The proximal centriole-like structure maintains nucleus-centriole architecture in sperm.

Proper connection between the sperm head and tail is critical for sperm motility and fertilization. Head-tail linkage is mediated by the Head-Tail Coupling Apparatus (HTCA), which secures the axoneme (tail) to the nucleus (head). However, the molecular architecture of the HTCA is poorly understood. Here, we use Drosophila to investigate formation and remodeling of the HTCA throughout spermiogenesis by visualizing key components of this complex. Using structured illumination microscopy, we demonstrate that key HTCA proteins Spag4 and Yuri form a 'Centriole Cap' that surrounds the centriole (or Basal Body) as it invaginates into the surface of the nucleus. As development progresses, the centriole is laterally displaced to the side of the nucleus while the HTCA expands under the nucleus, forming what we term the 'Nuclear Shelf.' We next show that the proximal centriole-like (PCL) structure is positioned under the Nuclear Shelf, functioning as a critical stabilizer of centriole-nuclear attachment. Together, our data indicate that the HTCA is a complex, multi-point attachment site that simultaneously engages the PCL, the centriole, and the nucleus to ensure proper head-tail connection during late-stage spermiogenesis.

Confounding factors of the expression of mTBI biomarkers, S100B, GFAP and UCH-L1 in an aging population.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate some confounding factors that influence the concentrations of S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L-1 (UCH-L1) in older individuals. Indeed, recent guidelines have proposed the combined use of S100B and the "GFAP-UCH-L1" mTBI test to rule out mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI). As older adults are the most at risk of mTBI, it is particularly important to understand the confounding factors of those mTBI rule-out biomarkers in aging population. METHODS: The protein S100B and the "GFAP and UCH-L1" mTBI test were measured using Liaison XL (Diasorin) and Alinity I (Abbott), respectively, in 330 and 341 individuals with non-suspected mTBI from the SarcoPhAge cohort. RESULTS: S100B, GFAP and UCH-L1 were all significantly correlated with renal function whereas alcohol consumption, Geriatric Depression Score (GDS), smoking habits and anticoagulant intake were not associated with any of these three biomarkers. Body mass index (BMI) and age were associated with GFAP and UCH-L1 expression while sex and mini-mental state examination (MMSE) were only associated with GFAP. According to the manufacturer's cut-offs for mTBI rule-out, only 5.5 % of participants were positive for S100B whereas 66.9 % were positive for the "GFAP-UCH-L1" mTBI test. All positive "GFAP-UCH-L1" mTBI tests were GFAP+/UCH-L1-. Among individuals with cystatin C>1.55 mg/L, 25 % were positive for S100B while 90 % were positive for the mTBI test. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that confounding factors have different impacts on the positivity rate of the "GFAP-UCH-L1" mTBI test compared to S100B.

Unused potential of lipid-lowering therapy in very high-risk patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. A retrospective data analysis.

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the most common cause of death in Europe. Although the 2019 European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias claim a target low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) value of <55 mg/dL for very high-risk patients by use of lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) and lifestyle adaptations, the target level achievement is not satisfactory. We examined LLT use in ASCVD patients exceeding LDL-C target levels at admission and its adaptations at discharge. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between January 2017 and February 2020, 1091 patients with LDL-C >100 mg/dL and ASCVD defined as diagnosis of angina pectoris (AP, n = 179), acute myocardial infarction (AMI, n = 317), chronic ischemic heart disease (CHD, n = 195), or peripheral artery disease (PAD, n = 400) were extracted from hospital records. LLT use on admission and discharge as well as recommendations on lifestyle and nutrition were analysed. On admission, 51% of the patients were not taking LLT. At discharge, 91% were prescribed statins and 87% were advised on lifestyle adaptation and/or pharmacological treatment. High-intensity statin use at discharge was present in 63% of the AP-group, 92% of the AMI-group, 62% of the CHD-group and 71% of the PAD-group. Ezetimibe was present in 16% and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) in 1%. However, of those on high-intensity statin, 25% remained on insufficient statin dosage. CONCLUSION: Switch to high-intensity statins and use of ezetimibe and PCSK9i was low in chronic ASCVD patients. Even though statin intake was high in high-risk patients, target levels were still not reached.

Radiographic Assessment of 121 Glass Fiber Post Procedures in 32 Patients Aged 21-60 Years Performed by 6th-Year Dental Students During the 2022-2023 Academic Year at the College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND The restoration of endodontically treated teeth (ETT) and severely damaged teeth has been a concern of clinicians. Glass Fiber Post (GFPs) combine the strength of carbon fiber posts with the esthetic appearance of glass to resemble natural dentin during dental restoration procedures. This radiographical study assessed the GFP carried out by students enrolled in the Clinical Comprehensive Course at the College of Dentistry, Jazan University. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 32 patients treated by 18 6th-year dental students with 121 GFPs were assessed in this cross-sectional radiographic study. The assessment covered tooth type, arch, post-to-root width, length of post in relation to the crown and root lengths, amount of remaining gutta percha (GP), and gap between GP and post. Data were analyzed using SPSS, and associations between variables were determined using the chi-square test. RESULTS Maxillary teeth were the most frequently restored with posts (88.4%) with most being (58.7%) anterior teeth, and 50.4% of posts had widths that were one-third that of the root. The percentage of posts was twice (71.1%) or equal to (26.4%) the crown length, whereas two-thirds of the tested GFPs were >5 mm of the remaining GP. Significant differences were observed in location and position of teeth with post width, post length in relation to crown or root length, and amount of remaining GP, with P values of 0.018, 0.000, and 0.001, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The assessed radiographs revealed that the performance of sixth year students in accomplishment GFP radiographically was satisfactory and within the values recommended in the literature.

Morphological and Dimensional Analysis of the Nasopalatine Canal: Insights from Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Imaging in a Large Cohort.

BACKGROUND The nasopalatine canal (NPC), or incisive canal, is located in the midline of the palate, posterior to the maxillary central incisors. Its anatomy is important in prosthetic dentistry procedures. This study aimed to assess the anatomical morphology of the NPC according to age, sex, and dental status using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in 335 patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this retrospective cross-sectional study, a total of 335 patients were recruited and categorized according to sex, age, and dental status. Individual CBCT images were analyzed in the sagittal, coronal, and axial planes. Also, we recorded the dimensions and morphological shape of the NPC and adjacent buccal bone plate (BBP) under standardized conditions. The associations between sex, age group, NPC shapes and types, and presence of central incisors were assessed. A significance level was set at P<0.05. RESULTS Mean labio-palatal and mediolateral measurements of the incisive foramen were 5.13±1.45 mm and 3.21±0.96 mm, whereas the mean diameter of Stenson foramen was 2.57±1.25 mm, and the total length of the NPC was 11.79±2.50 mm. Funnel, Y, and round-shaped canals were the most prevalent shapes of the NPC in sagittal, coronal, and axial planes. BBP was greater in men, with P=0.011, P=0.000, and P=0.001 at BBP1, BBP2, and BBP3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS NPC and BBP parameter values were slightly higher among male patients. NPC parameters increased with older age. The crest width of BBP decreased with older age and after missing maxillary central incisor teeth.

Impact of Denture Use on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Yemeni Patients: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.

BACKGROUND We used the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) questionnaire to evaluate the association between sociodemographic variables and oral health-related quality of life in 241 wearers of removable partial or complete dentures attending a single center in Yemen. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 241 partial dentures (PD) and complete dentures (CD) wearers were enrolled from the Department of Prosthodontics at the Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, and the University of Science and Technology. Data were collected before the commencement of denture wearing and after 3-6 months of denture use. The questionnaire consisted of sociodemographic information and denture type, and another for the OHIP to assess oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL), oral health impact profile scale comprises 7 subscales, each evaluating different aspects of oral health and functionality. Descriptive statistics were calculated for participants. Independent t tests were performed to compare different patient groups, focusing on PD and CD wearers. Paired-sample t tests were used to examine changes within patient groups before and after removable denture use. RESULTS Among all participants, 67.6% were male, wearers of CDs were 74.6% male, PDs were 58.3%, and was consistent for CD (71.0%) and PD (72.8%) wearers. The wearing prostheses significantly impacted the OHRQoL of patients using both PDs and CDs (P<0.01). Among CD wearers, 4 of these subscales (3-6) were statistically significant, but the handicaps subscale showed evident reductions in physical pain after treatment among PD wearers. CONCLUSIONS Wearing dentures positively affects the OHRQoL of patients, influencing various aspects of their health, including functional, physical, psychological, and social well-being.

The Impact of Repeated Steam Sterilization Cycles on the Efficacy of Chairside Adjustment Kits for Polishing Monolithic Multi-Layered Zirconia Dental Restoration Material.

BACKGROUND Before insertion, chairside adjustment kits are heat sterilized for positioning and polishing dental restorations. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 2 steam sterilization cycles on the efficacy of polishing highly translucent monolithic zirconia (HTMLZ) dental restoration material. MATERIAL AND METHODS 100 HTMLZ disc-shaped specimens were adjusted (grinding, finishing, polishing) with EVE Diacera kit. Two steam sterilization techniques [standard (Gp S), immediate/flash (Gp (F)] of CAK were further subgrouped based on number of sterilization cycles [cycle 1 (control), cycle 5, 10, 15, and 20 (experimental)] (n=10 each). Each subgroup accordingly was evaluated for average surface roughness (Ra) and root mean square roughness (Rq) using a profilometer. Mean and standard deviation of 5 subgroups were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA/post hoc Tukey's test. Scanning electron microscopy complemented Ra, Rq measurements. Statistical differences of P≤0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS HTMLZ specimens in both groups showed increased (Ra/Rq) values after repeated sterilization of EVE Diacera kit, with Gp F showing lesser increase than Gp S (20 cycles). Gp F at 10 cycles and Gp S at 15 cycles showed clinically unacceptable roughness threshold (0.25 µm). Differences between subgroups for Ra and Rq values were significant (P≤0.05) with less differences within groups observed in early cycles (1, 10). Results validate the manufacturer's recommendations of using flash sterilization/10 cycles for EVE Diacera kit. CONCLUSIONS Repeated sterilization reduces efficacy of chairside adjustment kit to produce smooth surfaces on HTMLZ. This study recommends flash sterilization to a maximum of 10 times to get the clinically acceptable results of Ra and Rq.

The prevalence of sedentary behavior among university students in Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: A considerable body of research has demonstrated that reducing sitting time benefits health. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore the prevalence of sedentary behavior (SB) and its patterns. METHODS: A total of 6975 university students (49.1% female) were chosen randomly to participate in a face-to-face interview. The original English version of the sedentary behavior questionnaire (SBQ) was previously translated into Arabic. Then, the validated Arabic version of the SBQ was used to assess SB. The Arabic SBQ included 9 types of SB (watching television, playing computer/video games, sitting while listening to music, sitting and talking on the phone, doing paperwork or office work, sitting and reading, playing a musical instrument, doing arts and crafts, and sitting and driving/riding in a car, bus or train) on weekdays and weekends. RESULTS: SBQ indicated that the total time of SB was considerably high (478.75 ± 256.60 and 535.86 ± 316.53 (min/day) during weekdays and weekends, respectively). On average, participants spent the most time during the day doing office/paperwork (item number 4) during weekdays (112.47 ± 111.11 min/day) and weekends (122.05 ± 113.49 min/day), followed by sitting time in transportation (item number 9) during weekdays (78.95 ± 83.25 min/day) and weekends (92.84 ± 100.19 min/day). The average total sitting time of the SBQ was 495.09 ± 247.38 (min/day) and 58.4% of the participants reported a high amount of sitting time (≥ 7 hours/day). Independent t-test showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between males and females in all types of SB except with doing office/paperwork (item number 4). The results also showed that male students have a longer daily sitting time (521.73 ± 236.53 min/day) than females (467.38 ± 255.28 min/day). Finally, 64.1% of the males reported a high amount of sitting time (≥ 7 hours/day) compared to females (52.3%). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the total mean length of SB in minutes per day for male and female university students was considerably high. About 58% of the population appeared to spend ≥7 h/day sedentary. Male university students are likelier to sit longer than female students. Our findings also indicated that SB and physical activity interventions are needed to raise awareness of the importance of adopting an active lifestyle and reducing sitting time.

The single point insulin sensitivity estimator (SPISE) is associated with bone health in Arab adults.

BACKGROUND: The Single Point Insulin Sensitivity Estimator (SPISE) index is a surrogate marker for insulin sensitivity. Given the emerging role of bone as an active endocrine organ, its associations with non-invasive measures of extra-skeletal functions such as insulin sensitivity warrant investigation. AIMS: This study aimed to explore the relationship between the SPISE index and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in an adult population. METHODS: Data from a total of 1270 Arab adults (84% females, mean age 56.7 ± 8.1 years) from the Osteoporosis Registry Database of the Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases in King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia was used in this study. T-scores and SPISE were calculated. Regression models were used to determine associations between SPISE and bone health indices. RESULTS: The low BMD group (N = 853; T-score <-1.0) had significantly higher SPISE values than those with normal BMD (N = 417; T-score - 1.0 and above) (4.6 ± 1.3 vs. 4.3 ± 1.2, p < 0.001). Multivariate linear regression, adjusted for covariates, confirmed a significant inverse association between SPISE and BMD for all participants (ß=-0.22, p < 0.001), as well as both groups [normal BMD (ß = -0.10, p = 0.02) and low BMD groups (ß = -0.15, p < 0.001)]. SPISE, family history of T2DM, and history of fractures collectively account for 17% of the variances perceived in T-score for all participants (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A significant inverse association between the SPISE index and BMD was observed in adults, suggesting a link between BMD and extra-skeletal health. Underlying mechanisms need to be investigated prospectively using BMD as secondary outcomes in lifestyle modification programs.

Circulating Interleukins-33 and -37 and Their Associations with Metabolic Syndrome in Arab Adults.

Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines known to have immunomodulatory effects; they include ILs-33 and -37 whose emerging roles in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome (MetS) remain under investigated. In this study, we compared circulating IL-33 and IL-37 in Arab adults with and without MetS to determine its associations with MetS components. A total of 417 Saudi participants (151 males, 266 females; mean age ± SD 41.3 ± 9.0 years; mean body mass index ± SD 30.7 ± 6.3 kg/m2) were enrolled and screened for MetS using the ATP III criteria. Anthropometrics and fasting blood samples were taken for the assessment of fasting glucose and lipids. Circulating levels of IL-33 and IL-37 were measured using commercially available assays. The results showed higher levels of serum IL-33 and IL-37 in participants with MetS than those without (IL-33, 3.34 3.42 (2.3-3.9) vs. (1-3.9), p = 0.057; IL-37, 5.1 (2.2-8.3) vs. 2.9 (2.1-6.1), p = 0.01). Additionally, having elevated levels of IL-33 was a risk factor for hypertension, low HDL-c, and hypertriglyceridemia. A stratification of the participants according to sex showed that males had higher IL-33 levels than females [3.7 (3.0-4.1) vs. 3.15 (1.4-3.8), p < 0.001], while females had higher levels of IL-37 than males [3.01 (2.2-7.0) vs. 2.9 (2.1-5.6), p = 0.06]. In conclusion, the presence of MetS substantially alters the expression of ILs-33 and -37. IL-33 in particular can be potentially used as a therapeutic target to prevent MetS progression. Longitudinal and interventional studies are warranted to confirm present findings.

Dimensional stability of 3D-printed edentulous and fully dentate hollowed maxillary models over periods of time.

BACKGROUND: Dental casts made utilising digital workflow are becoming more common because to their speed and cost savings. However, studies on their dimensional accuracy over time with diverse designs are missing. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the dimensional stability of 3D-printed edentulous and fully dentate hollowed maxillary models with 50-micrometer resolution over 1 day, 14 days, and 28 days using surface matching software. METHODS: Scanned edentulous and fully dentate maxillary typodont models were used as references. The models were scanned by a desktop lab scanner of 15-micrometer accuracy (D900, 3Shape). Then, the files were used in designing software (Meshmixer, Autodesk) to create hollowed maxillary casts. Fifteen edentulous and 15 fully dentate (total of 30) models were printed using a DLP lab printer (Cara print 4.0, Kulzer). The 3D-printed models were scanned using the same desktop lab scanner of 15-micrometer accuracy at intervals of baseline days, 1 day, 14 days, and 28 days to assess the effect of aging (n = 120). The dimensional changes were quantified and compared using the root mean square (RMS) method, expressed in micrometres (µm). The study employed repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess and compare the root mean square (RMS) values across the variables. The data was analysed using SPSS (26, Chicago, Illinois, USA). RESULTS: The RMS of the edentulous models rapidly increased from a mean value of 0.257 at the beginning of the study to 0.384 after twenty-eight days. However, the mean RMS values for the dentate models did not change much over the four intervals. It varied only from 0.355 to 0.347. The mean values for edentulous patients increased from 0.014 to 0.029 during the period from baseline to twenty-eight days. However, the mean average values decreased for the dentate models from 0.033 to 0.014 during this period. By utilizing ANOVA, mean RMS values increased insignificantly till one day but significantly to fourteen and twenty-eight days. Dentate model mean values differed insignificantly across four intervals. Repeated measures ANOVA for combined and separated data showed no significant differences across edentulous, dentate, and total models over times. CONCLUSION: The study revealed changes in the dimensions of 3D-printed edentulous models over a span of 3 and 4 weeks. Caution should be applied when using 3D-printed dental master models for constructing definitive prostheses on edentulous models over a period of 3 to 4 weeks.

Assessment of dimensional stability of novel VPES impression material at different time intervals with standard disinfectants.

BACKGROUND: Vinyl polyether silicone (VPES) is a novel impression biomaterial made of a combination of vinyl polysiloxane (VPS) and polyether (PE). Thus, it is significant to assess its properties and behaviour under varied disinfectant test conditions. This study aimed to assess the dimensional stability of novel VPES impression material after immersion in standard disinfectants for different time intervals. METHODS: Elastomeric impression material used -medium body regular set (Monophase) [Exa'lence GC America]. A total of 84 Specimens were fabricated using stainless steel die and ring (ADA specification 19). These samples were distributed into a control group (n=12) and a test group (n=72). The test group was divided into 3 groups, based on the type of disinfectant used - Group-A- 2% Glutaraldehyde, Group-B- 0. 5% Sodium hypochlorite and Group-C- 2% Chlorhexidine each test group was further divided into 2 subgroups (n=12/subgroup) based on time intervals for which each sample was immersed in the disinfectants - subgroup-1- 10 mins and Subgroup 2- 30 mins. After the impression material was set, it was removed from the ring and then it was washed in water for 15 seconds. Control group measurements were made immediately on a stereomicroscope and other samples were immersed in the three disinfection solutions for 10 mins and 30 mins to check the dimensional stability by measuring the distance between the lines generated by the stainless steel die on the samples using a stereomicroscope at x40 magnification. RESULTS: The distance measured in the control group was 4397.2078 µm and 4396.1571 µm; for the test group Group-A- 2% Glutaraldehyde was 4396.4075 µm and 4394.5992 µm; Group-B- 0. 5% Sodium hypochlorite was 4394.5453 µm and 4389.4711 µm Group-C- 2% Chlorhexidine was 4395.2953 µm and 4387.1703 µm respectively for 10 mins and 30 mins. Percentage dimensional change was in the range of 0.02 - 0.25 for all the groups for 10 mins and 30 mins. CONCLUSIONS: 2 % Glutaraldehyde is the most suitable disinfectant for VPES elastomeric impression material in terms of dimensional stability and shows minimum dimensional changes as compared to that of 2% Chlorhexidine and 0.5% Sodium hypochlorite.

Maintaining periodontally compromised teeth seems more cost-effective than replacing them with dental implants.

DESIGN: A systematic appraisal without statistical aggregation. DATA SOURCES: The researchers utilized Ovid (Medline), Embase, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases. They performed a comprehensive literature search, which concluded in July 2023. References of selected studies and systematic reviews were examined for additional relevant articles. STUDY SELECTION: The review included studies (randomized controlled trials [RCTs], systematic reviews [SRs], narrative reviews, retrospective studies, cross-sectional studies, case series, case reports) discussing the cost-effectiveness of preserving teeth versus replacing them with implants in patients with severe periodontal disease. Non-English publications, letters, conference abstracts, and brief reports were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts using a systematic review screening tool, resolving conflicts with a third reviewer. The extracted data included study design, patient demographics, treatment details, economic models, costs, and clinical implications. Quality was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools, with scores converted to percentages. RESULTS: A total of 633 studies were identified for periodontal treatment, with 9 included after screening, while 114 studies were identified for dental implants, of which 3 were included after screening. The included studies were published between 2008 and 2018, predominantly from Germany, and mainly comprised retrospective designs, along with some prospective and model-based analyses. Follow-up periods ranged from 36 months to 33 years. Treatment costs were found to increase with disease severity, with surgical treatments being more expensive than nonsurgical ones, and supportive periodontal treatment (SPT) representing the highest cost share in periodontal treatment. Maintaining implants proved more costly than maintaining teeth, especially in cases of peri-implantitis. For chronic periodontitis, total treatment costs per tooth were €222 ± €98 over 18.7 years, and for aggressive periodontitis, €267 ± €148 over 16.9 years. Regular SPT cost €806 per tooth per year over 28.7 years, with significant cost variations across studies. A 2013 study found that maintaining implants was five times costlier than maintaining teeth, particularly if peri-implantitis developed. A 2018 study indicated that implant-supported crowns (ISCs) were the most expensive therapy. Only one study directly compared costs within the same patient, finding periodontal treatment to be more cost-effective than implants. Costs also increased with irregular SPT, aggressive periodontitis, and specialist treatments compared to regular SPT, chronic periodontitis, and treatments by general dental practitioners. The quality of included studies scored between 45% and 84.6%, indicating moderate to high quality, with methodological issues including unclear strategies for handling confounding factors and incomplete follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Implants are effective for replacing missing teeth but are associated with higher long-term costs and complications. Maintaining periodontally compromised teeth is generally more cost-effective, therefore, maintenance costs and potential complications should be carefully considered in treatment planning. There is a need for studies comparing the long-term cost-effectiveness of saving teeth compared to replacing them with implants, considering several variables for informed clinical decision-making.

Using Drosophila to uncover the role of organismal physiology and the tumor microenvironment in cancer.

Cancer metastasis causes over 90% of cancer patient fatalities. Poor prognosis is determined by tumor type, the tumor microenvironment (TME), organ-specific biology, and animal physiology. While model organisms do not fully mimic the complexity of humans, many processes can be studied efficiently owing to the ease of genetic, developmental, and cell biology studies. For decades, Drosophila has been instrumental in identifying basic mechanisms controlling tumor growth and metastasis. The ability to generate clonal populations of distinct genotypes in otherwise wild-type animals makes Drosophila a powerful system to study tumor-host interactions at the local and global scales. This review discusses advancements in tumor biology, highlighting the strength of Drosophila for modeling TMEs and systemic responses in driving tumor progression and metastasis.

Positioning centrioles and centrosomes.

Centrosomes are the primary microtubule organizer in eukaryotic cells. In addition to shaping the intracellular microtubule network and the mitotic spindle, centrosomes are responsible for positioning cilia and flagella. To fulfill these diverse functions, centrosomes must be properly located within cells, which requires that they undergo intracellular transport. Importantly, centrosome mispositioning has been linked to ciliopathies, cancer, and infertility. The mechanisms by which centrosomes migrate are diverse and context dependent. In many cells, centrosomes move via indirect motor transport, whereby centrosomal microtubules engage anchored motor proteins that exert forces on those microtubules, resulting in centrosome movement. However, in some cases, centrosomes move via direct motor transport, whereby the centrosome or centriole functions as cargo that directly binds molecular motors which then walk on stationary microtubules. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of centrosome motility and the consequences of centrosome mispositioning and identify key questions that remain to be addressed.

The role of stromal cells in epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity and its therapeutic potential.

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical tumor invasion and metastasis process. EMT enables tumor cells to migrate, detach from their original location, enter the circulation, circulate within it, and eventually exit from blood arteries to colonize in foreign sites, leading to the development of overt metastases, ultimately resulting in death. EMT is intimately tied to stromal cells around the tumor and is controlled by a range of cytokines secreted by stromal cells. This review summarizes recent research on stromal cell-mediated EMT in tumor invasion and metastasis. We also discuss the effects of various stromal cells on EMT induction and focus on the molecular mechanisms by which several significant stromal cells convert from foes to friends of cancer cells to fuel EMT processes via their secretions in the tumor microenvironment (TME). As a result, a better knowledge of the role of stromal cells in cancer cells' EMT may pave the path to cancer eradication.

Unicompartmental knee replacement: controversies and technical considerations.

BACKGROUND: Unicompartmental knee replacement (UKR) is one of the effective interventions for the treatment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Moreover, it has multiple advantages over total knee arthroplasty (TKA), including reduced intraoperative blood loss, decreased risk of transfusion, and faster recovery. This study aimed to discuss critical technical considerations regarding UKR and some of the controversies and updates. METHODS: We conducted a review to provide an overview of the controversies and technical considerations about UKR in several aspects. Only peer-reviewed articles were included, up to December 2023 using PubMed, Google Scholar, ERIC, and Cochrane database for systematic reviews databases. RESULT: UKR is associated with superior patient-reported clinical and functional outcomes, as well as shorter hospital stays, fewer postoperative complications, and revealed favorable outcomes in patients' return to sport. The choice between mobile- and fixed-bearing prostheses depends, in part, on the surgeon's preference. The mobile-bearing UKR is a less constrained prosthesis and can potentially result in less wear, but it is more technically demanding. While no significant difference between mobile-bearing versus fixed-bearing prostheses, cementless is superior to cemented design. Furthermore, UKR can be a good alternative for high tibial osteotomy (HTO) and still can be considered after a failed HTO. Lastly, recent reviews have shown a revision rate comparable to that of TKA. This is probably influenced by Improved comprehension of the best indications, patient selection criteria, as well as of the design, materials, and technological advances. CONCLUSION: UKR treatment for unicompartmental knee osteoarthritis is secure and effective. Based on clinical and functional outcomes, decreased morbidity and mortality, and cost-effectiveness, long-term studies suggest that UKR is superior to TKA. Further investigation in this area is warranted.

In-situ grown ternary metal hydroxides@3D oriented crumpled V2C MXene sheets for improved electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction.

High valence multi transition metal hydroxides are greatly enriched with OER redox active sites due to strong synergy of heteroatomic nuclei. The efficiency of these redox active sites could be efficiently improved by coupling with highly conductive substrate. The advanced three-dimensional (3D) architecture and hydrophilic terminal functionalities of MXene (MX) considerably enhance the maximum utilization rate of anchored redox active sites by triggering the direct growth of these at MX substrate. Here-in, the freeze-dried 3D network of crumpled Vanadium-Carbide (V2C) MX sheets regulates the crystallization of in-situ grown NiFeCr multi transition metal hydroxides on MX scaffold through co-precipitation process. The XPS results suggest a synergistic chemical interaction of 3D MX scaffold with NiFeCr that modifies the electronic structure of the composite ensuring reduced charge transfer resistance. Besides, as found in FESEM morphological investigation, the well-dispersed NiFeCr multi-transition metal hydroxides are immobilized on open pores like structure of V2C-MX facilitate thoroughly accessible active sites. As a result, the NiFeCr@3D V2C-MX composite has shown an excellent electrocatalytic activity with an overpotential of 410 mV at a current density of 200 mA cm-2, Tafel slope of 100 mV dec in 1M KOH. Besides, the significant interaction between metallic centers and MXene support prevent detachment or agglomeration of active centers providing maximum interaction with the electrolytic ions, quick ionic OH- transportation, speedy and stable electron transfer channels thus ensure the long-term stability of NV-5MX during 53 h continuous operation of OER. Furthermore, we have utilized a more accurate value of half-cell standard reduction potential of the Hg/HgO electrode in the Nernst equation to represent all test voltages and to determine the overpotential values. In essence, this study features a facile approach for the confined growth of multi transition metal hydroxides in the presence of morphologically unique 3D crumpled V2C MXene architectures. Consequently, the increased OER reaction kinetics and improved stability of the synthesized composites are potentially due to synergistic interplay between well dispersed active sites and the conductive substrate.

N'-(Furan-2-ylmethylene)-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide and its metal complexes: synthesis, spectroscopic investigations, DFT calculations and cytotoxicity profiling.

The ligand, N'-(furan-2-ylmethylene)-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide (H2L), was synthesized characterized through various spectral studies which cleared out that the free ligand existed in keto form. The ligand upon reaction with Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) acetates yielded complexes with stoichiometric ratio 1:2 (M:L) which has been validated through the elemental and mass spectral measurements. The IR and NMR spectral studies of the isolated complexes disclosed that the ligand chelated to metal ion in mononegative bidentate fashion via the azomethine nitrogen and deprotonated enolized carbonyl oxygen. Moreover, the DFT quantum chemical calculations designated that the ligand and Ni(II) complex exhibited the highest and lowest values of HOMO, LUMO energies and HOMO-LUMO energy gap, respectively. Furthermore, the in vitro cytotoxic activity towards HePG-2 and HCT-116 cell lines of the isolated compounds was investigated and the data cleared out that the ligand was more potent than the metal complexes.

Enhanced cervical precancerous lesions detection and classification using Archimedes Optimization Algorithm with transfer learning.

Cervical cancer (CC) ranks as the fourth most common form of cancer affecting women, manifesting in the cervix. CC is caused by the Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and is eradicated by vaccinating women from an early age. However, limited medical facilities present a significant challenge in mid- or low-income countries. It can improve the survivability rate and be successfully treated if the CC is detected at earlier stages. Current technological improvements allow for cost-effective, more sensitive, and rapid screening and treatment measures for CC. DL techniques are widely adopted for the automated detection of CC. DL techniques and architectures are used to detect CC and provide higher detection performance. This study offers the design of Enhanced Cervical Precancerous Lesions Detection and Classification using the Archimedes Optimization Algorithm with Transfer Learning (CPLDC-AOATL) algorithm. The CPLDC-AOATL algorithm aims to diagnose cervical cancer using medical images. At the preliminary stage, the CPLDC-AOATL technique involves a bilateral filtering (BF) technique to eliminate the noise in the input images. Besides, the CPLDC-AOATL technique applies the Inception-ResNetv2 model for the feature extraction process, and the use of AOA chose the hyperparameters. The CPLDC-AOATL technique involves a bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) model for the cancer detection process. The experimental outcome of the CPLDC-AOATL technique emphasized the superior accuracy outcome of 99.53% over other existing approaches under a benchmark dataset.