Sex Differences Across the Life Course: A Focus On Unique Nutritional and Health Considerations among Women.

In the United States, women, while having a longer life expectancy than men, experience a differential risk for chronic diseases and have unique nutritional needs based on physiological and hormonal changes across the life span. However, much of what is known about health is based on research conducted in men. Additional complexity in assessing nutritional needs within gender include the variations in genetics, body compositions, hormonal milieus, underlying chronic diseases, and medication usage, with this list expanding as we consider these variables across the life course. It is clear women experience nutrient shortfalls during key periods of their lives, which may differentially impact their health. Consequently, as we move into the era of precision nutrition, understanding these sex- and gender-based differences may help optimize recommendations and interventions chosen to support health and weight management. Recently, a scientific conference was convened with content experts to explore these topics from a life-course perspective at biological, physiological, and behavioral levels. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop and provides an overview of important nutrition and related lifestyle considerations across the life course. The landscape of addressing female-specific nutritional needs continues to grow; now more than ever, it is essential to increase our understanding of the physiological differences between men and women, and determine how these physiological considerations may aid in optimizing nutritional strategies to support certain personal goals related to health, quality of life, sleep, and exercise performance among women.

Label compliance for ingredient verification: regulations, approaches, and trends for testing botanical products marketed for "immune health" in the United States.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the botanical product market saw a consumer interest increase in immune health supplements. While data are currently insufficient to support public health guidance for using foods and dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19 and other immune disorders, consumer surveys indicate that immune support is the second-most cited reason for supplement use in the United States. Meanwhile, consumers showed increased attention to dietary supplement ingredient labels, especially concerning authenticity and ingredient claims. Top-selling botanical ingredients such as elderberry, turmeric, and functional mushrooms have been increasingly marketed toward consumers to promote immune health, but these popular products succumb to adulteration with inaccurate labeling due to the intentional or unintentional addition of lower grade ingredients, non-target plants, and synthetic compounds, partially due to pandemic-related supply chain issues. This review highlights the regulatory requirements and recommendations for analytical approaches, including chromatography, spectroscopy, and DNA approaches for ingredient claim verification. Demonstrating elderberry, turmeric, and functional mushrooms as examples, this review aims to provide industrial professionals and scientists an overview of current United States regulations, testing approaches, and trends for label compliance verification to ensure the safety of botanical products marketed for "immune health."

Serious Adverse Events Reported with Dietary Supplement Use in the United States: A 2.5 Year Experience.

Dietary supplement marketers assure the safety of their products by complying with current good manufacturing practices and a host of federal regulations, including those enforced by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Post-market surveillance is a key part of identifying safety problems associated with dietary supplement products. FDA requires dietary supplement marketers to provide a domestic address or phone number on product labels for consumers, family members, or health care professionals to report adverse events (AEs) associated with product use and to report all serious adverse events (SAEs) to the agency within 15 business days of receipt. We aimed to evaluate the characteristics of AEs reported with dietary supplement use, including dietary supplement type and Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) system organ class (SOC) that occur with reported SAEs. A total of 41,121 unique adverse event cases reported to two large, U.S.-based dietary supplement marketers in a 2.5-year period (March 1, 2014-August 31, 2016) were assessed for seriousness using established criteria. Each SAE was assigned one or more MedDRA preferred terms and system organ classes (SOC). The types of supplements most responsible for SAEs were assessed. Of the 41,121 AE cases reported, 203 (0.48%) were SAEs. SAEs tended to occur with products marketed for weight loss (69.0%) and glycemic control (19.2%). SAEs occurred most commonly in the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and nervous system disorder SOCs. The percentage of SAEs reported to dietary supplement marketers is low, predominantly among consumers of two types of supplements. Further study is needed among a larger cohort of supplement users to determine causal associations between types of supplement products and serious adverse events.