The Cayor Atlas: a black Senegalese dental atlas for permanent tooth formation.

INTRODUCTION: Many aspects of tooth development have been documented, particularly in Caucasian populations. However, dental development has not been extensively studied in West Africa. OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to provide information on the sequences of tooth calcification in West African black Senegalese children and to compare the results with those of other populations, notably the London Atlas. METHODS: A total of 556 orthopantomograms (OPGs) from 289 males and 266 females with a mean age of 11.34 ± 3.84 years were analyzed. Demirjian A-H staging was applied to record the stages of tooth development. Tables of tooth development stages for each tooth were generated separately for age cohorts and by sex. The most common stage of tooth formation (modal) was the characteristic age stage of development. Differences between boys and girls and between maxillary and mandibular teeth were also analyzed using chi-squares. Accuracy was assessed by comparing the age estimated by the Dental Development Atlas for this population (Cayor Atlas) and the London Atlas tooth with chronological age using the Bland-Altman test. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in tooth development between girls and boys, p > 0.05. Maxillary teeth had similar dental development to mandibular teeth, p > 0.05. The Pearson correlation test showed a strong correlation between chronological age and the age estimated by the Cayor atlas, p < 0.001. The Bland-Altman test also showed greater accuracy than the London Atlas. CONCLUSION: These results show dental calcification sequences different from those of the London Atlas Tooth and the Witts Atlas (Atlas of Black South African Subjects).

Preoperative mortality risk evaluation in abdominal surgical emergencies: development and internal validation of the NDAR score from a national multicenter audit in Senegal.

INTRODUCTION: Abdominal surgical emergencies have a high mortality rate. Effective management primarily relies on the early identification of patients at high risk of postoperative complications. The objective of our study was to determine the prognostic factors associated with poor outcomes from abdominal surgical emergencies in Senegal and to establish a predictive score for mortality for preoperative risk evaluation (NDAR (New Death Assessment Risk) score). METHODOLOGY: This was a retrospective national cross-sectional study conducted over one year in 14 regions of Senegal. Adult patients (aged > 15 years) who presented with a traumatic or non-traumatic abdominal surgical emergency were included. The studied variables included clinical and paraclinical data. The variable of interest was death within 30 days of the surgery. Logistic regression was used to identify the factors independently associated with mortality. Risk factors identified after logistic regression analysis were weighted using odds ratio (OR) values rounded to the nearest whole number. The predictive capacity of the score was evaluated by analyzing the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve based on the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: A total of 1114 patient records were included, with a mortality rate of 4.4%. Diagnoses were observed in patients included appendicitis in 39.8% of cases (n = 444), followed by peritonitis in 22.3% (n = 249), intestinal obstruction in 18.5% (n = 205), strangulated hernias in 10.5% (n = 117), and abdominal trauma in 6.1%. Logistic regression, established the following scores: age > 40 years (score 2), ASA status grade 2 or higher (score 1), presence of a positive QSIRS score (score 2), diagnosis of peritonitis (score 2), diagnosis of intestinal obstruction (score 1), and the presence of intestinal necrosis (score 3). The score is positive if the total is strictly greater than 5, indicating a 17.7% risk of mortality. This score had a high predictive capacity with an AUC of 0.7397. CONCLUSION: This study enabled the establishment of a score that allows for the early identification of at-risk patients, even in constrained resource settings, facilitating appropriate perioperative management and timely surgical intervention to reduce the risk of complications. This approach, focused on early recognition of high-risk patients, is crucial for improving clinical outcomes in abdominal surgical emergencies.

Pressure-induced multi-step and self-organized spin states in an electro-elastic model for spin-crossover solids.

Spin transition materials are known to exhibit a rich variety of behaviors under several stimuli, among which pressure leads to major changes in their electronic and elastic properties. From an experimental point of view, thermal spin transitions under isotropic pressure showed transformations from (i) hysteretic to continuous transformations where the hysteresis width vanishes beyond some threshold pressure value; this is the conventional case. In several other cases very pathological and unexpected behaviours emerged, like (ii) persistent hysteresis under pressure; (iii) non-uniform behavior of the thermal hysteresis width which first increases with pressure and then decreases and vanishes at higher pressures; (iv) furthermore, double step transitions induced by pressure are also often obtained, where the pressure triggers the appearance of a plateau during the thermal transition, leading to two-step transitions, and finally (v) other non-conventional re-entrant transitions, where the thermal hysteresis vanishes at some pressure and then reappears at higher pressure values are also observed. In the present theoretical study, we investigate this problem with an electro-elastic description of the spin-crossover phenomenon by solving the Hamiltonian using a Monte Carlo technique. The pressure effect is here introduced directly in the lattice parameters, the elastic constants and ligand field energy. By considering spin state-dependent compressibility, we demonstrate that a large panel of experimental observations can be qualitatively described with this model. Among them, we quote (i) the conventional pressure effect decreasing the hysteresis width, (ii) the unconventional cases with pressure causing a non-monotonous behavior of the hysteresis width, (iii) re-entrant, as well as (iv) double step transitions accompanied with various types of spin state self-organization in the plateau regions.

Multifoci and multiserotypes circulation of dengue virus in Senegal between 2017 and 2018.

BACKGROUND: Dengue fever is a mosquito born disease associated with self-limited to life threatening illness. First detected in Senegal in the nineteenth century, and despite its growing incidence this last decade, significant knowledge gaps exist in our knowledge of genetic diversity of circulating strains. This study highlights the circulating serotypes and genotypes between January 2017 and December 2018 and their spatial and temporal distribution throughout all regions of Senegal. METHODS: We used 56 dengue virus (DENV) strains for the analysis collected from 11 sampling areas: 39 from all regions of Senegal, and 17 isolates from Thiès, a particular area of the country. Two real time RT-qPCR systems were used to confirm dengue infection and corresponding serotypes. For molecular characterization, CprM gene was sequenced and submitted to phylogenetic analysis for serotypes and genotypes assignment. RESULTS: Three dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1-3) were detected by all used methods. DENV-3 was detected in 50% (28/56) of the isolates, followed by DENV-1 and DENV-2, each representing 25% (14/56) of the isolates. DENV-3 belongs to genotype III, DENV-1 to genotype V and DENV-2 to Cosmopolitan genotype. Serotype 3 was detected in 7 sampling locations and a co-circulation of different serotypes was observed in Thiès, Fatick and Richard-toll. CONCLUSIONS: These results emphasize the need of continuous DENV surveillance in Senegal to detect DENV cases, to define circulating serotypes/genotypes and to prevent the spread and the occurrence of severe cases.

COVID-19 Outbreak, Senegal, 2020.

The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 began later in Africa than in Asia and Europe. Senegal confirmed its first case of coronavirus disease on March 2, 2020. By March 4, a total of 4 cases had been confirmed, all in patients who traveled from Europe.

Recourse to multiple tratments or the problem of the therapeutic itinerary in Louga.

Louga, where the nomadic pastoral economy and the sedentary agricultural economy coexist, provides a particular environment to study the therapeutic itinerary of the population. In this region, as in developing countries, the great majority of people have a low income. As a consequence, recourse to modern medicine has economical and geographical limitations and traditional medicine is preferred for its accessibility. However, practices show simultaneous recourse to both health care systems. Another widespread practice not to be neglected is self-medication, in which both modern drugs and products derived from the traditional pharmacopoeia are employed. This research deals with all health practices across a geographic area marked by a strong traditional influence. The study of the choice of treatment in such a context traces the laborious therapeutic itinerary of each patient in search of health improvement.

The epidemiology of maternal overweight in Dane County, Wisconsin.

BACKGROUND: Research shows that maternal obesity leads not only to adverse pregnancy outcomes but also can act as a predictor of poor health of future generations. The Public Health Madison & Dane County Fetal and Infant Mortality Review Board observed poor health associated with prepregnancy BMI > or = 25, prompting further exploration of this issue in the Dane County, Wisconsin population. OBJECTIVE: This is a descriptive epidemiologic study of the problem of maternal overweight defined as prepregnancy BMI > or = 25 in Dane County. METHODS: Data were abstracted from the Secure Public Health Electronic Records Environment (SPHERE) on births in Dane County in 2011. Risk ratios were used to determine associations between race, education, parity, gravidity, and place of residence and maternal overweight. A t test was completed to determine differences in mean age of overweight and healthy weight mothers. RESULTS: Approximately half (50.6%) of Dane County mothers in 2011 were overweight or obese prepregnancy. Results showed increased risk of overweight for black mothers and multiparous/multigravidous mothers. There was no difference in mean age of overweight and healthy weight mothers. Overweight rates varied considerably by ZIP code of residence. CONCLUSION: Rates of maternal overweight vary significantly in Dane County by social and demographic factors. This information can be used to design and target interventions and monitor trends over time.

Emergence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Eastern Senegal in 2022.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), the most widespread tick-borne viral human infection, poses a threat to global health. In this study, clinical samples collected through national surveillance systems were screened for acute CCHF virus (CCHFV) infection using RT-PCR and for exposure using ELISA. For any CCHF-positive sample, livestock and tick samples were also collected in the neighborhood of the confirmed case and tested using ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were also performed on samples with positive RT-PCR results. In Eastern Senegal, two human cases and one Hyalomma tick positive for CCHF were identified and a seroprevalence in livestock ranging from 9.33% to 45.26% was detected. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the human strain belonged to genotype I based on the available L segment. However, the tick strain showed a reassortant profile, with the L and M segments belonging to genotype I and the S segment belonging to genotype III. Our data also showed that our strains clustered with strains isolated in different countries, including Mauritania. Therefore, our findings confirmed the high genetic variability inside the CCHF genotypes and their introduction to Senegal from other countries. They also indicate an increasing CCHF threat in Senegal and emphasize the need to reinforce surveillance using a one-health approach.

Re-Emergence of Rift Valley Fever Virus Lineage H in Senegal in 2022: In Vitro Characterization and Impact on Its Global Emergence in West Africa.

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a re-emerging vector-borne zoonosis with a high public health and veterinary impact. In West Africa, many lineages were previously detected, but since 2020, lineage H from South Africa has been the main cause of the outbreaks. In this study, clinical samples collected through national surveillance were screened for RVF virus (RVFV) acute infection by RT-PCR and IgM ELISA tests. Sequencing, genome mapping and in vitro phenotypic characterization in mammal cells were performed on RT-PCR positive samples in comparison with other epidemic lineages (G and C). Four RVFV human cases were detected in Senegal and the sequence analyses revealed that the strains belonged to lineage H. The in vitro kinetics and genome mapping showed different replication efficiency profiles for the tested RVFV lineages and non-conservative mutations, which were more common to lineage G or specific to lineage H. Our findings showed the re-emergence of lineage H in Senegal in 2022, its high viral replication efficiency in vitro and support the findings that genetic diversity affects viral replication. This study gives new insights into the biological properties of lineage H and calls for deeper studies to better assess its potential to cause a future threat in Senegal.

Epidemiology of Digestive Surgical Emergencies in a Sub-Saharan African Country: A Multicentre Pilot Study Protocol.

Introduction: Digestive surgical emergencies remains one of the main general surgery activities. Despite the associated mortality rate in low income countries, epidemiologic data about this subject is rare and multicenter studies are even more. We aimed to study an epidemiology of digestive surgical emergencies in Senegal by multicenter protocol. Methods and analysis: it will a prospective multicenter pilot study from May to July 2022. The patients were from General surgery departments of these teaching hospital in Senegal: Dakar Principal Hospital, Aristide le Dantec Hospital, Dalal Jamm hospital and Saint-Louis Regional Hospital. The Schwartz formula was used. We used a proportion of abdominal surgical emergency of 20%. We had a sample size of 246 patients. Ethics and dissemination: this research protocol will be submitted to Ethics committee of four hospital that included. The results of this study can help to get better the management of our digestives emergencies and at the same time improve mortality rate. Highlights: Digestive surgical emergencies is a public health issueBecause of high mortality rate in poorest countries, epidemiological data in Senegal must be knownThese information can help to lower associated mortality.

Three-dimensional anthropometric study of the facial morphology of black African Senegalese: 3D photogrammetric approach.

Introduction: Anthropometric features are important in determining gender and ethnic groups. The aim of this 3D photogrammetric study was to assess the face of Senegalese subjects. Material and methods: A total of 104 3D facial photographs taken with the Bellus 3D application were studied. Measurements were taken at various anthropometric points using Meshlab software. The acquired data were recorded and processed using Jamovi software version 1.8.4.0. Correlations between the quantitative variables were tested and only one with a significance of p 0.05 was retained. Results: Overall, measured distances were higher in men. A statistically significant difference between men and women was found for nose width (p0. 001), face width (p < 0.005) and face height (p0. 0002). Conclusion: 3D anthropometric analysis shows a fairly significant sexual dimorphism, with males having greater facial and nasal proportions. A leptoprosopic (long) facial shape and a mesorrhine nose were maintained.

Identifying underlying individuality across running, walking, and handwriting patterns with conditional cycle-consistent generative adversarial networks.

In recent years, the analysis of movement patterns has increasingly focused on the individuality of movements. After long speculations about weak individuality, strong individuality is now accepted, and the first situation-dependent fine structures within it are already identified. Methodologically, however, only signals of the same movements have been compared so far. The goal of this work is to detect cross-movement commonalities of individual walking, running, and handwriting patterns using data augmentation. A total of 17 healthy adults (35.8 ± 11.1 years, eight women and nine men) each performed 627.9 ± 129.0 walking strides, 962.9 ± 182.0 running strides, and 59.25 ± 1.8 handwritings. Using the conditional cycle-consistent generative adversarial network (CycleGAN), conditioned on the participant's class, a pairwise transformation between the vertical ground reaction force during walking and running and the vertical pen pressure during handwriting was learned in the first step. In the second step, the original data of the respective movements were used to artificially generate the other movement data. In the third step, whether the artificially generated data could be correctly assigned to a person via classification using a support vector machine trained with original data of the movement was tested. The classification F1-score ranged from 46.8% for handwriting data generated from walking data to 98.9% for walking data generated from running data. Thus, cross-movement individual patterns could be identified. Therefore, the methodology presented in this study may help to enable cross-movement analysis and the artificial generation of larger amounts of data.

SARS-CoV-2 case detection using community event-based surveillance system-February-September 2020: lessons learned from Senegal.

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the rapid development and implementation of effective surveillance systems to detect and respond to the outbreak in Senegal. In this documentation, we describe the design and implementation of the Community Event-Based Surveillance (CEBS) system in Senegal to strengthen the existing Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response system. The CEBS system used a hotline and toll-free number to collect and triage COVID-19-related calls from the community. Data from the CEBS system were integrated with the national system for further investigation and laboratory testing. From February to September 2020, a total of 10 760 calls were received by the CEBS system, with 10 751 calls related to COVID-19. The majority of calls came from the Dakar region, which was the epicentre of the outbreak in Senegal. Of the COVID-19 calls, 50.2% were validated and referred to health districts for further investigation, and 25% of validated calls were laboratory-confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2. The implementation of the CEBS system allowed for timely detection and response to potential COVID-19 cases, contributing to the overall surveillance efforts in the country. Lessons learned from this experience include the importance of decentralised CEBS, population sensitisation on hotlines and toll-free usage, and the potential role of Community Health Workers in triaging alerts that needs further analysis. This experience highlights the contribution of a CEBS system in Senegal and provides insights into the design and operation of such a system. The findings can inform other countries in strengthening their surveillance systems and response strategies.

Human and Livestock Surveillance Revealed the Circulation of Rift Valley Fever Virus in Agnam, Northern Senegal, 2021.

The mosquito-borne disease caused by the Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) is a viral hemorrhagic fever that affects humans and animals. In 1987, RVFV emerged in Mauritania, which caused the first RVFV outbreak in West Africa. This outbreak was shortly followed by reported cases in humans and livestock in Senegal. Animal trade practices with neighboring Mauritania suggest northern regions of Senegal are at high risk for RVF. In this study, we aim to conduct a molecular and serological survey of RVFV in humans and livestock in Agnam (northeastern Senegal) by RT-PCR (reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction) and ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay), respectively. Of the two hundred fifty-five human sera, one (0.39%) tested RVFV IgM positive, while fifty-three (20.78%) tested positive for RVFV IgG. For animal monitoring, out of 30 sheep recorded and sampled over the study period, 20 (66.67%) showed seroconversion to RVFV IgG antibodies, notably during the rainy season. The presence of antibodies increased significantly with age in both groups (p < 0.05), as the force of RVF infection (FOI), increased by 16.05% per year for humans and by 80.4% per month for livestock sheep. This study supports the usefulness of setting up a One Health survey for RVF management.

The effect of prenatal support on birth outcomes in an urban midwestern county.

OBJECTIVES: In Dane County, Wisconsin, the black-white infant mortality gap started decreasing from 2000 and was eliminated from 2004 to 2007. Unfortunately, it has reappeared since 2008. This paper examines risk factors and levels of prenatal care to identify key contributors to the dramatic decline and recent increase in black infant mortality and extremely premature birth rates. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study analyzed approximately 100,000 Dane County birth, fetal, and infant death records from 1990 to 2007. Levels of prenatal care received were categorized as "less-than-standard," "standard routine" or "intensive." US Census data analysis identified demographic and socioeconomic changes. Infant mortality rates and extremely premature ( < or = 28 weeks gestation) birth rates were main outcome measures. Contributions to improved outcomes were measured by calculating relative risk, risk difference and population attributable fraction (PAF). Mean income and food stamp use by race were analyzed as indicators of general socioeconomic changes suspected to be responsible for worsening outcomes since 2008. RESULTS: Risk of extremely premature delivery for black women receiving standard routine care and intensive care decreased from 1990-2000 to 2001-2007 by 77.8% (95% CI = 49.9-90.1%) and 57.3% (95% CI = 27.6-74.8%) respectively. Women receiving less-than-standard care showed no significant improvement over time. Racial gaps in mean income and food stamp use narrowed 2002-2007 and widened since 2008. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal support played an important role in improving black birth outcomes and eliminating the Dane County black-white infant mortality gap. Increasing socioeconomic disparities with worsening US economy since 2008 likely contributed to the gap's reappearance.

[Management Of Colonic Pseudotumor Anecdotal In Peace Hospital Of Ziguinchor]. / Une Pseudotumeur Colique Anecdotique Pris En Charge A l'Hopital De La Paix De Ziguinchor.

Colonic pseudotumors secondary to fishbone perforation are rare and not easily diagnosed, as the clinical presentation is often misleading. We report the case of a 61-year-old man patient with no medicalhistory, whose clinical picture was in favor of a colonic tumor. The diagnosis of colonic perforation by fishbone was not possible preoperatively due to lack of CT scan. The diagnosiswas made intraoperatively by the visualization of a colonic perforation by fishbone. Pathological examination of the surgical specimen confirmed the inflammatory pseudotumor of the colon without histological sign of malignancies.

les pseudotumeurs coliques secondaires à une perforation par arête de poisson sont rares et ne sont pas de diagnostic facile, car le tableau clinique est souvent trompeur. Nous rapportons le cas d'un patient de 61 ans, aux antécédents d'épigastralgie, dont le tableau clinique était en faveur d'une tumeur colique. Le diagnostic de perforation colique par arête de poisson n'a pas été possible en pré opératoire par faute de scanner. Le diagnostic a été retenu en peropératoire par la visualisation d'une perforation colique par arête de poisson. L'examen anatomopathologie de la pièce opératoire a confirmé la pseudotumeur inflammatoire du côlon sans signe histologique de malignes.

Re-Emergence of Dengue Serotype 3 in the Context of a Large Religious Gathering Event in Touba, Senegal.

Dengue virus (DENV) was detected in Senegal in 1979 for the first time. Since 2017, unprecedented frequent outbreaks of DENV were noticed yearly. In this context, epidemiological and molecular evolution data are paramount to decipher the virus diffusion route. In the current study, we focused on a dengue outbreak which occurred in Senegal in 2018 in the context of a large religious gathering with 263 confirmed DENV cases out of 832 collected samples, including 25 life-threatening cases and 2 deaths. It was characterized by a co-circulation of dengue serotypes 1 and 3. Phylogenetic analysis based on the E gene revealed that the main detected serotype in Touba was DENV-3 and belonged to Genotype III. Bayesian phylogeographic analysis was performed and suggested one viral introduction around 2017.07 (95% HPD = 2016.61-2017.57) followed by cryptic circulation before the identification of the first case on 1 October 2018. DENV-3 strains are phylogenetically related, with strong phylogenetic links between strains retrieved from Burkina Faso and other West African countries. These phylogenetic data substantiate epidemiological data of the origin of DENV-3 and its spread between African countries and subsequent diffusion after religious mass events. The study also highlighted the usefulness of a mobile laboratory during the outbreak response, allowing rapid diagnosis and resulting in improved patient management.

[Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in gastric cancer: a case report]. / Syndrome de la pince aorto-mésentérique sur cancer gastrique: à propos d'un cas.

Superior mesenteric artery syndrome or Wilkie syndrome is due to the compression of the third duodenum between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta. It causes acute or chronic upper bowel occlusion. Abdominal CT scan facilitates the diagnosis. Severe malnutrition is its main etiological factor. Medical treatment can be based on aspiration of gastric contents and parenteral nutrition. If this fails, surgery is necessary. We here report the case of a 46-year-old patient, with a history of smoking, presenting with profuse postprandial bile and food vomiting. He had had weight loss of 7% over a period of 6 months. Upper GI endoscopy revealed non-stenotic antro-pyloric tumour mass. Histological examination showed poorly differentiated tubular gastric adenocarcinoma. Staging was without any peculiarity and allowed for the detection of superior mesenteric artery syndrome at an angle of 8°C. The patient received parenteral nutrition for 10 days, followed by inferior pole gastrectomy and gastrojejunal anastomosis (omega loop). The postoperative course was uneventful. Adjuvant chemotherapy was indicated.

Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Senegal: a national population-based cross-sectional survey, between October and November 2020.

Objectives: A nationwide cross-sectional epidemiological survey was conducted to capture the true extent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exposure in Senegal. Methods: Multi-stage random cluster sampling of households was performed between October and November 2020, at the end of the first wave of COVID-19 transmission. Anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies were screened using three distinct ELISA assays. Adjusted prevalence rates for the survey design were calculated for each test separately, and thereafter combined. Crude and adjusted prevalence rates based on test performance were estimated to assess the seroprevalence. As some samples were collected in high malaria endemic areas, the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 seroreactivity and antimalarial humoral immunity was also investigated. Results: Of the 1463 participants included in this study, 58.8% were female and 41.2% were male; their mean age was 29.2 years (range 0.20-84.8.0 years). The national seroprevalence was estimated at 28.4% (95% confidence interval 26.1-30.8%). There was substantial regional variability. All age groups were impacted, and the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was comparable in the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. An estimated 4 744 392 (95% confidence interval 4 360 164-5 145 327) were potentially infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Senegal, while 16 089 COVID-19 RT-PCR laboratory-confirmed cases were reported by the national surveillance. No correlation was found between SARS-CoV-2 and Plasmodium seroreactivity. Conclusions: These results provide a better estimate of SARS-CoV-2 dissemination in the Senegalese population. Preventive and control measures need to be reinforced in the country and especially in the south border regions.

Multiple genotypes of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus detected in ticks during a one health survey in Agnam, Northeastern Senegal.

A Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) survey in Agnam (North Senegal) permits the detection of three isolates in ticks. These isolates belong genetically to multiple genotypes (I, II, III) and clustered with strains from Uganda, Sudan, Mauritania, and Senegal. The role of ticks in CCHF emergence and widespread is highlighted.