SURVEY OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII ANTIBODIES IN MAGELLANIC PENGUINS (SPHENISCUS MAGELLANICUS FORSTER, 1781).

Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) breed on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the southernmost parts of South America and migrate northward as far as Peru and Brazil. Serum samples (n = 100) from Magellanic penguins from three zoos and two rehabilitation centers (RCs) in Brazil were assayed for the presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by means of the modified agglutination test (MAT, cut-off ≥ 20). The penguins were categorized as young (≤4 yr old) or adults (≥4 yr old) and sexed (male, female, or not identified), and data were analyzed using the chi-square test (P ≤ 0.05). Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were found in 28% of penguins: 25.8% males, 27.8% females, 30.3% unknown sex, 25.4% young, and 31.1% adults. Statistical analyses did not find any difference (P > 0.05) with respect to age, sex, or source of birds. This is the first report of T. gondii antibodies in S. magellanicus.

Two different avipoxviruses associated with pox disease in Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) along the Brazilian coast.

A novel avipoxvirus caused diphtheritic lesions in the oesophagus of five and in the bronchioli of four Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) and also cutaneous lesions in eight Magellanic penguins housed in outdoor enclosures in a Rehabilitation Centre at Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. At the same time, another avipoxvirus strain caused cutaneous lesions in three Magellanic penguins at a geographically distinct Rehabilitation Centre localized at Vila Velha, Espírito Santo State, Brazil. Diagnosis was based on clinical signs, histopathology and use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Clinical signs in the penguins included cutaneous papules and nodules around eyelids and beaks, depression and restriction in weight gain. The most common gross lesions were severely congested and haemorrhagic lungs, splenomegaly and cardiomegaly. Histological examination revealed Bollinger inclusion bodies in cutaneous lesions, mild to severe bronchopneumonia, moderate periportal lymphocytic hepatitis, splenic lymphopenia and lymphocytolysis. Other frequent findings included necrotizing splenitis, enteritis, oesophagitis, dermatitis and airsacculitis. Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies were seen within oesophageal epithelial cells in five birds and in epithelial cells of the bronchioli in four penguins. DNA from all samples was amplified from skin tissue by PCR using P4b-targeting primers already described in the literature for avipoxvirus. The sequences showed two different virus strains belonging to the genus Avipoxvirus of the Chordopoxvirinae subfamily, one being divergent from the penguinpox and avipoxviruses already described in Magellanic penguins in Patagonia, but segregating within a clade of canarypox-like viruses implicated in diphtheritic and respiratory disease.

Hematologic and plasma biochemical values of hyacinth macaws (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus).

The hyacinth macaw (Anodorhyncus hyacinthinus), considered the largest psittacine bird species in the world, is an endangered species, with a remaining population of approximately 6500 birds in the wild. To establish hematologic and plasma biochemical reference ranges and to verify differences related to sex, samples from 29 hyacinth macaws (14 males, 15 females) were obtained from birds apprehended from illegal wildlife trade and subsequently housed at the Sorocaba Zoo, Brazil. No significant differences in hematologic or plasma biochemical values were found between females and males. Compared with published reference values, differences were found in mean concentrations of total red blood cell count, corpuscular volume, corpuscular hemoglobin level, total white blood cell count, aspartate aminotransferase level, creatine kinase concentration, alkaline phosphatase concentration, and phosphorus level. Baseline hematologic and plasma biochemical ranges were established, which may be useful as reference values for clinicians working with this endangered species in captivity or rehabilitation centers.

Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism and Fibrous Osteodystrophy in a Captive African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus) Similar to Osteomalacia in Poultry.

A 9-yr-old female black-footed African penguin (Spheniscus demersus) was presented for necropsy after a history of reproductive abnormalities, paresis of limbs, weakness, and sudden death. Postmortem examination revealed soft keel, collapsed rib cage with beading of the ribs, and bilateral parathyroid enlargement. Classic histologic lesions of fibrous osteodystrophy with osteomalacia were observed in the ribs, vertebrae, and to a lesser extent in the femur and tibiotarsus associated with hyperplasia of parathyroid glands. This represents the first report of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in birds of the order Spheniciformes, most likely caused by low levels of calcium supplementation during egg laying. The reproductive abnormalities observed in this penguin and others from the same group (asynchronous egg-laying cycles, abnormal breeding behavior) were most likely exacerbated by the lack of an adequate photoperiod mimicking the natural daylight pattern.

Reporte de caso­Hiperparatiroidismo secundario nutricional y osteodistrofia fibrosa en un pingüino africano (Spheniscus demersus) en cautiverio similar a la osteomalacia observada en de aves de corral. Una hembra de pingüino africano de patas negras (Spheniscus demersus) de nueve años fue sometida a necropsia después de un historial de anomalías reproductivas, paresia de extremidades, debilidad y muerte súbita. El examen post mortem reveló que la quilla del esternón estaba blanda, la caja torácica colapsada, se observaron "perlas raquíticas" en las costillas y agrandamiento bilateral de las paratiroides. Se observaron lesiones histológicas clásicas de osteodistrofia fibrosa con osteomalacia en las costillas, vértebras y en menor medida, en el fémur y tibiotarsus asociadas con hiperplasia de glándulas paratiroides. Esto representa el primer informe de hiperparatiroidismo secundario nutricional en un ave del orden Spheniciformes, muy probablemente causado por un bajo nivel de suplementos de calcio durante la producción de huevos. Las anomalías reproductivas observadas en este pingüino y otros del mismo grupo (ciclos de puesta de huevos asincrónicos, comportamiento de reproducción anormal) probablemente se vieron exacerbadas por la falta de un fotoperíodo adecuado que imitara el patrón de luz natural.

Genetically diverse herpesviruses in South American Atlantic coast seabirds.

Different herpesviruses have been associated with respiratory and enteric disease and mortality among seabirds and waterfowl. In 2011, a respiratory disease outbreak affected 58.3% (98/168) of the Magellanic penguins undergoing rehabilitation due to an oil spill off the southern Brazilian coast. Etiology was attributed to a novel herpesvirus identified by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and molecular studies with partial DNA sequencing. Since migration, rehabilitation and translocation may facilitate the spread of pathogens between populations and trigger the onset of clinical disease in animals with latent infections, investigation of herpesvirus occurrence in asymptomatic seabirds was performed. Samples from free-ranging seabirds were collected in Argentinian Patagonia (Magellanic penguins) and the Abrolhos Archipelago in Brazil (Brown boobies, Masked boobies, Red-billed tropicbirds, White-tailed tropicbirds and South American tern). Furthermore, asymptomatic seabirds housed at the facility where the outbreak occurred were also sampled. In total, 354 samples from eight seabird species were analyzed by PCR for herpesvirus. Four different sequences of herpesviruses were identified, one in Yellow-nosed Albatross, one in Boobies and Tropicbirds and two in Magellanic penguins. Magellanic penguin herpesvirus 1 was identified during the penguin outbreak at the rehabilitation facility in Brazil, while Magellanic penguin herpesvirus 2 was recovered from free-ranging penguins at four reproduction sites in Argentina. Phylogenic analysis of the herpesviruses sequences tentatively identified suggested that the one found in Suliformes and the one associated with the outbreak are related to sequences of viruses that have previously caused seabird die-offs. These findings reinforce the necessity for seabird disease surveillance programs overall, and particularly highlight the importance of quarantine, good hygiene, stress management and pre-release health exams in seabirds undergoing rehabilitation.

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in seabirds from Abrolhos Archipelago, Brazil.

Toxoplasma gondii is a coccidian parasite that infects almost all warm-blooded animals, including birds. Abrolhos is an archipelago of five islands, located in the Atlantic Ocean, 56 nautical kilometers from the south coast of the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil. Part of this archipelago is a National Marine Park, which is a conservation area protected by the Brazilian government. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of T. gondii antibodies in sera of seabird's species Sula spp. and Phaeton spp. from breeding colonies located in the Islands of Santa Bárbara and Redonda, Abrolhos's archipelago. Sera were tested by modified agglutination test, first screened at 1:5 dilution (cut-off point) and the positive samples were titrated at a two-fold serial dilution. Serum samples were obtained from 69 birds of four species: Sula dactylatra (23 birds), Sula leucogaster (19 birds), Phaeton aethereus (25 birds) and Phaeton lepturus (2 birds). Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 24 (34.8%) of 69 seabirds with titers that ranged from 5 to 640. Occurrence value in S. dactylatra was 34.8% (8/23), in S. leucogaster was 47.4% (9/19), in P. aethereus was 28% (7/25) and the 2 P. lepturus were negative. This is the first description of T. gondii antibodies in free ranging seabirds of the orders Suliformes and Phaethontiformes.

Avaliação clínica e hemodinâmica periparto de fêmeas bovinas da raça holandesa em diferentes condições obstétricas / Peripartum clinical and hemodynamic evaluation of Holstein cows under distinct obstetric conditions

As distocias na espécie bovina são normalmente corrigidas por manobras obstétricas, sendo a extração forçada um procedimento obstétrico de risco, podendo causar injúrias tanto maternas quanto fetais. Partos induzidos com administração de ocitocina exógena nas inércias uterinas podem levar ao comprometimento fetal pela hipotensão e bradicardia materna, pois a ocitocina participa de regulações endócrinas e neuroendócrinas de órgãos como o coração e rins. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as mensurações de frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial não-invasiva (PA) e eletrocardiograma de fêmeas bovinas da raça Holandesa agrupadas segundo a condição obstétrica: eutocia (G EUT; n = 10); distocia com manobra obstétrica (G DIST; n = 10); inércia uterina com infusão de ocitocina (G OCT; n = 10); nos seguintes momentos: pré-parto, intraparto, pós-parto imediato e uma hora após o parto. Os traçados eletrocardiográficos denotaram ritmo sinusal normal em todos os períodos. Observou-se taquicardia em todos os grupos, sendo que apenas no G OCT a FC pós-parto (111 ± 23 bpm) elevou-se estatisticamente em relação ao pré-parto (94 ± 11 bpm). Houve acréscimo significativo da PA no intraparto do G DIST (PA média = 101 ± 24 mmHg), decorrente de contrações uterinas e abdominais mais intensas. As fêmeas bovinas do Grupo OCT não apresentaram aumento significativo da PA diastólica intraparto em relação ao pré-parto como observado nos G EUT e G DIST. Os resultados apresentados demonstram que a distocia com correção manual eleva a pressão arterial das fêmeas bovinas, enquanto a administração de ocitocina altera momentaneamente as variáveis hemodinâmicas com possível efeito bradicárdico e hipotensor intraparto, impondo adaptação circulatória materna frente às alterações do parto.

Bovine dystocias are commonly assisted through obstetric procedures. However, manual traction delivery can be a dangerous strategy for the treatment of dystocia as it may lead to maternal and fetal injuries. Use of oxytocin for uterine atonia or hypotonia to induce contractions may compromise fetal welfare due to maternal hypotension and bradycardia, because this hormone regulates renal and heart endocrine and neuroendocrine actions. The aims of this study were to compare heart rate (HR) measurement, non-invasive blood pressure (BP) and electrocardiograms records of Holstein cows during the first stage of labour, intrapartum, immediately after calving and one hour later of physiological birth and dystocia. The animals were allocated in: group EUT – eutocia (n = 10); group DYST – dystocia with obstetric assistance (n = 10); group OCT – uterine inertia treated with oxytocin (n = 10). The electrocardiograph tracing showed a normal sinus rhythm during all parturition. Tachycardia was observed in all groups, however, group OCT showed higher heart rate immediately after calving (111 ± 23 bpm) than prepartum evaluation (94 ± 11 bpm). During labor, DYST G presented significantly higher BP (Medium BP = 101 ± 24 mmHg), due to uterine and abdominal strengthened contractions. Group OCT cows didn't show significative elevation on diastolic BP during calving as occurred on EUT and DYST groups. The present results indicate superior blood pressure on manual traction delivery of bovine females, while oxytocin infusion altered transitorily hemodynamic variables with a possible bradicardiac effect and intrapartum hypotension and impose maternal circulatory adaptation during parturition.

Quantificação do interferon-tau durante o reconhecimento materno da gestação em fêmeas bovinas Bos taurus indicus / Quantification of interferon-tau during the maternal recognition of pregnancy in Bos taurus indicus cows

Durante o período crítico do reconhecimento materno, compreendido entre o 15º e 19º dias da gestação, o concepto deve sintetizar competentemente moléculas capazes de bloquear a síntese de prostaglandina F2α (PGF2α) e a luteólise. Em bovinos, a principal macromolécula protéica envolvida em tal bloqueio é o interferon-tau(IFN-τ). Durante o período crítico, falhas neste reconhecimento determinam à mortalidade embrionária em até 40% das fêmeas inseminadas. Informações sobre o IFN-τ em animais Bos taurus indicus,ainda são restritas. Este estudo objetivou uma avaliação quantitativado IFN-τ durante o período crítico do reconhecimento materno, em lavados uterinos obtidos por sonda de Foley (dias 14, 16 e 18 pós estro)ou post-mortem (dia 18 pós-estro). Para tanto, foram utilizadas fêmeas multíparas azebuadas (Bos taurus indicus), cíclicas ou prenhes, nos dias 14, 16 e 18 pós-estro. Para a obtenção dos lavados, os úteros foram infundidos com solução de Ringer Simples. Os lavados foram concentrados por ultra-filtração e liofilizados. As macromoléculas protéicas foram separadas por Eletroforese Unidimensional SDSPAGE, em gel com 15% de poliacrilamida. A quantificação doIFN-τ nos...

During the critical period of the maternal recognition, which occurs between days 15 and 19 of pregnancy, the conceptus must competently synthesize molecules capable of blocking the synthesis of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and luteolysis. In cattle, the major macromolecule involved in suck blockage is the protein interferontau(IFN-τ). During the critical period, failures in the recognition of pregnancy determine embryonic mortality on up to 40% of inseminated cows. Data about IFN-τ in Bos taurus indicus are stills carce. Objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the presenceof IFN-τ during the critical period for maternal recognition of pregnancy in uterine flushings obtained in vivo by Foley catheter (Days14, 16 and 18 post estrus) or post-mortem (Day 18 post estrus). Multiparous, cyclic or pregnant zebu cows (Bos taurus indicus) on days 14, 16 and 18 post estrus were used for in vivo or post mortem uterine flushing collection. In both cases, a Ringer solution was used to wash the uterus of cows...