Nanovesicle-based formulations for photoprotection: a safety and efficacy approach.

Vesicular nanosystems are versatile and they are able to encapsulate actives with different solubilities, such as lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds. The most well-known vesicular nanosystems are liposomes and niosomes, the last one is formed by non-ionic surfactants. In the present work, we developed photoprotective niosomes containing sunscreens (octyl methoxycinnamate, diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate and phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid), non-ionic surfactants, cholesterol and stearylamine (positive-charged lipid). Studies based on dynamic light scattering techniques, entrapment efficiency and morphology by transmission electron microscopy were performed to characterize the niosomes. In addition, rheology, pH, in vitro sun protection factor (SPF) efficacy and toxicity and in vivo and in vitro safety were determined for the niosome formulations F-N1 and F-N2. The mean sizes of N1 and N2 were 168 ± 5 nm and 192 ± 8 nm, respectively, and their morphologies were spherical, unilamellar and with an entrapment efficiency of more than 45% for each sunscreen. Both formulations, F-N1 and F-N2 presented characteristics of pseudoplastic non-Newtonian fluids, showing declining viscosity with increasing shear rate applied. SPF values were considered satisfactory, 34 ± 8 for formulation F-N1 and 34 ± 5 for F-N2. The formulations did not present toxicity when tested in macrophages and the pH was compatible with skin, which minimizes allergies. The in vitro safety assay showed lipophilic sunscreens greater affinity for the epidermis, since this layer contains natural lipids. In vivo safety assay suggests that the increased skin retention of N2 is directly correlated with the positive charge of stearylamine. Stable photoprotective niosomes were obtained and were shown to be promising nanostructures to be used against solar radiation.

Nanotechnology as a Tool for Optimizing Topical Photoprotective Formulations Containing Buriti Oil (Mauritia flexuosa) and Dry Aloe vera Extracts: Stability and Cytotoxicity Evaluations.

Human beings are actively exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which is associated with skin cancer. This has encouraged the continuous search for more effective and safer photoprotective formulations. Along with the application of traditional organic sunscreens, there is a growing interest in "green products" containing natural compounds such as plant extracts and oils. This trend is combined with the use of nanotechnology as a tool for optimizing the vehicles of such compounds. Nanoemulsions (NEs) are suitable for the encapsulation of natural compounds, which improves topical treatment. Therefore, we have developed oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions containing 3% buriti oil (BO), incorporated in a 10% vegetal extract of Aloe vera (AV) by means of ultrasonic processing to improve the chemical characteristics of this component and, consequently, its efficacy and safety in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. The composition of the formulation was initially defined in a preliminary study on surfactants where the concentrations of Tween® 80 and Span® 20 were evaluated in relation to particle size and the polydispersity index (PDI). The nanoemulsion was prepared and then chemical sunscreens were incorporated with the aim of developing a sunscreen nanoemulsion called NE-A19. This nanoemulsion was found to be the best formulation due to its stability, droplet size (146.80 ± 2.74), and PDI (0.302 ± 0.088), with a monomodal size distribution. The stability was evaluated over 90 days and showed a low growth in particle size at the end of the study. NE-A19 exhibited good viscosity and organoleptic properties, in addition to an occlusion factor indicating an interesting and higher water holding capacity when compared with a NE without AV (p < 0.05). The in vitro efficacy and safety studies of NE-19A were promising. Its average in vitro sun protection factor value was 49, with a critical wavelength (λc) of 369.7 nm, satisfactory UVA protection, and a UVA/UVB ratio of 0.40, indicating broad spectrum protection against UVA and UVB radiation. Furthermore, NE-19A displayed a good safety profile in dermal keratinocytes. It can be concluded that NE-19A is a promising formulation for carrying natural products, such as buriti oil and AV, associated with synthetic filters in lower concentrations.

Changes in workflow to a University Pharmacy to facilitate compounding and distribution of antiseptics for use against COVID-19.

This article is a report from an experience about a work developed by Farmácia Universitária at UFRJ (FU-UFRJ) during the nCov-19 pandemic period. The aim of this work was to describe its contribution in the production of antiseptic supplies used to prevent contagion by the new coronavirus. The work routine at the pharmacy has been changed to allow the implementation of local workflow during the pandemic, and to adapt the protection rules to meet the safety measures. FU-UFRJ started to manipulate two antiseptic formulations: 70% ethyl alcohol and gel alcohol, which are included in the National Form, manufacturing around 100 L of these formulations, weekly, to donate to different health units. The experience enabled the adaptation to emergency health standards, planning and meaningful guidance to pharmacists and technicians to attend clinics at university hospitals, vaccination center and UFRJ city hall, in order to facilitate the access to adequate hand hygiene to the population.

Colorectal Adenocarcinoma: Imaging using 5-Fluoracil Nanoparticles Labeled with Technetium 99 Metastable.

BACKGROUND: Adenocarcinoma of colon and rectum are one of the most common cancers worldwide, responsible for over 1,300,000 people diagnosed. Also, they are responsible for metastasis, which leads to death in less than 5 years. METHODS: In this study, we developed, characterized, and pre-clinically tested a new nano-radiopharmaceutical for early and differential detection of adenocarcinoma of colon and rectum. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Results demonstrated the specificity of the developed nanosystem and the ability to reach the tumor with very specific targeting. Also, the imaging data support the use of this nano-agent as a nanoimaging-guided-radiopharmaceutical.

Development and biological evaluation of a new nanotheranostic for tuberculosis.

In this study, we developed, characterized, and tested in vivo polymeric nanoparticle of ethambutol labeled with 99mTc as nanoradiopharmaceutical for early diagnosis of tuberculosis by single-photon emission computed tomography, also as a therapeutic choice. Nanoparticles were developed by double emulsification. All characterization tests were performed, as scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The labeling process with 99mTc was performed using the direct labeling process. In vitro and in vivo assays were performed with animals and cells. The results showed that a spherical ethambutol nanoparticle with a size range of 280-300 nm was obtained. The stability test showed that the nanoparticles were well labeled with 99mTc (> 99.1%) and keep labeled over 24 h. The biodistribution assay showed that almost 18% of the nanoparticles were uptake by the lung in infected mice (male C57Bl/6) with Mycobacterium bovis BCG (4 × 105 CFU/cavity), corroborating its use as a nanodrug for tuberculosis imaging. The results for the cell assay corroborate its therapeutical effect. We developed and efficiently tested a new nanodrug that can be used for both imaging and therapy of tuberculosis, acting as a novel nanotheranostic.