Cellulase-Hemicellulase Activities and Bacterial Community Composition of Different Soils from Algerian Ecosystems.

Soil microorganisms are important mediators of carbon cycling in nature. Although cellulose- and hemicellulose-degrading bacteria have been isolated from Algerian ecosystems, the information on the composition of soil bacterial communities and thus the potential of their members to decompose plant residues is still limited. The objective of the present study was to describe and compare the bacterial community composition in Algerian soils (crop, forest, garden, and desert) and the activity of cellulose- and hemicellulose-degrading enzymes. Bacterial communities were characterized by high-throughput 16S amplicon sequencing followed by the in silico prediction of their functional potential. The highest lignocellulolytic activity was recorded in forest and garden soils whereas activities in the agricultural and desert soils were typically low. The bacterial phyla Proteobacteria (in particular classes α-proteobacteria, δ-proteobacteria, and γ-proteobacteria), Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria dominated in all soils. Forest and garden soils exhibited higher diversity than agricultural and desert soils. Endocellulase activity was elevated in forest and garden soils. In silico analysis predicted higher share of genes assigned to general metabolism in forest and garden soils compared with agricultural and arid soils, particularly in carbohydrate metabolism. The highest potential of lignocellulose decomposition was predicted for forest soils, which is in agreement with the highest activity of corresponding enzymes.

Rhizobacterial Community Structures Associated with Native Plants Grown in Chilean Extreme Environments.

Chile is topographically and climatically diverse, with a wide array of diverse undisturbed ecosystems that include native plants that are highly adapted to local conditions. However, our understanding of the diversity, activity, and role of rhizobacteria associated with natural vegetation in undisturbed Chilean extreme ecosystems is very poor. In the present study, the combination of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 454-pyrosequencing approaches was used to describe the rhizobacterial community structures of native plants grown in three representative Chilean extreme environments: Atacama Desert (ATA), Andes Mountains (AND), and Antarctic (ANT). Both molecular approaches revealed the presence of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria as the dominant phyla in the rhizospheres of native plants. Lower numbers of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were observed in rhizosphere soils from ATA compared with AND and ANT. Both approaches also showed differences in rhizobacterial community structures between extreme environments and between plant species. The differences among plant species grown in the same environment were attributed to the higher relative abundance of classes Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria. However, further studies are needed to determine which environmental factors regulate the structures of rhizobacterial communities, and how (or if) specific bacterial groups may contribute to the growth and survival of native plants in each Chilean extreme environments.

Bacterially enhanced plant-growing media for controlled environment agriculture.

Microbe-plant interactions in the root zone not only shape crop performance in soil but also in hydroponic cultivation systems. The biological and physicochemical properties of the plant-growing medium determine the root-associated microbial community and influence bacterial inoculation effectiveness, which affects plant growth. This study investigated the combined impact of plant-growing media composition and bacterial community inoculation on the root-associated bacterial community of hydroponically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Ten plant-growing media were composed of varying raw materials, including black peat, white peat, coir pith, wood fibre, composted bark, green waste compost, perlite and sand. In addition, five different bacterial community inocula (BCI S1-5) were collected from the roots of lettuce obtained at different farms. After inoculation and cultivation inside a vertical farm, lettuce root-associated bacterial community structures, diversity and compositions were determined by evaluating 16S rRNA gene sequences. The study revealed distinct bacterial community structures among experimental replicates, highlighting the influence of raw material variations on root-associated bacterial communities, even at the batch level. However, bacterial community inoculation allowed modulation of the root-associated bacterial communities independently from the plant-growing medium composition. Bacterial diversity was identified as a key determinant of plant growth performance with green waste compost introducing Bacilli and Actinobacteria, and bacterial community inoculum S3 introducing Pseudomonas, which positively correlated with plant growth. These findings challenge the prevailing notion of hydroponic cultivation systems as sterile environments and highlight the significance of proper plant-growing media raw material selection and bacterial community inoculation in shaping root-associated microbiomes that provide stability through microbial diversity. This study supports the concept of creating bacterially enhanced plant-growing media to promote plant growth in controlled environment agriculture.

Lumbar Facet Effusions and Other Degeneration Parameters and Its Association with Instability.

Background: Controversy exists in the literature about whether facet effusions and other degeneration parameters are associated with instability. Objective: To assess the association between facet effusions and other lumbar degeneration parameters and segmental instability. Material and Methods: In this study, 207 L4-L5 and L5-S1 levels in 104 patients were assessed. We divided the spinal levels into two groups: the small facet effusions (SFE) group in whom facet effusions were <1.5 mm or non-effusions were found, and the large facet effusions (LFE) group in whom they were ≥1.5 mm. The association between other degeneration parameters and instability was also assessed, such as disc degeneration, Modic changes (MC), spondylolisthesis, facet orientation and tropism, facet subchondral sclerosis, and facet cartilage degeneration. Furthermore, we subdivided the levels into subgroups to evaluate the association of LFE and instability within each one. Results: The main analysis comparing the presence of instability in SFE and LFE groups showed a non-statistically significant association between LFE and instability. The presence of MC type 1 and the existence of L4-L5 spondylolisthesis had a statistically significant association with instability. In the subset of 43 levels with L4-L5 degenerative spondylolisthesis, the presence of LFE and the existence of MC type 1 reached a significant association with instability. Conclusion: The presence of LFE and/or MC type 1 may act as red flags in patients with L4-L5 degenerative spondylolisthesis to suspect segmental instability.

Folate fortification of rice by metabolic engineering.

Rice, the world's major staple crop, is a poor source of essential micronutrients, including folates (vitamin B9). We report folate biofortification of rice seeds achieved by overexpressing two Arabidopsis thaliana genes of the pterin and para-aminobenzoate branches of the folate biosynthetic pathway from a single locus. We obtained a maximal enhancement as high as 100 times above wild type, with 100 g of polished raw grains containing up to four times the adult daily folate requirement.

Proposal of a system for measuring apparent electrical conductivity and moisture of soil for small farmers

In the last 30 years soils decreased 73 % of their productive capacity in the world. One of the main reasons for this decrease has been the politics implemented, as well as the absence of opportunity for the small producer to implement improvement strategies that can increase their productivity in the field. Therefore, in this research a soil measurement system is proposed for small farmers, based on the design of two sensors of low cost: (i) Apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) sensor and (ii) moisture sensor. These measurement variables have the particularity that their characteristics can be associated with the physical properties of the soil for decision-making. The sensors developed in this work employ two techniques: Wenner's method for ECa and electrical impedance measurement to identify the dielectric permittivity associated with the water content of the soil. The system is controlled by the Raspberry Pi 3 board through developed software that allows correlating data with its geolocation. The device was tested in controlled laboratory measurements with calibrated instruments, obtaining a coefficient of . Finally, on-site tests were made to validate their use for small farmers.

Durante los últimos 30 años, los suelos han disminuido un 73 % su capacidad productiva, a nivel mundial. Una de las principales razones para esta cifra a la baja son las políticas implementadas, así como la falta de oportunidad para que el pequeño productor adopte estrategias de mejora, con lo cual, pueda aumentar la productividad. Por lo anterior, en esta investigación, se propone un sistema de medición de suelo para pequeños productores, a partir del diseño de dos sensores de bajo costo: (i) sensor de conductividad eléctrica aparente (CEa) y (ii) sensor de humedad. Estas variables de medición tienen la particularidad que sus características se pueden asociar a las propiedades físicas del suelo, para tomar decisiones. Los sensores desarrollados en este trabajo usan dos técnicas: el método de Wenner, para la CEa y la medición de impedancia eléctrica, para identificar la permitividad dieléctrica asociada con el contenido de agua del suelo. El sistema es controlado mediante la tarjeta Raspberry Pi 3, a través de un software desarrollado, que permite correlacionar los datos con su geolocalización. El dispositivo, se probó en mediciones controladas en laboratorio, con instrumentos calibrados, obteniendo un coeficiente . Finalmente, se hicieron pruebas in situ, con el fin de validar su uso por pequeños agricultores.

A folate independent role for cytosolic HPPK/DHPS upon stress in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Cytosolic HPPK/DHPS (cytHPPK/DHPS) in Arabidopsis is a functional enzyme with activity similar to its mitochondrial isoform. Genomic complementation of the cytHPPK/DHPS knockout mutant with the wild type gene led to a complete rescue of the stress sensitive mutant phenotype in seed germination tests under abiotic stress conditions. Moreover, over-expression of the gene resulted in higher germination rate under stress as compared to the wild-type, confirming its role in stress resistance. Analysis of folates in seedlings, inflorescence and dry seeds showed unchanged levels in the wild-type, mutant and over-expressor line, upon stress and normal conditions, suggesting a role for cytHPPK/DHPS distinct from folate biosynthesis and a folate-independent stress resistance mechanism. This apparently folate-independent mechanism of stress resistance points towards a possible role of pterins, since the product of HPPK/DHPS is dihydropteroate.

Association of isolated preauricular tags and nephrourological anomalies: case-control study.

Isolated preauricular tags (IPT) are considered minor malformations whereas nephrourological anomalies (NUA) are considered major malformations. Their incidences fluctuate between 5 and 10 per 1,000 and 1-3 per 100 live births, respectively. There is contradictory evidence regarding the incidence of NUA in infants with IPT. The objective of this study is to determine if there is a clinical association between IPT and NUA. A case-control study was made in a Pediatric hospital in Santiago, Chile, with infants born between April 2000 and April 2005, considering as cases those with IPT, and controls those infants born following the cases, paired by sex and without IPT. All subjects had a complete physical examination and a renal ultrasound to assess for the presence of congenital anomalies and NUA, respectively. One hundred cases and an equal number of controls were included. There were 41 females in each group. In the case group, two infants presented renal anomalies in the RUS: one left hydronephrosis and one case of left kidney agenesis. In the control group, two infants with anomaly were found: one with a left ureterocele and one case of bilateral duplex kidney. The observed incidence of NUA was similar in both groups to that reported in the literature for the general population. No significant statistical difference was found in the incidence of these abnormalities between patients who presented with IPT and those who did not. From our study, we suggest that RUS is not necessary in the routine evaluation of infants with IPT.

Cytosolic hydroxymethyldihydropterin pyrophosphokinase/dihydropteroate synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana: a specific role in early development and stress response.

In plants, 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase/7,8-dihydropteroate synthase (mitHPPK/DHPS) is a bifunctional mitochondrial enzyme, which catalyzes the first two consecutive steps of tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis. Mining the Arabidopsis genome data base has revealed a second gene encoding a protein that lacks a potential transit peptide, suggesting a cytosolic localization of the isoenzyme (cytHPPK/DHPS). When the N-terminal part of the cytHPPK/DHPS was fused to green fluorescent protein, the fusion protein appeared only in the cytosol, confirming the above prediction. Functionality of cytHPPK/DHPS was addressed by two parallel approaches: first, the cytHPPK/DHPS was able to rescue yeast mutants lacking corresponding activities; second, recombinant cytHPPK/DHPS expressed and purified from Escherichia coli displayed both HPPK and DHPS activities in vitro. In contrast to mitHPPK/DHPS, which was ubiquitously expressed, the cytHPPK/DHPS gene was exclusively expressed in reproductive tissue, more precisely in developing seeds as revealed by histochemical analysis of a transgenic cytHPPK/DHPS promoter-GUS line. In addition, it was observed that expression of cytHPPK/DHPS mRNA was induced by salt stress, suggesting a potential role of the enzyme in stress response. This was supported by the phenotype of a T-DNA insertion mutant in the cytHPPK/DHPS gene, resulting in lower germination rates as compared with the wild-type upon application of oxidative and osmotic stress.