[Morphological characteristics of reparative process in tuberculous inflammation]. / Morfologicheskaia kharakteristika reparativnogo protsessa pri tuberkuleznom vospalenii.

The morphological analysis of the reparative process in the involvement foci and adjacent pulmonary tissue in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and experimental animals during intensive focal resolution has revealed a change in the cellular composition: epithelioid cells are replaced by macrophages, T-lymphocytes SD8 (suppressors) by those CD4 (helpers); actively synthesizing fibroblasts and vascular endothelium appear in the area of specific inflammation instead of the cells that have a decreased collagen-forming function. The employment of various methods for stimulation of cellular reactions (lasers, electromagnetic irradiation of the mm range - MM waves, the complex of cytokines) leukinferon enables one to alter the qualitative and quantitative cellular composition of granulomas, the rate of metabolic processes and the differentiation of cells, as well as to examine the regularities of reparative reactions more effectively and more purposefully. The perfocally adjacent pulmonary tissue wherein the diseased parenchyma and stroma recover has been ascertained to be also involved into the reparative process.

[Experimental evidence for Mycobacterium tuberculosis persistence in M. tuberculosis-infected H37RV mice in the treatment with 3 first-line drugs (rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide)]. / Eksperimental'noe svidetel'stvo sokhraneniia persistentsii mikobakterii tuberkuleza u zarazhennykh M. tuberculosis 37Rv myshei pri lechenii 3 preparatami pervogo riada (rifampitsinom, izoniazidom, pirazinamidom).

To detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT) DNA in the blood and organs of tuberculosis-infected animals treated by the standard regimen including 3 first-line drugs, to assess the cellular reactions of organs of MBT-infected mice, and to evaluate the effect of rifampicin supplemented to the Cornell treatment regimen on the occurrence of endogenous reactivation of a tuberculous process, 150 BALB/c mice were intravenously infected with the MTB H(3)7Rv strain in a dose of 2.5 x 10(4) CFU/mouse and given chemotherapy with 3 drugs: rifampicin, 12 mg/kg body weight, isoniazid, 5 mg/kg, and pyrazinamide, 35 mg/kg. On day 20 of infection 2, 4, and 6 months after treatment and 2 months after termination of 4- and 6-month courses of therapy, the authors made inoculation, impressionsmears from parenchymatous organs stained by the Romanovsky-Gimse method, and conducted polymerase chain reaction for MBT DNA in the blood and organs of mice. The results indicated that supplementation of rifampicin to the Cornell treatment regimen prevented endogenous reactivation of the process, as confirmed by negative inoculations of the organs of the mice left untreated for 2 months. However, detection of MBT DNA and the cytological picture characteristic of tuberculous inflammation in the blood and organs of mice from these groups suggested that an occult tuberculous process was preserved.

[New aspects of carcinogenic hazards in shoe industry (a retrospective epidemiological study)]. / Novye aspekty kantserogennoi opasnosti v obuvnykh proizvodstvakh (retrospektivnoe épidemiologicheskoe issledovanie).

Epidemiologic study of occupational cancer covered a cohort of shoe production workers exposed to chloroprene. The cohort consists of 5058 examinees having length of service over 2 years and subjected to follow-up for 15 years. The total person-years equaled 75,000. The examinees demonstrated higher mortality with liver cancer, leukoses, pancreatic carcinoma, malignancies of central nervous system, renal cancer. The study first revealed unusual but significant risk of mortality with malignancies of mediastinum and heart (ICD-12 code is 164). The study defined a "dose-effect" correlation between exposure to chloroprene and death with liver cancer.

[Work and health status of workers of shoe manufacturing industries]. / Trud i sostoianie zdorov'ia rabotaiushchikh na obuvnykh proizvodstvakh.

According to work conditions, severity and intensity, the main shoe-making occupations are assigned to III class of I-II jeopardy grade. If new technology applied, the work is assigned to I-II jeopardy class, being optimal--allowable. Increased mortality with liver cancer and lympholeucosis was revealed among workers contacting chloroprene.

[Cellular reactions in contamination with various types of Mycobacterium in experimental study]. / Kletochnye reaktsii pri zarazhenii razlichnymi vidami mikobakterii v éksperimente.

Characteristics of specific inflammation induced by intradental challenge with mycobacteria (MB) were studied cytologically and bacterioscopically. Mycobacterium tuberculosis hominis and bovis, BCG, atypical M. fortuitum in the 5th dilution by turbidity standard were administered into the root canals of a tooth and pulp cavities of 16 mongrel dogs (body mass 13-16 kg, age 1-4 years). Investigation of the dogs' organs and paradental tissues revealed that MB underwent L-transformation the speed of which depended on the species. Cellular reactions were also related to the agent species and form of vegetation. Cytobacterioscopic tests are proposed as additional diagnostic means and to validate therapeutic policy.

[Tinctorial properties of mycobacteria using standard and nontraditional staining technics]. / Tinktorialnye osobennosti mikobakterii pri ispolzovanii standartnykh i netraditsionnykh metodov okraski.

Tinctural specificity was studied for various mycobacterial species (M. tuberculosis Erdman TMC 107, M. tuberculosis Academia, M. Bovis Bovinus-8, M. Bovis BCG Russian, M. Avium Avium-53) subjected to staining according to Ziehl-Neelsen, Boy (fluorescent staining), Gram and Romanovsky-Gimze. The cultures were studied on Pavlovsky's continuous medium under natural ageing. The authors tested adequacy of diverse bacterioscopic methods for registration of all the cells in the mycobacterial population. Mycobacterial morphological and tinctural features are shown to be dependent on the culture duration and species. Non-conventional Gram's and Romanovsky-Gimze techniques were able to identify L-form granular balls and non-acid-fast coccus-like forms. The presence and the number of mycobacterial changed forms are species-specific and related to the culture duration.

[The complex cytologic and bacteriologic study of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the purpose of differential diagnosis of sarcoidosis and disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis]. / Kompleksnoe tsitologicheskoe i bakteriologicheskoe issledovanie zhidkosti bronkhoal'veoliarnogo lavazha v tseliakh differentsial'noi diagnostiki sarkoidoza i disseminirovannogo tuberkuleza legkikh.

Investigation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with sarcoidosis and disseminated tuberculosis of the lungs revealed signs of similarity of and difference between certain cytological, cytochemical and microbiological indices. The signs were helpful in differential diagnosis of sarcoidosis and tuberculosis of the lungs and suggested a common etiological factor causing them.

[Action of dissolved ozone on mycobacterium tuberculosis and alveolar macrophages in experimental tuberculosis]. / Vliianie rastvorennogo ozona na mikobakterii tuberkuleza i al'veoliarnye makrofagi pri eksperimental'nom tuberkuleze.

Sixty CBA mice were intravenously inoculated with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT) strains Erdman and 2255 (a polyresistant clinical strain) pretreated with dissolved ozone (experimental groups), a single therapeutical dose. of dissolved ozone being intravenously injected. By 1 month of inoculation, all control mice (MBT-inoculated and ozone-untreated) died and in their organs there were a great deal of MBT both outside and inside the macrophages. No pathogen in its typical form was not found in experimental mice, but there were many granular and L forms, the lung showing a large number of highly vacuolized (foamy) alveolar macrophages (AM). All experimental mice survived by month 5 and their organ examination showed that the pathogen was detectable only inside the macrophages, but they are chiefly unchanged (more elongated and badly stained with aniline dyes). Juvenile forms are prevalent among AM. It should be concluded that the action of dissolved ozone on AM and MBT is heterodirectional.

[The morphofunctional heterogeneity of the alveolar macrophages in disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis]. / Morfofunktsional'naia geterogennost' al'veoliarnykh makrofagov pri disseminirovannom tuberkuleze legkikh.

Morphofunctional heterogeneity of macrophagal elements of bronchoalveolar lavage was investigated cytologically, cytochemically and electron-microscopically in 230 guinea-pigs with generalised tuberculosis and 52 patients with active disseminated tuberculosis. The above clinical and experimental material allowed the authors to reveal common features of the macrophagal reaction, cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of macrophagal elements which are of importance for physiological diagnosis and prognosis.

[Characterization of an experimental model of endogenously reactivated tuberculosis: detection of Mycobacterial DNA during chemotherapy]. / Kharakteristika éksperimental'noi modeli éndogenno-reaktivirovannogo tuberkuleza: opredelenie DNK mikobakterii v protsesse khimioterapii.

The study was undertaken to determine the value of detection of DNA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT) during chemotherapy on an experimental model of an endogenously reactivated tuberculous process. A hundred and fifty BALB/C mice were intravenously inoculated by MBT strain H37Rv and received antituberculous chemotherapy (isoniazid and large-dose pyrazinamide) during 4 and 6 months. Solid medium inoculation, bacterioscopy, cytology, polymerase chain reaction were used to show the value of detection of MBT DNA in the viscera and blood in confirming the development of tuberculosis and testifying the preservation of MBT in the body if the treatment regimen was incomplete, which can lead to endogenous reactivation of the process under certain conditions. Gene typing of MBT, as described in?? of the Russian Federation under IS6110 provided evidence for the endogenous pattern of reactivation.

[Effectiveness of complex treatment in combination with short-wave therapy and protease inhibitors in first detected patients with pulmonary tuberculosis]. / Effektivnost' kompleksnogo lecheniia vpervye vyiavlennykh bol'nykh tuberkulezom legkikh pri ispol'zovanii UVCh-terapii i ingibitorov proteaz.

Combined drug therapy ceases bacterial isolation and clinical symptoms of the disease and resolves infiltration in most patients after 1-month therapy. Gordox has a pronounced inhibitory action on Mycobacterium tuberculosis irrespective of their responses to antibiotics. L-transformation of M. tuberculosis was found with 5000-10,000 ATpE (U) of gordox.

[Migration of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes into the internal lining of tuberculous pleural empyema and tuberculous caverns during their local sanitation]. / Migratsiia CD4+- i CD8+-limfotsitov vo vnutrenniuiu vystilku tuberkuleznoi émpiemy plevry i tuberkuleznoi kaverny pri ikh lokal'noi sanatsii.

Cytological, immunological, and microbiological findings after sanitation of pulmonary caverns and pleural empyemas were analyzed in 13 patients: 7 with empyemas of residual pleural cavities after surgery for pulmonary tuberculosis and 6 with fibrocavernous pulmonary tuberculosis. It has been found that target sanitation of the intrapulmonary and intrapleural cavities enhances lymphocytic penetration into the internal part of the cavitary wall, infiltrating lymphocytes represent mainly CD4+ cells whose count progressively increases with successful sanitation, as appeared as a significant rise in both the so-called immunoregulatory index (CD4+/CD8+ ratios of 3.4 to 6.1). A study of the populational composition of lymphocytes promotes an objective evaluation of the magnitude of a specific tuberculous inflammatory process in the wall of the cavity of empyemas and caverns.

[Effects of immunomodulator leukinferon on the course of experimental tuberculosis]. / Vliianie immunomoduliatora leikinferona na techenie éksperimental'nogo tuberkuleza.

An experiment was conducted on 60 CBA mice intravenously inoculated with cultured Mycobacteria tuberculosis (MBT), Erdmann strain, in a dose of 0.025 mg. The specific features of tissue, cellular, and biochemical reactions were studied in the lung, liver, and spleen when leukinferon (LF) was included into tuberculosis treatment regimen. LF was shown to have a positive impact on the development of reparative reactions during tuberculous inflammation by reducing the time of abacillation and recovering the structure of diseased organs. By month 3 of follow-up, MBT were not detected in mice receiving antibacterial agents (ABA) and LF, while typical and changed forms of LF were identified in the cytoplasm of alveolar macrophages in mice treated with ABA alone. A specific feature of an inflammatory reaction as a significant proliferation of lymphocytes and macrophages with their ample infiltration of target organs was noted in animals receiving LF. This was followed by the activated production of alpha- and gamma-interferons and by the mobilization of an enzymatic link of anti-oxidant defense under chronic oxidative stress, which led to a reduction of resolution of inflammatory areas and to an increase in survival of animals which had not been given ABA, but treated with LF alone.

[New microbiological Techniques in diagnosis of tuberculosis]. / Primenenie novykh mikrobiologicheskikh tekhnologii v diagnostike tuberkuleza.

Microbial spectrum in patients with disorders of the upper respiratory tract consisted mainly of streptococci, staphylococci and pneumococci in 1991-1993, 1994 and later, respectively. Most specific for detection of nontuberculous flora was brushing with protecting agar plugs in combination with transport medium and anaerobic culturing. Direct immunofluorescence allows detection of antigens M. chlamydia in 29.4%, M. pneumoniae in 18.5% of cases. In diagnosis of tuberculosis the following new technologies were introduced: bacterioscopy with previous culturing of the material on liquid culture media followed by biological test and polymerase-chain reaction; determination of drug resistance based on nitrate reductase activity of M. tuberculosis indicating resistance of M. tuberculosis on liquid media in 4-7 days, dense egg media in 8-12 days, usage of Popesku medium enables correction of tuberculosis chemotherapy one month after the test initiation; M. tuberculosis identification using Western blot with monoclonal antibodies in some cases for 7 days.