve genetic architecture knowledge, and potentially advance diagnosis and clinical management. We connected 18 centres in Brazil, India, South Africa, Turkey, Zambia, Netherlands and the UK. We co-developed a cloud-based data solution and trained 17 international neurology fellows in clinical genomic data interpretation. Single gene and whole exome data were analysed via a bespoke bioinformatics pipeline and reviewed alongside clinical and phenotypic data in global webinars to inform genetic outcome decisions. We recruited 6001 participants in the first 43 months. Initial genetic analyses 'solved' or 'possibly solved' ∼56% probands overall. In-depth genetic data review of the four commonest clinical categories (limb girdle muscular dystrophy, inherited peripheral neuropathies, congenital myopathy/muscular dystrophies and Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy) delivered a ∼59% 'solved' and ∼13% 'possibly solved' outcome. Almost 29% of disease causing variants were novel, increasing diverse pathogenic variant knowledge. Unsolved participants represent a new discovery cohort. The dataset provides a large resource from under-represented populations for genetic and translational research. In conclusion, we established a remote transcontinental partnership to assess genetic architecture of NMDs across diverse populations. It supported DNA-based diagnosis, potentially enabling genetic counselling, care pathways and eligibility for gene-specific trials. Similar virtual partnerships could be adopted by other areas of global genomic neurological practice to reduce genetic data inequality and benefit patients globally.

Cerebral small vessel disease with hemorrhagic stroke related to COL4A1 mutation: A case report.

Stroke is a major cause of mortality and morbidity with a wide variety of etiological risk factors. Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is an important cause of stroke in the young with several hereditary disorders affecting these small blood vessels. Mutations in the COL4A1 gene (COL4A1) have been shown to be associated with a broad range of disorders including hemorrhagic stroke, myopathy, glaucoma and others. We report a rare case of stroke in an intellectually disabled 18-year-old girl with radiological evidence of basal ganglia microbleeds, periventricular white matter signal changes and porencephalic cyst. Ophthalmic examination revealed bilateral microcornea and Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly. At autopsy there were hemorrhagic lesions at multiple sites within the brain. Histology revealed thickened small-caliber vessels which demonstrated disruption and fragmentation of the basement membrane by collagen type IV alpha 1 immunohistochemistry and by electron microscopy. A missense COL4A1 mutation involving glycine residue was detected in the patient. The present case illustrates the clinicopathological spectrum of COL4A1-related cerebral SVD presenting as hemorrhagic stroke in the young with porencephaly, intellectual disability, and Axenfield-Rieger anomaly and thus adds to the clinical heterogeneity of this genetic disorder.

Chikungunya Virus Interacts with Heat Shock Cognate 70 Protein to Facilitate Its Entry into Mosquito Cell Line.

AIM: The study was designed to identify putative Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) receptor/s on C6/36 cells that facilitate viral entry. METHODS: The virus overlay protein binding assay (VOPBA) was adopted to identify CHIKV-interacting bands present in C6/36 cell membrane and identity of the protein was established by mass spectrometry. The role of this protein as a putative CHIKV receptor on C6/36 cells was confirmed by infection inhibition assay. Cell surface localization of the identified protein was studied by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) on nonpermeabilized cells and by flow cytometry. Interaction between this protein and CHIKV was confirmed by co-immunoprecipation (Co-IP) and Western blotting. The effect of depletion of the identified protein by quercetin was demonstrated by infection inhibition assay. RESULTS: A 70-kDa protein was identified as a CHIKV-interacting protein by VOPBA. MALDI-TOF analysis followed by homology search revealed that this protein could be heat shock cognate 70 (HSC 70). Anti-HSC 70 antibodies blocked CHIKV entry into C6/36 cells in a dose-dependent manner. IFA and flow cytometry analysis demonstrated HSC 70 localization on C6/36 cell surface. Co-IP experiments confirmed the interaction between HSC 70 and CHIKV envelope. Quercetin- and YM-01-treated C6/36 cells exhibited dose-dependent infection inhibition. CONCLUSION: HSC 70 serves as a putative CHIKV receptor on C6/36 cells.

Microsporidial polymyositis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, a rare life-threatening opportunistic infection: clinical suspicion, diagnosis, and management in resource-limited settings.

INTRODUCTION: Microsporidial myositis is a rare opportunistic infection that has been reported in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected immunocompromised patients. METHODS: In this study we present a retrospective analysis of 5 cases of microsporidial myositis in HIV-infected patients, including the clinical, laboratory, and histologic features, and a review of the literature. RESULTS: Five young men with HIV infection [median CD4 count of 20 cells (range 14-144)/mm(3) ] who presented with signs and symptoms suggestive of myositis underwent EMG-NCV and muscle biopsy, which revealed signs compatible with microsporidial myositis. Early and aggressive treatment led to improvement in 3 patients. Two of the 5 patients died due to a delay in diagnosis, because the spores were mistaken for Candida without confirmatory stains or a high index of suspicion. CONCLUSIONS: Myositis in HIV-infected patients with low CD4 counts should be evaluated using muscle biopsy. A high index of suspicion is required for early diagnosis of microsporidial myositis in HIV-infected patients. Early diagnosis and immediate, aggressive treatment are the keys to favorable outcomes in these patients.

Major histocompatibility complex and inflammatory cell subtype expression in inflammatory myopathies and muscular dystrophies.

BACKGROUND: In inflammatory myopathies muscle biopsy is a crucial diagnostic test. Misinterpretation between inflammatory myopathies and muscular dystrophies with inflammation is known. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-one patients clinically and pathologically diagnosed to have polymyositis and dermatomyositis and 16 patients of muscular dystrophy with inflammation were studied for MHC-I, MHC-II, CD4 and CD8 expression in skeletal muscle tissue. RESULTS: MHC-I upregulation was noted in all samples of PM and DM. Interstitial and perivascular inflammation in PM were predominantly CD8+ cells, in dermatomyositis, interstitial and perimysial perivascular inflammatory cells were CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells were seen around endomysial vessels. Interestingly MHC-I upregulation was seen in all 16 cases of muscular dystrophy with presence of inflammation. CONCLUSION: The pattern of MHC-I and II expression appeared to be similar in both inflammatory myopathies as well as in muscular dystrophies with inflammation and hence differentiating them on MHC - I expression was difficult.

A large series of immunohistochemically confirmed cases of congenital muscular dystrophy seen over a period of one decade.

BACKGROUND: Although congenital muscular dystrophies (CMD) is a common condition among primary muscle disorders, there are only a few small series reported from India. AIMS, SETTINGS, AND DESIGN: Retrospective analysis to characterize histopathologically and/or immunohistochemically confirmed cases of CMD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were identified retrospectively from the archived muscle biopsy reports between 1997 and 2007 at the Department of Neuropathology of the institute. Medical records were scrutinized for all details. RESULTS: There were 102 cases which were characterized by clinical phenotype and histopathology. Among these 56 had immunohistochemical staining and were included in the final analysis. Merosin staining performed in 53 samples identified nine patients with merosin negative CMD. The male to female ratio (M:F) was 2:1 and the mean age at presentation was 69.7 ± 62.2 months. All had grossly delayed motor milestones. There were 13 cases of Ullrich CMD confirmed by absent staining for collagen 6A1 in muscle. Mean age at diagnosis was 63.7 ± 27.9 months. Onset of symptoms was in infancy in 12 patients. All had significant delay in motor milestones and had classical features of proximal contractures, distal hyperextensibility, prominent calcaneum, velvety palms and soles with absent palmar creases. Mean creatine kinase (CK) value was 259.1 ± 109.4 IU/l. Alpha-dystroglycan (α-DG) deficiency was identified in three cases. Illness onset was in infancy. Classical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features were seen in all. Large group of 31 cases of merosin positive CMD had clinical findings of early onset limb weakness, hypotonia, and contractures; with histopathological evidence of dystrophy, and normal staining pattern of merosin, collagen 6A1 and α-DG. Mean age at evaluation was 58.61 ± 48.4 months. Majority (87.1%) had onset of symptom in infancy with delay in motor milestones. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a significant data on one of the largest cohort of patients with CMDs from India. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has definitely helped us to categorize 56 patients into specific subtypes of CMDs. This is essential for directing genetic analysis which is imperative for definitive diagnosis and also prenatal diagnosis.

MLIP-Associated Myopathy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Muscular A-type lamin-interacting protein (MLIP) has a regulatory role in myoblast differentiation and organization of myonuclear positioning in skeletal muscle. It is ubiquitously expressed but abundantly in cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscles. Recently, two studies confirmed the causation of biallelic pathogenic variants in the MLIP gene of a novel myopathy phenotype. OBJECTIVE: Description of the phenotypic spectrum and features of MLIP-related myopathy. METHODS: report a patient with biallelic variants in MLIP gene with the clinical features, and histomorphological findings of MLIP-related myopathy and provide a literature review of the previously reported 12 patients. RESULTS: MLIP-related myopathy is characterized by episodes of rhabdomyolysis, myalgia triggered by mild to moderate exercise, mild muscle weakness, and sometimes cardiac involvement characterized by cardiomyopathy and cardiac rhythm abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: This report reviews and extends the clinical features of a novel myopathy caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in the MLIP gene.

An ultrastructural and genomic study on the SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.210 circulating during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in India.

PURPOSE: The study aims to isolate and understand cytopathogenesis, ultrastructure, genomic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 virus of B.1.210 lineage, that circulated in India during first wave of the pandemic. METHODS: Clinical specimen from an interstate traveller from Maharashtra to Karnataka, in May 2020, who was positive by RT PCR for SARS-CoV-2 infection was subjected to virus isolation and Whole Genome Sequencing. Vero cells were used to study cytopathogenesis and ultrastructural features by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Phylogenetic analysis of the whole genome sequences of several SARS-CoV-2 variants downloaded from GISAID was performed in comparison with the B.1.210 variant identified in this study. RESULTS: The virus was isolated in Vero cells and identified by immunofluorescence assay and RT PCR. The growth kinetics in infected Vero cells revealed a peak viral titre at 24 â€‹h post-infection. Ultrastructural studies revealed distinct morphological changes with accumulation of membrane-bound vesicles containing pleomorphic virions in the cytoplasm, with single or multiple intranuclear filamentous inclusions and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum with viral particles. Whole genome sequence of the clinical specimen as well as the isolated virus revealed the virus to be of lineage B.1.210 with the D614G mutation in the spike protein. Phylogenetic analysis of the whole genome sequence in comparison with other variants reported globally revealed that the isolated SARS-CoV-2 virus of lineage B.1.210 is closely related to the original Wuhan virus reference sequence. CONCLUSIONS: The SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.210 virus isolated here showed ultrastructural features and cytopathogenesis similar to that of the virus reported during early phase of pandemic. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolated virus is closely related to the original Wuhan virus, thereby suggesting that the SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.210 that was circulating in India during the early phase of pandemic is likely to have evolved from the original Wuhan strain.

Approach to the diagnosis of metabolic myopathies.

Metabolic myopathies are a diverse group of genetic disorders that result in impaired energy production. They are individually rare and several have received the 'orphan disorder' status. However, collectively they constitute a relatively common group of disorders that affect not only the skeletal muscle but also the heart, liver, and brain among others. Mitochondrial disorders, with a frequency of 1/8000 population, are the commonest cause of metabolic myopathies. Three main groups that cause metabolic myopathy are glycogen storage disorders (GSD), fatty acid oxidation defects (FAOD), and mitochondrial myopathies. Clinically, patients present with varied ages at onset and neuromuscular features. While newborns and infants typically present with hypotonia and multisystem involvement chiefly affecting the liver, heart, kidney, and brain, patients with onset later in life present with exercise intolerance with or without progressive muscle weakness and myoglobinuria. In general, GSDs result in high-intensity exercise intolerance while, FAODs, and mitochondrial myopathies predominantly manifest during endurance-type activity, fasting, or metabolically stressful conditions. Evaluation of these patients comprises a meticulous clinical examination and a battery of investigations which includes- exercise stress testing, metabolic and biochemical screening, electrophysiological studies, neuro-imaging, muscle biopsy, and molecular genetics. Accurate and early detection of metabolic myopathies allows timely counseling to prevent metabolic crises and helps in therapeutic interventions. This review summarizes the clinical features, diagnostic tests, pathological features, treatment and presents an algorithm to diagnose these three main groups of disorders.

Electron microscopy in the diagnosis of skeletal muscle disorders: Its utility and limitations.

Electron microscopy (EM) has a substantial role in the diagnosis of skeletal muscle disorders. The ultrastructural changes can be observed in muscle fibers and other components of the muscle tissue. EM serves as a confirmatory tool where the diagnosis is already established by enzyme histochemistry staining. Although it is indispensable in the diagnosis of rare forms of congenital myopathies not appreciated by light microscope, such as cylindrical spiral myopathy, zebra body myopathy, fingerprint body myopathy, and intranuclear rod myopathy, in cases not subjected to histochemical staining, it is required for definitive diagnosis in certain groups of muscle disorders, which includes congenital myopathies, metabolic myopathies in particular mitochondrial myopathies and glycogenosis, and in vacuolar myopathies. It does not have diagnostic implications in muscular dystrophies and neurogenic disorders. In the recent past, despite the availability of advanced diagnostic techniques, electron microscopy continues to play a vital role in the diagnosis of skeletal muscle disorders. This review gives an account of ultrastructural features of skeletal muscle disorders, the role of EM in the diagnosis, and its limitations.

Basic requirements to establish a neuromuscular laboratory.

Histopathological analysis of muscle biopsy is a prerequisite in the evaluation of neuromuscular disorders, particularly inflammatory myopathies, metabolic myopathies, congenital myopathies, muscular dystrophies and differentiating myopathies and neurogenic disorders with overlapping clinically features. It not only provides useful information that helps in the diagnosis but also treatment and management. Fundamental skills and basic knowledge regarding handling, processing and analyzing a muscle biopsy are required in any specialized or a general pathology lab supporting neuromuscular clinical services. Care during transport of the muscle biopsy, sample receipt in the laboratory and grossing is very important. Standard operating procedure should be followed for the preanalytical steps (freezing and cryomicrotomy), routine and special staining (enzyme and non enzymatic) and immunohistochemistry. A well organized neuromuscular laboratory with good quality management system is necessary for the practice of myopathology. This article gives an overview of establishing such a laboratory.

Infective myositis.

Myositis is inflammation especially of the voluntary muscles, characterized by localized or diffuse pain, tenderness on movement or palpation, swelling, and/or weakness. The two main categories of myositis include non-infectious and infectious. Infective myositis may be due to a wide variety of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. A brief account of the various pathogens causing infective myositis is discussed.

Utility of Immunohistochemistry and Western Blot in Profiling Clinically Suspected Cases of Congenital Muscular Dystrophy.

OBJECTIVE: Immunocharacterization of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) to determine the frequency of various subtypes in a large Indian Cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective (2014-2017) study was carried on muscle biopsies of clinically suspected cases of CMD with histological evidence of dystrophy/myopathic features. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) to antibodies against laminin (α2, α5,ß1,γ1), Collagen-VI (A1,2,3), and Western blot (WB) for α-dystroglycan and POMT1 was performed. RESULTS: The study included 57 cases, of which 15 cases (26.3%) had mean age at presentation of 3.5 years, M: F = 1.5:1, elevated creatinine kinase (CK) (mean 1657 U/L), global developmental delay, multiple contractures, abnormal facies, white matter hyperintensities and showed laminin-α2 deficiency (Merosin deficient CMD). In addition, secondary reduction in laminin-ß1, over-expression of laminin-α5, and preserved laminin-γ1 was noted. Ullrich CMD constituted 11/57 cases (19.2%) with mean age at presentation of 5.3 years, M: F = 1.2:1 and normal CK. They presented with proximal muscle weakness, soft velvety palms and soles, contractures, and joint hyperextensibility. Collagen-VI (A1,2,3) showed either complete (n = 3) or sarcolemmal specific (n = 8) loss of staining. Out of the remaining 31 cases, WB for α-dystroglycan was performed in 17 cases which showed deficiency in seven (12.3%). Three of these in addition revealed secondary partial loss of laminin-α2. WB for POMT1 showed deficiency in a single case clinically diagnosed Walker-Warburg syndrome, who presented with seizures and classical features of pachygyria, lissencephaly, and cerebellar cyst on MRI. Twenty-four cases (42.2%) remained uncharacterized and need genetic evaluation. CONCLUSION: The study helped in characterizing 57.8% of the proband. Immunotyping helps to direct mutational analysis for targeted genes and offers a potential route for prenatal diagnosis.

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis: Clinical and Laboratory Profile in Children from Tertiary Care Centre in South India.

Neuronal ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL), inherited disorders of lysosomal storage disorders, constitute the most common progressive encephalopathies with an incidence of 1.3 to 7 in 100,000 live births. We reported clinical, electrophysiological, radiological, ultrastructural, and molecular genetic features of NCL. This is a retrospective review, in a tertiary care center from January 2016 to December 2019. All children with clinical features of NCL and confirmed by pathogenic mutation and/or enzyme assay were included. A total of 60 children (male:female = 3:1) were studied. The commonest type was CLN 2 (41.7%). Neuroregression, seizures, and ataxia were present in all cases. Retinal arterial attenuation was seen in 38.33% cases. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain was abnormal in all patients, thalamic and caudate nucleus atrophy common in CLN1 (62%). Electroencephalography was abnormal in all children, but photoparoxysmal response at low intermittent photic stimulation frequencies was seen in four children of CLN2. Electron microscopy done in 43 children revealed abnormal inclusions in 20 (46.52%) children. Enzyme study showed low levels in 36 (78%) out of 46 cases. Of these, 21 had low tripeptidyl peptidase and 15 had low palmitoyl protein thioesterase levels. Molecular testing done in 26 cases showed pathogenic variant in 23 (88%) cases. Infantile onset with thalamic atrophy on MRI is common in CLN1 and refractory epilepsy, visual impairment and specific EEG changes are common in CLN2. These features are helpful in selecting enzyme assay for CLN1 versus CLN2. Electron microscopy helped in the diagnosis and genetic testing in subtyping. Thus, a multimode approach played a role in the diagnosis of NCL.

A Dominant C150Y Mutation in FHL1 Induces Structural Alterations in LIM2 Domain Causing Protein Aggregation In Human and Drosophila Indirect Flight Muscles.

FHL1-related myopathies are rare X-linked dominant myopathies. Though clinically classified into several subgroups, spinal and scapuloperoneal muscle involvement are common to all. In this study, we identified c.449G > A, p.C150Y mutation by clinical exome sequencing in two patients from same family (son and mother) of Indian origin who presented with multiple contractures. Muscle biopsy showed numerous intracytoplasmic aggregates intensely stained on HE and MGT. The strong reactions to M-NBT revealed aggregates to be reducing bodies and positively labeled to anti-FHL1 antibody. Ultrastructurally, Z-band streaming and granular and granulofilamentous material were seen. Further, the translational evidence of mutant peptide was confirmed using mass spectrometric analysis. To establish p.C150Y as the cause for protein aggregation, in vivo studies were carried out using transgenic Drosophila model which highlighted Z-band abnormalities and protein aggregates in indirect flight muscles with compromised physiological function. Thus, recapitulating the X-linked human disease phenotype. Additionally, the molecular dynamics simulation analysis unraveled the drastic change in α-helix of LIM2, the region immediately next to site of C150Y mutation that could be the plausible cause for protein aggregation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of p.C150Y mutation in FHL1 identified in Indian patients with in vivo and in silico analysis to establish the cause for protein aggregation in muscle.

A Novel L1 Linker Mutation in DES Resulted in Total Absence of Protein.

Desminopathies (MIM*601419) are clinically heterogeneous, manifesting with myopathy and/or cardiomyopathy and with intra-sarcoplasmic desmin-positive deposits. They have either an autosomal dominant (AD) or recessive (AR) pattern of inheritance. Desmin is a crucial intermediate filament protein regulating various cellular functions in muscle cells. Here, we report a 13-year-old girl, born of second-degree consanguineous parents, with normal developmental milestones, who presented with dilated cardiomyopathy, respiratory insufficiency and predominant distal upper limb weakness. A striking feature on muscle biopsy was the presence of a peripheral chain of nuclei in addition to myopathic features. Immunostaining showed complete lack of desmin expression, further confirmed by western blot analysis. Ultrastructurally, subsarcolemmal granular material, expanded Z-band aggregation, distortion of myofilaments, focal Z-band streaming, lobed and clustered myonuclei were observed. Next-generation sequencing revealed a novel homozygous nonsense mutation c.448C>T, p.R150X in the patient, while the parents were heterozygous carriers. Single mitochondrial DNA deletion and isolated complex IV deficiency were noted. Our findings add to the ever-expanding phenotype and molecular spectrum of desminopathies.

Serum fibroblast growth factor 21 and growth differentiation factor 15: Two sensitive biomarkers in the diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders.

Mitochondrial disorders are often difficult to diagnose because of diverse clinical phenotypes. FGF-21 and GDF-15 are metabolic hormones and promising biomarkers for the diagnosis of these disorders. This study has systematically evaluated serum FGF-21 and GDF-15 levels by ELISA in a well-defined cohort of patients with definite mitochondrial disorders (n = 30), neuromuscular disease controls (n = 36) and healthy controls (n = 36) and aimed to ascertain their utility in the diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders. Both serum FGF-21 and GDF-15 were significantly elevated in patients with mitochondrial disorders, especially in those with muscle involvement. The levels were higher in patients with mitochondrial deletions (both single and multiple) and translation disorders compared to respiratory chain subunit or assembly factor defects.

Tubular aggregate myopathy: a phenotypic spectrum and morphological study.

Tubular aggregates (TAs) are inclusions described in skeletal muscle in a variety of disorders. In a retrospective analysis, TAs were found in 18 (0.24%) cases and involved a spectrum of clinical phenotypes. Ultrastructurally, four distinct types of aggregates were noted. There was no correlation between the clinical phenotypes, duration of illness and types of TAs.