Characterization of the MicroRNA Cargo of Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from a Pulmonary Tumor-Draining Vein Identifies miR-203a-3p as a Relapse Biomarker for Resected Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

In resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), post-surgical recurrence occurs in around 40% of patients, highlighting the necessity to identify relapse biomarkers. An analysis of the extracellular vesicle (EV) cargo from a pulmonary tumor-draining vein (TDV) can grant biomarker identification. We studied the pulmonary TDV EV-miRNAome to identify relapse biomarkers in a two-phase study (screening and validation). In the screening phase, a 17-miRNA relapse signature was identified in 18 selected patients by small RNAseq. The most expressed miRNA from the signature (EV-miR-203a-3p) was chosen for further validation. Pulmonary TDV EV-miR-203a-3p was studied by qRT-PCR in a validation cohort of 70 patients, where it was found to be upregulated in relapsed patients (p = 0.0194) and in patients with cancer spread to nearby lymph nodes (N+ patients) (p = 0.0396). The ROC curve analysis showed that TDV EV-miR-203a-3p was able to predict relapses with a sensitivity of 88% (AUC: 0.67; p = 0.022). Moreover, patients with high TDV EV-miR-203a-3p had a shorter time to relapse than patients with low levels (43.6 vs. 97.6 months; p = 0.00703). The multivariate analysis showed that EV-miR-203a-3p was an independent, predictive and prognostic post-surgical relapse biomarker. In conclusion, pulmonary TDV EV-miR-203a-3p is a promising new relapse biomarker for resected NSCLC patients.

KRAS mutations by digital PCR in circulating tumor cells isolated from the mesenteric vein are associated with residual disease and overall survival in resected colorectal cancer patients.

PURPOSE: In colorectal cancer (CRC), circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are released into the mesenteric veins (MV). We chose to determine whether KRAS mutations detected in CTCs from blood obtained at the time of surgery could be a marker of survival. METHODS: From 52 surgically resected CRC patients who later relapsed, samples of tumor tissue, normal tissue, and blood from the peripheral vein (PV) and MV were obtained from each patient at the time of surgery. KRAS mutations were assessed by Sanger sequencing and digital PCR (DGPCR) in tissue samples and by DGPCR in CTCs. Mutant KRAS copy number was assessed in CTCs. Results were correlated with overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Sanger sequencing detected KRAS mutations in ten tumor samples (19.2%), while DGPCR detected mutations in 30 (58%). Mutations were detected in CTCs in 21 MV samples (40.4%) and 18 PV samples (34.6%). Patients with G13D mutations in CTCs from the MV had shorter OS than those with G12D mutations (28.1 vs 54.6 months; p = 0.025). Patients with a high mutant KRAS copy number in CTCs had shorter OS than those with a low mutant KRAS copy number (MV: 20.5 vs 43.7 months; p = 0.002; PV: 15.1 vs 38.2 months; p = 0.027). CONCLUSION: DGPCR is more efficient than Sanger sequencing for detecting KRAS mutations. KRAS G13D mutations and high mutant KRAS copy number are associated with shorter OS. The analysis of KRAS mutations in CTCs from blood obtained at the time of surgery can identify patients with a higher risk of relapse.

Microscopic analysis and microstructural characterization of the organic and inorganic components of dairy fouling during the cleaning process.

This study evaluated the organic residues of milk fouling using fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The inorganic content was analyzed with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, complemented with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. These techniques were applied to evaluate milk fouling cleanliness using an alkaline product and an enzymatic formulation based on protease and amylase. The results showed that the efficiency of enzymatic cleaning was 87.1% when it was evaluated at 55°C for 30 min, and with a medium of pH 8.5. No difference was found from the efficacy in eliminating dairy fouling observed for the chemical cleaning (86.9%). The fluorescence microscopy proved useful for determining the organic solid components in the outer layer of the dairy fouling. The fouling spatial disposition in 3 dimensions, obtained by confocal laser scanning microscopy, showed that it was formed of 51.3% sugars, 9.3% fats, and 39.4% proteins, with the enzymatic cleaning of these compounds being homogeneous, compared with chemical cleaning. The protein and lipid contents were in the surface layer, whereas sugars were located in the innermost part that contributes to the Maillard reaction during fouling formation. After enzymatic cleaning, the reduction in the concentration of Ca and P was 71.61 and 74.67%, respectively, compared with fouling intact. Thus, enzymatic cleaning, without the accumulation of Na from chemical cleaning, leaves 1.5 times less mineral than chemical cleaning. Knowing the content and structure of fouling in the industry helps to formulate better products to achieve proper levels of cleanliness. Additionally, studying the cleaning residues helps to avoid problems of cross-contamination between batches or subsequent microbial growths (biofilms) on surfaces with residues.

The Os Peroneum incidence - A cadaveric study.

BACKGROUND: The Os Peroneum (OP) is a small sesamoid bone, which can be found in the Peroneus Longus Tendon (PLT) sheath, near the calcaneocuboid joint. Size and shape variability is quite common as well as a multipartite OP that can be found in some cases. Trying to explore and understand this variability, this study was carried out in order to provide us with answers about the presence and shape of OP in our specimens. METHODS: Twenty cadaveric lower extremities were obtained according to the body donation program of our institution. Dissections were performed to expose the OP (when present) starting proximally at the origin of the PLT and Peroneal Brevis Tendon (PBT) finalizing at the insertion of the PLT in the first metatarsal. RESULTS: In twenty feet, nine distinct OP were found, whilst six feet had a thickening of the tendon. On the remaining five foot, we did not identify an OP. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, 45% of the feet analyzed had an OP. The authors believe the variability of OP prevalence reported in the literature can be associated with differences in its definition.

Clinical significance of long non-coding RNA HOTTIP in early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: HOTTIP, a long non-coding RNA located in the HOXA cluster, plays a role in the patterning of tissues with mesodermal components, including the lung. Overexpression of HOXA genes, including HOTTIP, has been associated with a more aggressive phenotype in several cancers. However, the prognostic impact of HOTTIP has not yet been explored in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We have correlated HOTTIP expression with time to relapse (TTR) and overall survival (OS) in early-stage NSCLC patients. METHODS: Ninety-nine early-stage NSCLC patients who underwent surgical resection in our center from June 2007 to November 2013 were included in the study. Mean age was 66; 77.8% were males; 73.7% had stage I disease; and 55.5% had adenocarcinoma. A validation data set comprised stage I-II patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network. RESULTS: HOTTIP was expressed in all tumor samples and was overexpressed in squamous cell carcinoma (p = 0.007) and in smokers (p = 0.018). Patients with high levels of HOTTIP had shorter TTR (78.3 vs 58 months; p = 0.048) and shorter OS (81.2 vs 61 months; p = 0.023) than those with low levels. In the multivariate analysis, HOTTIP emerged as an independent prognostic marker for TTR (OR: 2.05, 95%CI: 1-4.2; p = 0.05), and for OS (OR: 2.31, 95%CI: 1.04-5.1; p = 0.04). HOTTIP was validated as a prognostic marker for OS in the TCGA adenocarcinoma cohort (p = 0.025). Moreover, we identified a 1203-mRNA and a 61-miRNA signature that correlated with HOTTIP expression. CONCLUSIONS: The lncRNA HOTTIP can be considered a prognostic biomarker in early-stage NSCLC.

Peri-prosthetic bone cysts after total ankle replacement. A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Periprosthetic cystic osteolysis is a well-known complication of total ankle replacement. Several theories have been proposed for its aetiology, based on individual biomechanical, radiological, histopathology and outcome studies. METHODS: Studies that met predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria were analysed to identify literature describing the presence of peri-prosthetic ankle cystic osteolysis. Quantitative data from the selected articles were combined and statistically tested in order to analyse possible relations between ankle peri-prosthetic bone cysts and specific implant characteristics. RESULTS: Twenty-one articles were elected, totalizing 2430 total ankle replacements, where 430 developed peri-prosthetic cystic osteolysis. A statistically significant association (P<.001) was found between the presence of bone cysts and non-anatomic implant configuration, hydroxyapatite-coating, mobile-bearing and non tibial-stemmed implants. No significant association existed between the type of constraining and the presence of cysts (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS: Non-anatomic, mobile-bearing, hydroxyapatite-coated and non tibial-stemmed total ankle replacements are positively associated with more periprosthetic bone cysts.

Insertional anatomy of peroneal brevis and longus tendon - A cadaveric study.

BACKGROUND: Peroneal Tendon (PT) complex is formed by the Peroneus Longus Tendon (PLT) and Peroneus Brevis Tendon (PBT), their synovial sheath, the superior and inferior retinaculum, and the Os Peroneum (OP). Their insertion is associated with some anatomic variability. Knowing these variants helps to understand the PT pathology and it may support the decision-making concerning the operative approach. The purpose of this study was to assess anatomical variability in PT insertion. METHODS: Twenty fresh-frozen cadaveric feet were used. The lateral part of the ankle, foot and sole were dissected to expose PLT and PBT course and distal insertions. RESULTS: Concerning the PBT, eleven feet had a normal insertion in the base of the fifth metatarsal; the other nine had a variability. Regarding the PLT, thirteen out of twenty had the normal insertion in the first metatarsal; the remaining seven had anatomical variants. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we found a great variability in the insertional anatomy of PBT and PLT. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: It is important that orthopedic surgeons are aware of the great variability of PT anatomical insertion when performing foot and ankle surgery, in order to avoid possible complications, for instance a PLT injury during preparation of tarso-metatarsal arthrodeses.

Prognostic Impact of miR-200 Family Members in Plasma and Exosomes from Tumor-Draining versus Peripheral Veins of Colon Cancer Patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic potential of expression levels of miR-200 family members (miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-200c, miR-429, miR-141) in plasma and exosomes from the tumor-draining vein (mesenteric vein [MV]) and peripheral vein (PV) of colon cancer (CC) patients. METHODS: We analyzed the expression of miR-200 family members in matched samples of MV and PV plasma from 50 resected patients with CC and correlated our findings with overall survival (OS). We also examined the content of these microRNAs in MV and PV exosomes. RESULTS: Expression levels were higher in MV than in PV (miR-200a, p < 0.001; miR-200b, p < 0.001; miR-429, p = 0.01; miR-200c, p = 0.05; miR-141, p = 0.05). Low levels of both miR-200c and miR-141 in MV plasma were associated with longer OS (p = 0.02). This association was maintained for the MV exosome cargo of miR-200c and miR-141 (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Our findings provide the first indication that expression levels of miR-200c and miR-141 in MV plasma can identify CC patients with poor prognosis. In addition, our results lend further support to the premise that tumor-draining veins constitute a better source of biomarkers than do PVs.

NKX2-1 expression as a prognostic marker in early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: NKX2-1, a key molecule in lung development, is highly expressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), particularly in lung adenocarcinoma (ADK), where it is a diagnostic marker. Studies of the prognostic role of NKX2-1 in NSCLC have reported contradictory findings. Two microRNAs (miRNAs) have been associated with NKX2-1: miR-365, which targets NKX2-1; and miR-33a, which is downstream of NKX2-1. We have examined the effect of NKX2-1, miR-365 and miR-33a on survival in a cohort of early-stage NSCLC patients and in sub-groups of patients classified according to the mutational status of TP53, KRAS, and EGFR. METHODS: mRNA and miRNA expression was determined using TaqMan assays in 110 early-stage NSCLC patients. TP53, KRAS, and EGFR mutations were assessed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: NKX2-1 expression was upregulated in never-smokers (P = 0.017), ADK (P < 0.0001) and patients with wild-type TP53 (P = 0.001). A negative correlation between NKX2-1 and miR-365 expression was found (ρ = -0.287; P = 0.003) but there was no correlation between NKX2-1 and miR-33a expression. Overall survival (OS) was longer in patients with high expression of NKX2-1 than in those with low expression (80.8 vs 61.2 months (P = 0.035), while a trend towards longer OS was observed in patients with low miR-365 levels (P = 0.07). The impact of NKX2-1 on OS and DFS was higher in patients with neither TP53 nor KRAS mutations. Higher expression of NKX2-1 was related to higher OS (77.6 vs 54 months; P = 0.017) and DFS (74.6 vs 57.7 months; P = 0.006) compared to low expression. The association between NKX2-1 and OS and DFS was strengthened when the analysis was limited to patients with stage I disease (P = 0.005 and P=0.003 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: NKX2-1 expression impacts prognosis in early-stage NSCLC patients, particularly in those with neither TP53 nor KRAS mutations.

Midface Advancement in a Simple Approach.

BACKGROUND: Midface advancement is a keystone intervention in the treatment plan of syndromic hypoplasia of the midface. Although earlier authors had been using a combination of smaller incisions to acquire enough access to perform the different osteotomies, Tessier popularized the bicoronal incision. This approach can be time-consuming however and leaves an ear-to-ear scar. The authors describe an endoscopically assisted piezo-electric Le Fort III osteotomy performed through minimal invasive access. The cutaneous incision was limited to a single-short mid-glabellar vertical scar (8 mm) to perform the nasofrontal and septum osteotomy. Further osteotomies are performed through a 1.5 cm intraoral incision and a transconjunctival approach with a retrocaruncular extension. A lateral canthotomy was avoided to lower the risk of postoperative eyelid malposition. METHODS: A feasibility study using 2 fresh nonfrozen cadaver heads. CONCLUSION: The minimally invasive Le Fort III approach is feasible and efficacious for clinical use in a cadaveric setup.

Non-Coding RNAs in Hodgkin Lymphoma.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by binding to the 3'-UTR of their target genes, can act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Recently, other types of non-coding RNAs-piwiRNAs and long non-coding RNAs-have also been identified. Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a B cell origin disease characterized by the presence of only 1% of tumor cells, known as Hodgkin and Reed-Stenberg (HRS) cells, which interact with the microenvironment to evade apoptosis. Several studies have reported specific miRNA signatures that can differentiate HL lymph nodes from reactive lymph nodes, identify histologic groups within classical HL, and distinguish HRS cells from germinal center B cells. Moreover, some signatures are associated with survival or response to chemotherapy. Most of the miRNAs in the signatures regulate genes related to apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, or signaling pathways. Here we review findings on miRNAs in HL, as well as on other non-coding RNAs.

Role of miR-200 family members in survival of colorectal cancer patients treated with fluoropyrimidines.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Surgery is the standard treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC), and adjuvant chemotherapy has been shown to be effective in stage III but less so in stage II. We have analyzed the expression of the miR-200 family in tissue samples from resected CRC patients and correlated our findings with survival to adjuvant treatment with fluoropyrimidines. METHODS: Tumor tissue samples were obtained from 127 surgically resected patients with stage I-III CRC. miRNA detection was performed using TaqMan MicroRNA assays. RESULTS: High levels of miR-200a and miR-200c were associated with longer overall survival, while high levels of miR-429 correlated with longer overall and disease-free survival (DFS). In the subgroup of 56 patients treated with fluoropyrimidines and in the smaller subgroup of 32 stage II patients treated with fluoropyrimidines, those with high levels of miR-200a, miR-200c, miR-141, or miR-429 had significantly longer overall and DFS. Low miR-429 levels were identified as an independent prognostic marker. High levels of miR-429 combined with 5-fluorouracil inhibited cell invasion in LOVO cells. CONCLUSIONS: miR-200a, miR-200c, miR-141, and miR-429 expression levels may identify CRC patients, including those with stage II disease, who are most likely to benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.

Low miR-145 and high miR-367 are associated with unfavourable prognosis in resected nonsmall cell lung cancer.

The transcription factors SRY-related HMG box (SOX)2 and octamer-binding transcription factor (OCT)4 regulate the expression of the miR-302-367 cluster. miR-145 regulates SOX2 and OCT4 translation and p53 regulates miR-145 expression. We analysed the expression of the miR-302-367 cluster and miR-145 and the mutational status of p53 in resected nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and correlated results with time to relapse (TTR). Tumour and paired normal tissue samples were obtained from 70 NSCLC patients. MicroRNA expression was assessed with TaqMan MicroRNA Assays. p53 exons 5 to 8 were sequenced. miR-145 was downregulated (p<0.0001) and miR-367 was upregulated (p<0.0001) in tumour compared with normal tissue. Mean TTR was 18.4 months for patients with low miR-145 levels and 28.2 months for those with high levels (p=0.015). Mean TTR was 29.1 months for patients with low miR-367 levels and 23.4 months for those with high levels (p=0.048). TTR was shorter for patients with both unfavourable variables (p=0.009). Low miR-145 expression (p=0.049), the combination of unfavourable microRNA levels (p=0.02) and the combination of low miR-145 with p53 mutations (p=0.011) were independent markers of shorter TTR. In conclusion, miR-145 and miR-367 expression could be novel markers for relapse in surgically treated NSCLC. p53 may play a role in modulating miR-145 expression in NSCLC.

A signature of five 7-methylguanosine-related genes is a prognostic marker for lung squamous cell carcinoma.

Background: N7-methylguanosine (m7G) is an important posttranscriptional modification affecting mRNA and tRNA functions and stability. The genes regulating the m7G process have been previously found involved in the carcinogenesis process. We aimed to analyze the role of m7G-related genes as potential prognostic markers for lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Methods: Twenty-nine m7G-related genes were selected for the analysis in the LSCC cohort of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Univariate, multivariate, and Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to evaluate the predictive value of risk model developed with m7G signature for overall survival (OS).. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were performed for high- and low-risk LSCC groups. Results: We identified 17 differentially expressed m7G methylation-related genes in LSCC versus normal tissues. The expression of five m7G-related genes (EIF3D, LSM1, NCBP2, NUDT10, and NUDT11) was identified as an independent prognostic marker for OS in LSCC patients. A risk model with these five m7G-related genes predicted 2-, and 3-year survival rates of 0.623 and 0.626, respectively. The risk score significantly correlated with OS: LSCC patients with a higher risk score had shorter OS (P<0.01) and it was associated with lower immune response (P<0.01). Conclusions: We developed a novel m7G-related gene signature that can be of great utility to predict the prognosis for patients with LSCC.

Human embryonic mesenchymal lung-conditioned medium promotes differentiation to myofibroblast and loss of stemness phenotype in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines.

BACKGROUND: When genes responsible for normal embryonic development are abnormally expressed in adults, it can lead to tumor development. This can suggest that the same mechanism that controls embryonic differentiation can also control tumor differentiation. We hypothesize that the malignant phenotype of lung cancer cells could acquire benign characteristics when in contact with an embryonic lung microenvironment. We cultured two lung cancer cell lines in embryonic lung mesenchyme-conditioned medium and evaluated morphological, functional and molecular changes. METHODS: The human embryonic mesenchymal lung-conditioned medium (hEML-CM) was obtained by culturing lung cells from embryos in the pseudoglandular stage of development. The NSCLC cell lines A549 and H1299 we cultured in the hEML-CM and in a tumor-conditioned medium. Morphological changes were analyzed with optical and transmission electron microscopy. To evaluate the functional effect of conditioned medium in tumor cells, we analyzed cell proliferation, migration, colony formation capacity in 2D and 3D and in vivo tumor growth capacity. The expression of the pluripotency genes OSKM, the adenocarcinoma marker NKX2-1, the lung surfactant proteins SFTP, the myofibroblast marker MYH and DNMT3A/3B was analyzed with qRT-PCR and the presence of the myofibroblast markers vimentin and α-SMA with immunofluorescence. Transcriptomic analysis was performed using Affymetrix arrays. RESULTS: The A549 and H1299 cells cultured in hEML-CM lost their epithelial morphology, acquired mesodermal characteristics, and decreased proliferation, migration, and colony formation capacity in 2D and 3D, as well as reduced its capacity to growth in vivo. The expression of OSKM, NKX2-1 and SFTP decreased, while that of DNMT3A/3B, vimentin, α-SMA and MYH increased. Distant matrix analysis based on transcriptomic profile showed that conditioned cells were closer to myoblast and human lung fibroblast than to normal epithelial immortalized lung cells. A total of 1631 for A549 and 866 for H1299 differentially expressed genes between control and conditioned cells were identified. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report that stimuli from the embryonic lung can modulate the malignant phenotype of lung cancer cells, control their growth capacity and activate their differentiation into myofibroblasts. These findings could lead to new strategies for lung cancer management.

Screening for Prognostic microRNAs Associated with Treatment Failure in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma.

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treatment with R-CHOP regimen produces 5-year progression-free survival and overall survival of around 60-70%. Our objective was to discover prognostic biomarkers allowing early detection of the remaining 30-40% with poor long-term outcome. For this purpose, we applied a novel strategy: from a cohort of DLBCL patients, treated with standard therapy, a discovery group of 12 patients with poor prognosis (advanced stage III-IV, R-IPI > 2) was formed, consisting of six chemoresistant (refractory/early relapse < 12 months) and six chemosensitive (complete remission > 3 years) subjects. By using microarray assays, the most differentially expressed miRNAs were defined as an initial set of prognostic miRNA candidates. Their expression was then analyzed in a validation cohort of 68 patients and the three miRNAs with the most significant impact on event-free and overall survival were selected. In the DLBCL cell line U-2932 the transfection with miR-1244 and miR-193b-5p, but not miR-1231, blocked the effect of CHOP on cell viability. A subsequent gene set enrichment analysis in patients revealed the implication of the first two miRNAs in cell cycle control and chemoresistance-related pathways, whereas the last one was involved in immunological processes. In conclusion, this novel strategy identified three promising prognostic markers for DLBCL patients at high risk of failure with standard therapy.

Regulation of JAK2 by miR-135a: prognostic impact in classic Hodgkin lymphoma.

The behavior of classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is determined by both the intrinsic features of the tumor cells and the characteristics of the microenvironment, making the analysis of entire lymph nodes an effective approach to understanding the disease. We examined the influence of our previously reported 25-microRNA signature for cHL on clinical outcome in 89 homogeneously treated cHL patients with a median follow-up of 80 months. Patients with low miR-135a expression had a higher probability of relapse (P = .04) and a shorter disease-free survival (P = .02). Functional analysis of cHL cell lines showed that mature miR-135a levels increased after pre-miR-135a transfection, causing apoptosis and decreased cell growth. Target analysis showed a direct regulation by miR-135a of JAK2, a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase involved in a specific subset of cytokine receptor signaling pathways. miR-135a-mediated JAK2 down-regulation led to decreased mRNA and protein levels of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-xL, suggesting a role for Bcl-xL in miR-135a/JAK2-mediated apoptosis. Our findings confirm the critical role of miR-135a in the survival of cHL cells and in the prognosis of cHL patients, indicating that novel treatment approaches targeting miR-135a may potentially benefit these patients.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in tobacco metabolism and DNA repair genes and prognosis in resected non-small-cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: If tobacco-related carcinogens are not inactivated or extruded from the cell, they can damage the DNA. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in tobacco metabolism, DNA repair, and multidrug resistance have been related to lung cancer susceptibility. We examined 13 SNPs in 10 of these genes and correlated the results with time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) in 71 smoker or former smoker patients with resected non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: DNA was obtained from paraffin-embedded tumor. SNP analysis of the candidate genes was performed by allelic discrimination assay. Log-rank test, Kaplan-Meier plots, and Cox multivariate analysis were used to evaluate the association of TTP and survival with the SNPs evaluated. RESULTS: Patients with wild-type (wt) XPC rs2228001, wt CYP2C8 rs10509681, or non-wt NAT2 rs1799930 had a longer TTP. Patients with wt ERCC1 showed a nonsignificant trend towards longer TTP. No other relation between SNPs and TTP were observed. Patients harboring at least two unfavorable genotypes in these four genes had a shorter TTP and OS than patients with either one or no unfavorable genotypes. In the multivariate analysis, non-wt XPC rs2228001 and the presence of at least two unfavorable genotypes emerged as independent markers for shorter TTP. CONCLUSIONS: SNPs in tobacco metabolism and DNA repair genes may influence the clinical outcome of resected NSCLC.

Prognostic implications of miR-16 expression levels in resected non-small-cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs are novel regulators of gene expression that are linked to the main oncogene networks, including the p53 pathway. p53 regulates the maturation process of miR-16 and miR-143. We analyzed the role as prognostic markers of miR-16 and miR-143 in 70 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. METHODS: MicroRNAs were analyzed by TaqMan MicroRNA assays. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were examined using Kaplan-Meier curves with log-rank tests and the Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: When patients were classified in three groups according to their miR-16 expression levels, those with normal levels had the best outcome while those with high levels had the worst. DFS was 22.4 months for patients with high levels, 71.8 months for those with normal levels, and 55.8 months for those with low levels (P = 0.05). OS was 23.9 months for patients with high levels, 97.6 months for those with normal levels, and 63.5 months for those with low levels (P < 0.001). In the multivariate analyses, high miR-16 levels emerged as an independent prognostic factor for poor DFS (P = 0.001) and OS (<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide the first hints that miR-16 levels in tumor samples may be a prognostic marker in NSCLC.

Deciphering miRNA-Target Relationships to Understand miRNA-Mediated Carcinogenesis.

We now accept that the non-coding part of the genome is essential for fine-tuning most cellular functions, and that its deregulation drives carcinogenesis [...].