Deep transfer learning of structural magnetic resonance imaging fused with blood parameters improves brain age prediction.

Machine learning has been applied to neuroimaging data for estimating brain age and capturing early cognitive impairment in neurodegenerative diseases. Blood parameters like neurofilament light chain are associated with aging. In order to improve brain age predictive accuracy, we constructed a model based on both brain structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) and blood parameters. Healthy subjects (n = 93; 37 males; aged 50-85 years) were recruited. A deep learning network was firstly pretrained on a large set of MRI scans (n = 1,481; 659 males; aged 50-85 years) downloaded from multiple open-source datasets, to provide weights on our recruited dataset. Evaluating the network on the recruited dataset resulted in mean absolute error (MAE) of 4.91 years and a high correlation (r = .67, p <.001) against chronological age. The sMRI data were then combined with five blood biochemical indicators including GLU, TG, TC, ApoA1 and ApoB, and 9 dementia-associated biomarkers including ApoE genotype, HCY, NFL, TREM2, Aß40, Aß42, T-tau, TIMP1, and VLDLR to construct a bilinear fusion model, which achieved a more accurate prediction of brain age (MAE, 3.96 years; r = .76, p <.001). Notably, the fusion model achieved better improvement in the group of older subjects (70-85 years). Extracted attention maps of the network showed that amygdala, pallidum, and olfactory were effective for age estimation. Mediation analysis further showed that brain structural features and blood parameters provided independent and significant impact. The constructed age prediction model may have promising potential in evaluation of brain health based on MRI and blood parameters.

Bis(ethylmaltolato)oxidovanadium (IV) alleviates neuronal apoptosis through regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in a triple transgenic animal model of Alzheimer's disease.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) plays a critical role in neuronal apoptosis along with the aggravation of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that is involved in regulating ER stress in Alzheimer's disease (AD), therefore, this protein could be a promising therapeutic target for AD. Vanadium compounds, such as vanadyl acetylacetonate, sodium metavanadate and bis(maltolato)oxovanadium, are well-known as puissant PPARγ modulators. Thus, we are curious whether bis(ethylmaltolato)oxidovanadium (IV) (BEOV) can ameliorate ER stress and subsequent neuronal apoptosis by regulating PPARγ in AD models. To this end, we determined the effect of BEOV on behavioral performance, ER stress and neuronal apoptosis in the triple transgenic mouse AD model (3×Tg-AD). Our results showed that BEOV improved cognitive abilities and reduced the ER stress- and apoptosis-associated proteins in the brains of 3×Tg-AD mice. In vitro administration of BEOV in primary hippocampal neurons and N2asw cells achieved similar results in repressing ER stress. In addition, cotreatment with GW9662 (an antagonist of PPARγ) effectively blocked these neuroprotective effects of BEOV, which provided strong evidence that PPARγ-dependent signaling plays a key role in protecting against ER stress and neuronal apoptosis in AD. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that BEOV alleviated neuronal apoptosis triggered by ER stress by regulating PPARγ in a 3×Tg-AD model.

Effect of Increased IL-1ß on Expression of HK in Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by decreased glucose metabolism and increased neuroinflammation. Hexokinase (HK) is the key enzyme of glucose metabolism and is associated with mitochondria to exert its function. Recent studies have demonstrated that the dissociation of HK from mitochondria is enough to activate the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and leads to the release of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß). However, the effect of increased IL-1ß on the expression of HK is still unclear in AD. In this paper, we used positron emission tomography (PET), Western blotting and immunofluorescence to study the glucose metabolism, and the expression and distribution of HK in AD. Furthermore, we used lipopolysaccharide (LPS), nigericin (Nig), CY-09 and lonidamine (LND) to treat N2a and N2a-sw cells to investigate the link between IL-1ß and HK in AD. The results show decreased expression of HK and the dissociation of HK from mitochondria in AD. Furthermore, a reduction of the expression of IL-1ß could increase the expression of HK in AD. These results suggest that inhibiting inflammation may help to restore glucose metabolism in AD.

The algal selenoproteomes.

BACKGROUND: Selenium is an essential trace element, and selenocysteine (Sec, U) is its predominant form in vivo. Proteins that contain Sec are selenoproteins, whose special structural features include not only the TGA codon encoding Sec but also the SECIS element in mRNA and the conservation of the Sec-flanking region. These unique features have led to the development of a series of bioinformatics methods to predict and research selenoprotein genes. There have been some studies and reports on the evolution and distribution of selenoprotein genes in prokaryotes and multicellular eukaryotes, but the systematic analysis of single-cell eukaryotes, especially algae, has been very limited. RESULTS: In this study, we predicted selenoprotein genes in 137 species of algae by using a program we previously developed. More than 1000 selenoprotein genes were obtained. A database website was built to record these algae selenoprotein genes ( www.selenoprotein.com ). These genes belong to 42 selenoprotein families, including three novel selenoprotein gene families. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals the primordial state of the eukaryotic selenoproteome. It is an important clue to explore the significance of selenium for primordial eukaryotes and to determine the complete evolutionary spectrum of selenoproteins in all life forms.

Zn2+ Aggravates Tau Aggregation and Neurotoxicity.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with high morbidity that has received extensive attention. However, its pathogenesis has not yet been completely elucidated. It is mainly related to ß-amyloid protein deposition, the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and the loss of neurons. The main function of tau is to assemble tubulin into stable microtubules. Under pathological conditions, tau is hyperphosphorylated, which is the major component of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in AD. There is considerable evidence showing that the dyshomeostasis of Zn2+ is closely related to the development of AD. Herein, by using the third repeat unit of the microtubule-binding domain of tau (tau-R3), we investigated the effect of Zn2+ on the aggregation and neurotoxicity of tau. Experimental results showed that tau-R3 probably bound Zn2+ via its Cys residue with moderate affinity (association constant (Ka) = 6.82 ± 0.29 × 104 M-1). Zn2+ accelerated tau-R3 aggregation and promoted tau-R3 to form short fibrils and oligomers. Compared with tau-R3, Zn2+-tau-R3 aggregates were more toxic to Neuro-2A (N2A) cells and induced N2A cells to produce higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The dendrites and axons of Zn2+-tau-R3-treated neurons became fewer and shorter, resulting in a large number of neuronal deaths. In addition, both tau-R3 and Zn2+-tau-R3 aggregates were found to be taken up by N2A cells, and more Zn2+-tau-R3 entered the cells compared with tau-R3. Our data demonstrated that Zn2+ can aggravate tau-R3 aggregation and neurotoxicity, providing clues to understand the relationship between Zn2+ dyshomeostasis and the etiology of Alzheimer's disease.

Transcriptomic Insights into the Response of the Olfactory Bulb to Selenium Treatment in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of extracellular senile plaques primarily composed of Aß peptides and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. Olfactory dysfunction is an early clinical phenotype in AD and was reported to be attributable to the presence of NFTs, senile Aß plaques in the olfactory bulb (OB). Our previous research found that selenomethionine (Se-Met), a major form of selenium (Se) in organisms, effectively increased oxidation resistance as well as reduced the generation and deposition of Aß and tau hyperphosphorylation in the olfactory bulb of a triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3×Tg-AD), thereby suggesting a potential therapeutic option for AD. In this study, we further investigated changes in the transcriptome data of olfactory bulb tissues of 7-month-old triple transgenic AD (3×Tg-AD) mice treated with Se-Met (6 µg/mL) for three months. Comparison of the gene expression profile between Se-Met-treated and control mice revealed 143 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Among these genes, 21 DEGs were upregulated and 122 downregulated. The DEGs were then annotated against the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. The results show that upregulated genes can be roughly classified into three types. Some of them mainly regulate the regeneration of nerves, such as Fabp7, Evt5 and Gal; some are involved in improving cognition and memory, such as Areg; and some are involved in anti-oxidative stress and anti-apoptosis, such as Adcyap1 and Scg2. The downregulated genes are mainly associated with inflammation and apoptosis, such as Lrg1, Scgb3a1 and Pglyrp1. The reliability of the transcriptomic data was validated by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for the selected genes. These results were in line with our previous study, which indicated therapeutic effects of Se-Met on AD mice, providing a theoretical basis for further study of the treatment of AD by Se-Met.

Selenomethionine Mitigates Cognitive Decline by Targeting Both Tau Hyperphosphorylation and Autophagic Clearance in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model.

Tau pathology was recently identified as a key driver of disease progression and an attractive therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Selenomethionine (Se-Met), a major bioactive form of selenium (Se) in organisms with significant antioxidant capacity, reduced the levels of total tau and hyperphosphorylated tau and ameliorated cognitive deficits in younger triple transgenic AD (3xTg-AD) mice. Whether Se-Met has a similar effect on tau pathology and the specific mechanism of action in older 3xTg-AD mice remains unknown. Autophagy is a major self-degradative process to maintain cellular homeostasis and function. Autophagic dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple age-dependent diseases, including AD. Modulation of autophagy has been shown to retard the accumulation of misfolded and aggregated proteins and to delay the progression of AD. Here, we found that 3xTg-AD mice showed significant improvement in cognitive ability after a 3-month treatment with Se-Met beginning at 8 months of age. In addition to attenuating the hyperphosphorylation of tau by modulating the activity of Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3ß and protein phosphatase 2A, Se-Met-induced reduction of tau was also mediated by an autophagy-based pathway. Specifically, Se-Met improved the initiation of autophagy via the AMP-activated protein kinase-mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway and enhanced autophagic flux to promote the clearance of tau in 3xTg-AD mice and primary 3xTg neurons. Thus, our results demonstrate for the first time that Se-Met mitigates cognitive decline by targeting both the hyperphosphorylation of tau and the autophagic clearance of tau in AD mice. These data strongly support Se-Met as a potent nutraceutical for AD therapy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Selenium has been widely recognized as a vital trace element abundant in the brain with effects of antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammation. In this study, we report that selenomethionine rescues spatial learning and memory impairments in aged 3xTg-AD mice via decreasing the level of tau protein and tau hyperphosphorylation. We find that selenomethionine promotes the initiation of autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR pathway and enhances autophagic flux, thereby facilitating tau clearance in vivo and in vitro We have now identified an additional, novel mechanism by which selenomethionine improves the cognitive function of AD mice. Specifically, our data suggest the effect of selenium/selenomethionine on an autophagic pathway in Alzheimer's disease.

Selenium positively affects the proteome of 3 × Tg-AD mice cortex by altering the expression of various key proteins: unveiling the mechanistic role of selenium in AD prevention.

Selenium (Se) deficiency is believed to be involved in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to failure of antioxidant system. Its supplementation may restore the antioxidant system and compensate the impairments caused by AD. Present study reveals the effect of Se on the proteomic changes in cortex within triple transgenic male AD mice (3 × Tg-AD) after 4 months sodium selenate supplementation. Using iTRAQ comparative proteomics approach, 142 proteins found significant alterations with 96 down-regulated and 46 up-regulated proteins in the cortices of AD mice in comparison with the wild non-transgenic type mice. On treatment with sodium selenate, 41 proteins showed reverse expression, that is, thirty three proteins were down-regulated in AD mice but up-regulated in selenate treated AD mice while eight up-regulated proteins in AD mice showed lower expression in selenate treated mice. OmicsBean bioinformatics analysis revealed that Se positively affected the proteins vital in biological process, structural cores, and molecular functions, which include metabolic proteins, structural proteins, signaling molecules, oxidative stress balancers, and proteosomal degradation proteins. Results of mass spectrometry (MS) were further confirmed by Western blot analysis of five important proteins, prompting the authenticity of the MS results. This paper fills the protein-based molecular gap between AD and Se-treatment, and it provides a full view of Se in reversing the change of cortical protein levels during AD formation.

Selenomethionine promoted hippocampal neurogenesis via the PI3K-Akt-GSK3ß-Wnt pathway in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

The maintenance of neural system integrity and function is the ultimate goal for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neurogenesis plays an integral role in the maintenance of neural and cognitive functions, and its dysfunction is regarded as a major cause of cognitive impairment in AD. Moreover, the induction of neurogenesis by targeting endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) is considered as one of the most promising treatment strategies. Our previous studies demonstrated that selenomethionine (Se-Met) was able to reduce ß-amyloid peptide (Aß) deposition, decrease Tau protein hyperphosphorylation and markedly improve cognitive functions in triple transgenic (3xTg) AD mice. In this study, we reported that the therapeutic effect of Se-Met on AD could also be due to neurogenesis modulation. By using the cultured hippocampal NSCs from 3xTg AD mice, we discovered that Se-Met (1-10 µM) with low concentration could promote NSC proliferation, while the one with a high concentration (50,100 µM) inhibiting proliferation. In subsequent studies, we also found that Se-Met activated the signaling pathway of PI3K/Akt, and thereby inhibited the GSK3ß activity, which would further activated the ß-catenin/Cyclin-D signaling pathway and promote NSC proliferation. Besides, after the induction of Se-Met, the number of neurons differentiated from NSCs significantly increased, and the number of astrocytes decreased. After a 90-day treatment with Se-Met (6 µg/mL), the number of hippocampal neurons in 4-month-old AD mice increased significantly, while the one of astrocyte saw a sharp drop. Thus, Se-Met treatment promoted NSCs differentiation into neurons, and subsequently repaired damaged neural systems in AD mice. Being consistent with our in vitro studies, Se-Met acts through the PI3K-Akt- GSK3ß-Wnt signaling pathway in vivo. This study provides an unparalleled evidence that selenium (Se) compounds are, to some extent, effective in promoting neurogenesis, and therefore we propose a novel mechanism for Se-Met treatment in AD.

The Protective Effect of Icariin on Mitochondrial Transport and Distribution in Primary Hippocampal Neurons from 3× Tg-AD Mice.

Icariin, a pharmacologically active component isolated from the Chinese herb Epimedium, has been shown to improve spatial learning and memory abilities in Alzheimer's disease (AD) rats through inhibition of Aß production and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. However, the potential mechanism of icariin-induced protective effects against mitochondrial dysfunctions in AD still remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effect of icariin on the modulation of mitochondrial transport and distribution in primary hippocampal cultures from triple-transgenic (3× Tg) AD mice. The results showed that icariin enhanced mitochondrial motility and increased mitochondrial index and mitochondrial length and size in the diseased neurons. Additionally, the expression of the key mitochondrial enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase-E1α (PDHE1α), and the post synaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), was preserved in AD neurons after icariin treatment, accompanied by a downregulation of Aß and phosphorylated tau expression in the corresponding areas. Further study showed that icariin treatment resulted in a decrease in mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and an increase in fusion protein Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2). These data indicate that icariin can promote mitochondrial transport, protect mitochondria against fragmentation and preserve the expression of mitochondrial and synaptic functional proteins in AD neurons. Thus, icariin may be a potential therapeutic complement for AD and other mitochondrial malfunction-related neuronal degenerative diseases.

Selenomethionine Ameliorates Neuropathology in the Olfactory Bulb of a Triple Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

Olfactory dysfunction is an early and common symptom in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is reported to be related to several pathologic changes, including the deposition of Aß and hyperphosphorylated tau protein as well as synaptic impairment. Selenomethionine (Se-Met), the major form of selenium in animals and humans, may be a promising therapeutic option for AD as it decreases the deposition of Aß and tau hyperphosphorylation in a triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3× Tg-AD). In this study, 4-month-old AD mice were treated with 6 µg/mL Se-Met in drinking water for 12 weeks and the effect of Se-Met on neuropathological deficits in olfactory bulb (OB) of 3× Tg-AD mice was investigated. The administration of Se-Met effectively decreased the production and deposition of Aß by inhibiting ß-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1)-regulated amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and reduced the level of total tau and phosphorylated tau, which depended on depressing the activity and expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK-3ß) and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5). Meanwhile, Se-Met reduced glial activation, relieved neuroinflammation and attenuated neuronal cell death in the OB of AD mice. So Se-Met could improve pathologic changes of AD in the OB, which further demonstrated the potential therapeutic effect of Se-Met in AD.

Redox Proteomic Profiling of Specifically Carbonylated Proteins in the Serum of Triple Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mice.

Oxidative stress is a key event in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). To investigate the role of oxidative stress in AD and to search for potential biomarkers in peripheral blood, serums were collected in this study from the 3-, 6-, and 12-month-old triple transgenic AD mice (3×Tg-AD mice) and the age- and sex-matched non-transgenic (non-Tg) littermates. The serum oxidized proteins were quantified by slot-blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to investigate the total levels of serum protein carbonyl groups. Western blotting, in conjunction with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-Oxyblot), was employed to identify and quantify the specifically-carbonylated proteins in the serum of 3×Tg-AD mice. The results showed that the levels of serum protein carbonyls were increased in the three month old 3×Tg-AD mice compared with the non-Tg control mice, whereas no significant differences were observed in the six and 12 months old AD mice, suggesting that oxidative stress is an early event in AD progression. With the application of 2D-Oxyblot analysis, (immunoglobin) Ig gamma-2B chain C region (IGH-3), Ig lambda-2 chain C region (IGLC2), Ig kappa chain C region (IGKC), and Ig kappa chain V-V region HP R16.7 were identified as significantly oxidized proteins compared with the control. Among them IGH-3 and IGKC were validated via immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis. Identification of oxidized proteins in the serums of 3×Tg-AD mice can not only reveal potential roles of those proteins in the pathogenesis of AD but also provide potential biomarkers of AD at the early stage.

Computational identification of a new SelD-like family that may participate in sulfur metabolism in hyperthermophilic sulfur-reducing archaea.

BACKGROUND: Selenium (Se) and sulfur (S) are closely related elements that exhibit similar chemical properties. Some genes related to S metabolism are also involved in Se utilization in many organisms. However, the evolutionary relationship between the two utilization traits is unclear. RESULTS: In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the selenophosphate synthetase (SelD) family, a key protein for all known Se utilization traits, in all sequenced archaea. Our search showed a very limited distribution of SelD and Se utilization in this kingdom. Interestingly, a SelD-like protein was detected in two orders of Crenarchaeota: Sulfolobales and Thermoproteales. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that SelD-like protein contains the same domain and conserved functional residues as those of SelD, and might be involved in S metabolism in these S-reducing organisms. Further genome-wide analysis of patterns of gene occurrence in different thermoproteales suggested that several genes, including SirA-like, Prx-like and adenylylsulfate reductase, were strongly related to SelD-like gene. Based on these findings, we proposed a simple model wherein SelD-like may play an important role in the biosynthesis of certain thiophosphate compound. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest novel genes involved in S metabolism in hyperthermophilic S-reducing archaea, and may provide a new window for understanding the complex relationship between Se and S metabolism in archaea.

Inhibitory effect of selenoprotein P on Cu(+)/Cu(2+)-induced Aß42 aggregation and toxicity.

It has been suggested that the aggregation and cytotoxicity of amyloid-ß (Aß) peptide with transition-metal ions in neuronal cells is involved in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Selenoproteins are a group of special proteins that contain the 21st amino acid selenocysteine in their sequence, and they are found to be involved in the onset and progression of AD. Here, we report that the histidine-rich domain of selenoprotein P (SelP-H) is capable of binding Cu ions in both oxidation states of Cu(+) and Cu(2+) with high affinity and of modulating Cu(+) and Cu(2+)-mediated Aß aggregation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and neurotoxicity. SelP-H was found to coordinate 1 and 2 mol equiv of Cu(+) and Cu(2+) with sub-picomolar and nanomolar affinities, respectively. Cu(+)/Cu(2+) binding to Aß42 inhibited the fibrillization of Aß42 but induced it to form amorphous aggregates, which could be significantly restored by SelP-H, as observed by thioflavin T fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Interestingly, SelP-H inhibited Cu(+)/Cu(2+)-Aß42-induced neurotoxicity and the intracellular ROS production in living cells. These studies suggest that SelP may play certain roles in regulating redox balance as well as metal homeostasis.

Inhibitory act of selenoprotein P on Cu(+)/Cu(2+)-induced tau aggregation and neurotoxicity.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by peptide and protein misfolding and aggregation, in part due to the presence of excess metal ions such as copper. Aggregation and cytotoxicity of amyloid-ß (Aß) peptide with copper ion have been investigated extensively; however, the effects of metalation on tau are less known. Here, we presented the effects of Cu(+) and Cu(2+) on aggregation and neurotoxicity of the second repeat unit of the microtubule-binding domain of tau (tau-R2). Tau-R2 was demonstrated to bind 0.44 Cu(2+) and 0.34 Cu(+) per monomer with dissociation constants of 1.1 nM and 0.2 pM, respectively. Copper in both oxidation states stimulated the aggregation, ROS production, and neuronal cytotoxicity of tau-R2. We showed that copper-associated tau-R2 aggregates, decreased protein levels of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2), and synaptophysin in the primarily cultured cortical neurons, reduced mitochondrial density and mobility in the axon and, as a consequence, impaired the growth and probably also the function of neurons. Previously, we reported that the His-rich domain of selenoprotein P (SelP-H) inhibited metal-induced aggregation and toxicity of Aß, due to its metal chelation ability. Here we demonstrated that SelP-H not only inhibited copper-mediated tau aggregation but also interfered with the ongoing aggregation and reversed the already formed aggregates. More intriguing, SelP-H significantly attenuated Cu(2+)/Cu(+)-tau-R2-induced intracellular ROS production and the impairments of synapse and mitochondrial movement in neurons. This work implies that the surface-exposed His-rich domain of SelP makes it capable of modulating Cu(+)/Cu(2+)-mediated aggregation and neurotoxicity of both Aß and tau and may play important roles in the prevention of AD progression.

Se-methylselenocysteine inhibits apoptosis induced by clusterin knockdown in neuroblastoma N2a and SH-SY5Y cell lines.

Apoptosis, as a programmed cell death process, is essential for the maintenance of tissue function in organisms. Alteration of this process is linked to many diseases. Over-expression of clusterin (Clu) can antagonize apoptosis in various cells. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for human health. Its biological function is also associated with cell apoptosis. To explore the function of Clu and the impact of Se in the process of apoptosis, several short-hairpin RNAs (shRNA) were designed for the construction of two sets of recombinant plasmids: one set for plasmid-transfection of mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells (N2a cells); and the other set for lentiviral infection of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells (SH-SY5Y cells). These shRNAs specifically and efficiently interfered with the intracellular expression of Clu at both the mRNA and protein levels. The Clu-knockdown cells showed apoptosis-related features, including down-regulation of antioxidative capacity and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and up-regulation of caspase-8 activity. Se-methylselenocysteine (MSC) at an optimum concentration of 1 µM could reverse the alteration in antioxidative capacity, Bcl2/Bax ratio and caspase-8 activity caused by Clu-knockdown, thus inhibiting apoptosis and maintaining cell viability. The results hereby imply the potentiality of Clu and Se in neuroprotection.

Selenoprotein W modulates tau homeostasis in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model.

Lower selenium levels are observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains, while supplementation shows multiple benefits. Selenoprotein W (SELENOW) is sensitive to selenium changes and binds to tau, reducing tau accumulation. However, whether restoration of SELENOW has any protective effect in AD models and its underlying mechanism remain unknown. Here, we confirm the association between SELENOW downregulation and tau pathology, revealing SELENOW's role in promoting tau degradation through the ubiquitin‒proteasome system. SELENOW competes with Hsp70 to interact with tau, promoting its ubiquitination and inhibiting tau acetylation at K281. SELENOW deficiency leads to synaptic defects, tau dysregulation and impaired long-term potentiation, resulting in memory deficits in mice. Conversely, SELENOW overexpression in the triple transgenic AD mice ameliorates memory impairment and tau-related pathologies, featuring decreased 4-repeat tau isoform, phosphorylation at Ser396 and Ser404, neurofibrillary tangles and neuroinflammation. Thus, SELENOW contributes to the regulation of tau homeostasis and synaptic maintenance, implicating its potential role in AD.

Galectin-1 is an interactive protein of selenoprotein M in the brain.

Selenium, an essential trace element for human health, mainly exerts its biological function through selenoproteins. Selenoprotein M (SelM) is one of the highly expressed selenoproteins in the brain, but its biological effect and molecular mechanism remain unclear. Thus, the interactive protein of SelM was investigated in this paper to guide further study. In order to avoid protein translational stop, the selenocysteine-encoding UGA inside the open reading frame of SelM was site-directly changed to the cysteine-encoding UGC to generate the SelM' mutant. Meanwhile, its N terminal transmembrane signal peptide was also cut off. This truncated SelM' was used to screen a human fetal brain cDNA library by the yeast two-hybrid system. A new interactive protein of SelM' was found to be galectin-1 (Gal-1). This protein-protein interaction was further verified by the results of fluorescence resonance energy transfer techniques, glutathione S-transferase pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays. As Gal-1 plays important roles in preventing neurodegeneration and promoting neuroprotection in the brain, the interaction between SelM' and Gal-1 displays a new direction for studying the biological function of SelM in the human brain.

Different Forms of Selenoprotein M Differentially Affect Aß Aggregation and ROS Generation.

Selenoprotein M (SelM), one of the executants of selenium in vivo, is highly expressed in human brain and most probably involved in antioxidation, neuroprotection, and intracellular calcium regulation, which are the key factors for preventing the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this paper, human SelM was successfully overexpressed in human embryonic kidney cells HEK293T. Sodium selenite (Na(2)SeO(3) 0.5 µmol/L) increased the expression of full-length SelM and inhibited the expression of truncated SelM. The full-length SelM exhibited higher antioxidant activity than its selenocysteine-to-cysteine mutation form SelM', whereas the truncated SelM had an adverse effect that increased the oxidative stress level of cells. When ß-amyloid (Aß(42), an AD relevant peptide) was cotransfected with the empty expression vector, SelM, or SelM' under the induction of 0.5 µmol/L Na(2)SeO(3), the intracellular Aß(42) aggregation rates were detected to be 57.9% ± 5.5%, or 22.3% ± 2.6%, or 26.3% ± 2.1%, respectively, showing the inhibitory effects on Aß aggregation by the full-length SelM and SelM'. Meanwhile, the intumescentia of mitochondria caused by Aß(42) transfection was significantly mitigated by the cotransfection of SelM or SelM' with Aß(42) under the induction of 0.5 µmol/L Na(2)SeO(3). On the contrary, cotransfection of SelM and Aß(42) without the induction of Na(2)SeO(3) increased Aß(42) aggregation rate to 65.1% ± 3.2%, and it could not inhibit the Aß-induced intumescent mitochondria. In conclusion, full-length SelM and SelM¢ might prevent Aß aggregation by resisting oxidative stress generated during the formation of Aß oligomers in cells.

Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by CY-09 Helps to Restore Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in 3×Tg-AD Mice.

The reduction of the cerebral glucose metabolism is closely related to the activation of the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this paper, 18F-flurodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography was used to trace cerebral glucose metabolism in vivo, along with Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays to examine the expression and distribution of associated proteins. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests were carried out to detect insulin resistance, and the Morris water maze was used to test the spatial learning and memory ability of the mice. The results show increased NLRP3 inflammasome activation, elevated insulin resistance, and decreased glucose metabolism in 3×Tg-AD mice. Inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation using CY-09, a specific inhibitor for NLRP3, may restore cerebral glucose metabolism by increasing the expression and distribution of glucose transporters and enzymes and attenuating insulin resistance in AD mice. Moreover, CY-09 helps to improve AD pathology and relieve cognitive impairment in these mice. Although CY-09 has no significant effect on ferroptosis, it can effectively reduce fatty acid synthesis and lipid peroxidation. These findings provide new evidence for NLRP3 inflammasome as a therapeutic target for AD, suggesting that CY-09 may be a potential drug for the treatment of this disease.