RESUMO
PURPOSE: Exercise prescriptions for chronic low back pain (CLBP) often utilize reductionistic, trunk-focused exercise aimed at addressing proposed pain mechanisms. It is unknown if the use of these trunk-focused exercises imply beliefs to people with CLBP about the rationale for their use (e.g., etiology), even without concurrent biomedical narratives. This study aimed to explore people's perceptions of specific and general exercise without an accompanying narrative when experiencing CLBP. METHODS: An anonymous online survey was distributed. Mixed methods were utilized for analysis. Six-point Likert scales categorized people's beliefs about individual exercises. Open-ended questions were used to gather further beliefs which were then coded into themes. RESULTS: People with CLBP perceived specific exercise as more beneficial than general exercise. Eight themes and five subthemes were defined. A high volume of positive beliefs were centered around strengthening the low back and abdominal musculature, emphasizing the importance of correct technique. Negative beliefs were held against spinal flexion and external load. Both positive and negative beliefs were underpinned by spinal/pelvic stability being important as well as certain exercises being achievable or not. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that people with CLBP consider specific exercises to be more beneficial than general exercises for CLBP. Specific exercises irrespective of an accompanying narrative can imply meaning about the intent of an exercise. Understanding this requires practitioners to be mindful when prescribing and communicating exercise.
Assuntos
Dor Crônica , Terapia por Exercício , Dor Lombar , Humanos , Dor Lombar/terapia , Dor Lombar/psicologia , Masculino , Feminino , Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dor Crônica/psicologia , Dor Crônica/terapia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Idoso , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Phylogeography can provide insight into the potential for speciation and identify geographic regions and evolutionary processes associated with species richness and evolutionary endemism. In the marine environment, highly mobile species sometimes show structured patterns of diversity, but the processes isolating populations and promoting differentiation are often unclear. The Delphinidae (oceanic dolphins) are a striking case in point and, in particular, bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.). Understanding the radiation of species in this genus is likely to provide broader inference about the processes that determine patterns of biogeography and speciation, because both fine-scale structure over a range of kilometers and relative panmixia over an oceanic range are known for Tursiops populations. In our study, novel Tursiops spp. sequences from the northwest Indian Ocean (including mitogenomes and two nuDNA loci) are included in a worldwide Tursiops spp. phylogeographic analysis. We discover a new 'aduncus' type lineage in the Arabian Sea (off India, Pakistan and Oman) that diverged from the Australasian lineage â¼261â¯Ka. Effective management of coastal dolphins in the region will need to consider this new lineage as an evolutionarily significant unit. We propose that the establishment of this lineage could have been in response to climate change during the Pleistocene and show data supporting hypotheses for multiple divergence events, including vicariance across the Indo-Pacific barrier and in the northwest Indian Ocean. These data provide valuable transferable inference on the potential mechanisms for population and species differentiation across this geographic range.
Assuntos
Golfinho Nariz-de-Garrafa/classificação , Animais , Golfinho Nariz-de-Garrafa/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/química , DNA Mitocondrial/classificação , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Loci Gênicos , Variação Genética , Oceano Índico , Filogenia , Filogeografia , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
The common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is the only cetacean present in the semiclosed waters of the Gulf of Ambracia, Western Greece. This increasingly degraded coastal ecosystem hosts one of the highest observed densities in the Mediterranean Sea for this species. Photo-identification data and tissue samples collected through skin-swabbing and remote biopsy sampling techniques during boat-based surveys conducted between 2006 and 2015 in the Gulf, were used to examine bottlenose dolphin abundance, population trends, site fidelity, genetic differentiation and toxicological status. Bottlenose dolphins showed high levels of year-round site fidelity throughout the 10-year study period. Dolphin population estimates mostly fell between 130 and 170 with CVs averaging about 10%; a trend in population size over the 10 years was a decline of 1.6% per year (but this was not significant). Genetic differentiation between the bottlenose dolphins of the Gulf and their conspecifics from neighbouring populations was detected, and low genetic diversity was found among individuals sampled. In addition, pesticides where identified as factors posing a real toxicological problem for local bottlenose dolphins. Therefore, in the Gulf of Ambracia, high dolphin density does not seem to be indicative of favourable conservation status or pristine habitat.
Assuntos
Distribuição Animal/fisiologia , Golfinho Nariz-de-Garrafa/fisiologia , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Animais , Golfinho Nariz-de-Garrafa/genética , Mar Mediterrâneo , Densidade DemográficaRESUMO
Despite the scarcity of geographical barriers in the ocean environment, delphinid cetaceans often exhibit marked patterns of population structure on a regional scale. The European coastline is a prime example, with species exhibiting population structure across well-defined environmental boundaries. Here we undertake a comprehensive population genetic study on the European common dolphin (Delphinus delphis, based on 492 samples and 15 loci) and establish that this species shows exceptional panmixia across most of the study range. We found differentiation only between the eastern and western Mediterranean, consistent with earlier studies, and here use approximate Bayesian computations to explore different scenarios to explain the observed pattern. Our results suggest that a recent population bottleneck likely contributed significantly to the differentiation of the Eastern Mediterranean population (in Greek waters). This interpretation is consistent with independent census data that suggest a sharp population decline in the recent past. The implication is that an unperturbed population may currently show panmixia across the full study range. This exception to the more typical pattern of population structure seen for other regional dolphin species (and for common dolphin populations elsewhere in the world) suggests particular ecological or life-history traits distinct to this species in European waters.
Assuntos
Evolução Biológica , Golfinhos Comuns/genética , Genética Populacional , Modelos Genéticos , Animais , Fluxo Gênico , Variação Genética , Mar Mediterrâneo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the predictors of aggressive behaviours occurring before acute hospitalisation. METHODS: We analysed 350 acute admissions to a psychiatric ward during a 12-month period. The diagnoses were formulated according to the DSM IV axis I and II criteria. Aggressive behaviours occurring in the week before admission were retrospectively assessed using the modified overt aggression scale. The patients' clinical and sociodemographic variables, concurrent drug or alcohol abuse, and admission status were recorded at the time of admission. RESULTS: Aggressive and violent behaviours were highly prevalent, respectively, in 45% and 33% of the cases. Violence before admission was independently associated with drug abuse, involuntary admission status, and severe psychopathology. A diagnosis of a psychotic disorder did not increase the risk of aggression or violence, compared to the other psychiatric diagnoses. Personality disorders were significantly more associated to aggressive behaviours than psychotic disorders. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of psychotic disorder is a poor predictor of aggression in a sample of psychiatric patients. Other clinical and non-clinical variables are associated to aggression before hospitalisation: they include drug abuse, involuntary admission status, general severity of symptoms, and diagnosis of personality disorder.
Assuntos
Agressão/psicologia , Alcoolismo/diagnóstico , Hospitalização , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/diagnóstico , Violência/psicologia , Doença Aguda , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Alcoolismo/epidemiologia , Alcoolismo/psicologia , Transtorno Bipolar/diagnóstico , Transtorno Bipolar/epidemiologia , Transtorno Bipolar/psicologia , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica Breve , Internação Compulsória de Doente Mental/estatística & dados numéricos , Comorbidade , Transtorno Depressivo/diagnóstico , Transtorno Depressivo/epidemiologia , Transtorno Depressivo/psicologia , Feminino , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Itália , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtornos da Personalidade/diagnóstico , Transtornos da Personalidade/epidemiologia , Transtornos da Personalidade/psicologia , Transtornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Psicóticos/epidemiologia , Transtornos Psicóticos/psicologia , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Violência/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Coelomocytes are the cells freely circulating in the body fluid contained in echinoderm coelom and constitute the defence system, which, in response to injuries, host invasion, and adverse conditions, is capable of chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and production of cytotoxic metabolites. Red and colourless amoebocytes, petaloid and philopodial phagocytes, and vibratile cells are the cell types that, in different proportions, constitute the mixed coelomocyte cell population found in sea urchins. Advances in cellular and molecular biology have made it possible to identify a number of specific proteins expressed in coelomocytes under resting conditions or when activated by experimentally induced stress. Only recently, coelomocytes have been used for pollution studies with the aim of introducing a new biosensor for detection of stress at both cellular and molecular levels, as sentinel of sea health. In this chapter, we briefly review the important features of these valuable cells and describe studies on their use in the laboratory and in the field for the assessment of chemical and physical pollution of the sea.
Assuntos
Ouriços-do-Mar/imunologia , Ouriços-do-Mar/fisiologia , Aglutininas/química , Animais , Técnicas Biossensoriais , Adesão Celular , Diferenciação Celular , Quimiotaxia , Sistema Imunitário/fisiologia , Inflamação , Lectinas/química , Monitorização Fisiológica , Fagócitos/fisiologia , Fagocitose , Células-Tronco/citologia , Poluentes da Água/análiseRESUMO
Transgenic R6/1 mice incorporate a human genomic fragment containing promoter elements exon 1 and a portion of intron 2 of the Huntingtin gene responsible for Huntington's disease. They develop late-onset neurological deficits in a manner similar to the motor abnormalities of the disorder. As essential fatty acids are phospholipid components of cell membranes which may influence cell death and movement disorder phenotype, R6/1 and normal mice were randomised to receive a mixture of essential fatty acids or placebo on alternate days throughout life. Over mid-adulthood, topographical assessment of behaviour revealed R6/1 transgenics to evidence progressive shortening of stride length, with progressive reductions in locomotion, elements of rearing, sniffing, sifting and chewing, and an increase in grooming. These deficits were either not evident or materially diminished in R6/1 transgenics receiving essential fatty acids. R6/1 transgenics also showed reductions in body weight and in brain dopamine D(1)-like and D(2)-like quantitative receptor autoradiography which were unaltered by essential fatty acids.These findings indicate that early and sustained treatment with essential fatty acids are able to protect against motor deficits in R6/1 transgenic mice expressing exon 1 and a portion of intron 2 of the Huntingtin gene, and suggest that essential fatty acids may have therapeutic potential in Huntington's disease.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Graxos Essenciais/farmacologia , Alimentos Formulados , Doença de Huntington/tratamento farmacológico , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Envelhecimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Encéfalo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Embrião de Mamíferos , Feminino , Doença de Huntington/genética , Doença de Huntington/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/patologia , Fenótipo , Gravidez , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/fisiologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The neurochemical profile was examined at postnatal day 3-4 in mutant mice generated by in vivo Cre mediated activation of an attenuated diphtheria toxin gene inserted into the D1 dopamine receptor gene locus. An earlier study of this model had shown that D1 dopamine receptor, substance P and dynorphin were not expressed in the striatum. Quantitative in situ hybridization analysis showed an increase in D2 dopamine receptor and enkephalin messenger RNA expression. The nigrostriatal pathway in the mutant pups was intact with a normal number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area in addition to a normal pattern of striatal dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. Quantitative analysis of striatal dopamine transporter density using [3H]mazindol showed a reduction of 26% suggesting a degree of transneuronal down-regulation. There was also a 49% reduction of striatal GABA receptor binding and a 36% reduction of striatal muscarinic receptor binding in mutant pups. The number of healthy striatal neuropeptide Y-containing interneurons was also substantially down-regulated in the mutant striatum. In contrast, there was an increase in the number of striatal cholinergic interneurons. Down-regulated cortical GABA receptor and muscarinic receptor binding was also observed in addition to subtle morphological changes in the neuropeptide Y-expressing population of cortical neurons. The changes reflect the early cascade of events which follows the ablation of D1 dopamine receptor-positive cells. Although extensive changes in a number of striatal and cortical neurons were demonstrated, only subtle transneuronal effects were seen in the nigrostriatal pathway.
Assuntos
Toxina Diftérica/genética , Expressão Gênica , Marcação de Genes , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras , Neurônios/fisiologia , Receptores de Dopamina D1/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte Vesicular , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos/metabolismo , Autorradiografia , Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , Imuno-Histoquímica , Hibridização In Situ , Camundongos , Neurônios/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Receptores de Dopamina D1/genética , Fatores de Tempo , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismo , Proteínas Vesiculares de Transporte de AcetilcolinaRESUMO
About 15% of hospitalizations of patients over 65 are due to disorders of the colon which means that accurate analysis of history and clinical and instrumental investigation are mandatory. Our attention has been focused on x-ray examination using a double-contrast enema which, together with endoscopy, permits to diagnose colonic disorders with significant reliability. Our aim was to adapt the method to the special needs of the patient over 65 by employing the active substance trimebutine maleate (M.T.) as a "contact" pressure-lowering agent. Thirty-five subjects aged 65-75 with pathologies implying a risk for the use of parasympatholytic agents were examined. None of these patients showed side effects. It can therefore be said that the use of M.T. as a hypotonic agent in double-contrast enemas is an indisputable diagnostic aid.