Radon testing and mitigation: an intervention in a primary care setting.

Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer and it is recommended that all homes be tested for radon. Written surveys completed by 692 patients at two primary care clinics in the Minneapolis, MN, area revealed that only 24.7 % had ever tested their home. Testing rate was higher with greater income and education level and in homes without someone who smokes. Of participants whose homes had not been tested, 250 were enrolled in an intervention that included printed information on radon, a coupon for a discounted testing kit, and encouragement by their primary care provider to test. Follow-up indicated minimal effect of this intervention, with only 14.4 % of these participants testing during the ensuing year. Future studies should assess a stronger intervention, perhaps over multiple visits, and providing test kits on site. Targeting patients who smoke may be an effective use of resources.

Effects of exercise vs bisphosphonates on bone mineral density in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.

Chemotherapy for breast cancer causes early-onset menopause for most women older than age 40 and is associated with accelerated bone loss. The primary objective of this study was to compare the effects of intravenous (IV) zoledronic acid versus prescribed physical activity (PA) on changes in bone mineral density (BMD) for women between the ages of 40 and 55 years receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer. A randomized controlled trial of 62 patients with breast cancer during chemotherapy compared IV zoledronic acid and oral calcium/vitamin D (ZO group) versus a PA program and oral calcium/vitamin D (PA group). ZO group participants received zoledronic acid IV every 3 months for 5 treatments. PA group participants were enrolled in a home-based exercise program and received motivational counseling, pedometers, and exercise tapes. BMD measurements from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanning were completed at baseline and at 12 months. BMD significantly decreased in the PA group but not in the ZO group. Although spine, total hip, and total body BMD increased in the ZO group by 1.6%, 0.8%, and 0.8%, respectively, BMD decreased in the PA group by 6.0%, 3.4%, and 3.3%, respectively (P values < 0.0001 for all group comparisons). Zoledronic acid protected patients with breast cancer against bone loss during initial treatment, whereas home-based PA interventions were less effective in preventing bone loss.

Views of primary care providers on follow-up care of cancer patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Primary care providers (PCPs) are often involved in the care of cancer survivors. This study asked PCPs about their role in the follow-up care of breast and colorectal cancer patients and elicited opinions on improving the transfer of care from oncologists to PCPs. METHODS: A total of 175 PCPs in a large health care system with an electronic medical record system were mailed a questionnaire that addressed (1) their comfort and confidence regarding surveillance for cancer recurrence, (2) when patients should be seen in primary care, (3) evaluation of the transfer of care, (4) potential problems with that process, and (5) suggestions for improving that process. RESULTS: The response rate was 75.4%. Overall, 52% were comfortable having responsibility for surveillance of cancer recurrence, and 43% were confident they are following standard guidelines for cancer recurrence. Both of the aforementioned measures increased with years of practice. More than half rated the current transfer of care from oncologist to PCP as fair or poor. The most common problems identified were uncertainty regarding the type (62.6% for breast, 56.5% for colorectal), frequency (72.5%, 66.4%), and duration (74.8%, 67.2%) of surveillance testing. CONCLUSIONS: Levels of comfort, confidence, and satisfaction were generally low. PCPs need more specific guidance regarding surveillance for cancer recurrence.

Cancer rehabilitation: outcome evaluation of a strengthening and conditioning program.

BACKGROUND: Cancer treatments can lead to detriments in patients' health and declines in quality of life (QOL). Cancer rehabilitation programs may improve functional status, symptom control, and QOL. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine if an outpatient, physical therapy-supervised Cancer Rehabilitation Strengthening and Conditioning (CRSC) program improved patients' conditioning level, functional status, QOL, and symptoms. METHODS: This was a prospective study of oncology patients participating in CRSC program. Measurements included conditioning level (6-minute walk test [SMWT], metabolic equivalent level, grip strength), functional status (Physical Component Summary of Short Form 36), QOL (Mental Component Summary of Short Form 36), and symptoms (M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory). Paired t tests were conducted to determine significant changes between pre- and post-CRSC program measures, and regression methods identified predictors of change from baseline. RESULTS: One hundred fifteen patients with cancer were enrolled in the study; 75 patients completed pre- and post-CRSC program measures. Significant improvements were noted in SMWT by 186.4 ft, SMWT speed by 0.35 mph, treadmill time (3.5 minutes longer), metabolic equivalent level (by 0.87 units), QOL, symptom severity, symptom interference with daily life, fatigue, shortness of breath, and sadness. CONCLUSIONS: In a pretest-posttest design, significant improvements were noted in conditioning level, functional status, QOL, and symptoms. Greater improvements were noted in participants who were most deconditioned at baseline. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Further research should be conducted to provide additional support for CRSC programs. Cancer rehabilitation strengthening and condition programs may benefit patients across the continuum of care, including deconditioned patients.

Effectiveness of treatment summaries in increasing breast and colorectal cancer survivors' knowledge about their diagnosis and treatment.

INTRODUCTION: Previous research has identified gaps in cancer survivors' knowledge of their diagnosis and treatment. This study assessed the effect of treatment summaries on survivors' accuracy in reporting details of diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: Written surveys were completed by 203 breast cancer survivors and 141 colorectal cancer survivors diagnosed between 1999 and 2008 at a cancer center in the Minneapolis, MN, area (78 % response rate). All completed the survey before and again 17 months after receiving a treatment summary, which was sent to them upon request. Accuracy of response at each assessment was compared to cancer registry and medical records. RESULTS: Both breast and colorectal cancer survivors showed significant improvement in accuracy on stage of disease, and breast cancer survivors showed significant improvement in accuracy on morphology, estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status, receipt of hormone therapy, and receipt of doxorubicin after receiving the treatment summary. Breast cancer survivors and older individuals were more likely than colorectal cancer survivors or younger individuals to indicate that they used the treatment summary in completing the second survey. Even for items on which accuracy improved significantly, however, patient knowledge remained incomplete. CONCLUSIONS: The provision of treatment summaries can improve cancer survivors' knowledge of details about their diagnosis and treatment. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: Treatment summaries can meet the specific goal of increasing patient knowledge. Their effectiveness might be greater if presented during a dedicated survivorship health care appointment.

Identification of tools to measure changes in musculoskeletal symptoms and physical functioning in women with breast cancer receiving aromatase inhibitors.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To estimate and compare responsiveness of standardized self-reported measures of musculoskeletal symptoms (MSSs) and physical functioning (PF) during treatment with aromatase inhibitors (AIs). DESIGN: Prospective, longitudinal study. SETTING: Park Nicollet Institute and North Memorial Cancer Center, both in Minneapolis, MN. SAMPLE: 122 postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. METHODS: MSSs and PF were assessed before starting AIs and at one, three, and six months using six self-reported MSSs measures and two PF tests. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: MSSs and PF changes from baseline to six months. FINDINGS: Using the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial-Musculoskeletal Symptom (BCPT-MS) subscale, 54% of participants reported MSSs by six months. Scores from the BCPT-MS subscale and the physical function subscales of the Australian/Canadian Osteoarthritis Hand Index (AUSCAN) and Western Ontario and McMaster Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) were most responsive to changes over six months. CONCLUSIONS: BCPT-MS, AUSCAN, and WOMAC were the most responsive instruments for measuring AI-associated MSSs. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Assessment and management of MSSs are important aspects of oncology care because MSSs can affect functional ability and AI adherence. KNOWLEDGE TRANSLATION: The three measures with the greatest sensitivity were the BCPT-MS, AUSCAN, and WOMAC questionnaires. These measures will be useful when conducting research on change in MSSs associated with AI treatment in women with breast cancer.

Breast and colorectal cancer survivors' knowledge about their diagnosis and treatment.

INTRODUCTION: Aspects of a personal cancer history can have implications for future decisions regarding screening, diagnosis, and treatment. Clinicians must sometimes rely on patients' self-report of their medical history. This study assessed knowledge of details of cancer diagnosis and treatment among breast and colorectal cancer survivors. METHODS: Written surveys were completed by 480 breast cancer survivors and 366 colorectal cancer survivors diagnosed between 1999 and 2008 at a large cancer center in the Minneapolis, MN, area (81% response rate). Responses were compared with cancer registry and medical records. RESULTS: Forty percent of breast cancer survivors and 65% of colorectal cancer survivors were unable to identify their stage of disease. Seven percent of breast cancer survivors and 21% of colorectal cancer survivors in whom regional nodes were examined did not know whether they had positive nodes. Accuracy of knowledge of estrogen and progesterone status among breast cancer survivors was 58% and 39%, respectively. Of breast cancer survivors treated with doxorubicin, 43% correctly identified it as a drug they had received. Their accuracy of identification of receipt of tamoxifen or specific aromatase inhibitors was >90%. Of colorectal cancer survivors treated with oxaliplatin, 52% correctly identified it as a drug they had received. Accuracy on many items decreased with patient age. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies several gaps in adult cancer survivors' knowledge of details of their diagnosis and treatment that have implications for follow-up care. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: Provision of written treatment summaries to cancer survivors could help them obtain appropriate patient-centered long-term follow-up care.

Changes in weight and body composition in women receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify predictors of changes in weight and body composition among women receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data were from 49 women age 40-54 receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer. Weight, height, and body composition measurements from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanning were completed at baseline (within 1 month of beginning chemotherapy) and 12 months. Caloric intake was assessed from food diaries at baseline, 6 and 12 months, and physical activity was measured by questionnaire at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. RESULTS: Baseline body mass index (BMI) was inversely associated with gains in weight (P = .01) and fat mass in torso (P = .006). Women of normal weight gained an average of 4.3 pounds and increased fat mass in torso and arms. Overweight women lost 3.0 pounds, and obese women lost 4.1 pounds, and neither group increased body fat. Decreased physical activity was associated with weight gain (P = .047). Additional predictors of increased fat mass in torso were younger age (P = .023) and treatment with tamoxifen (P = .015). Predictors of loss of bone mineral content included older age (P = .004) and treatment with aromatase inhibitor (P = .024), whereas treatment with bisphosphonate prevented bone loss (P < .0001). CONCLUSION: Women receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer who are of normal weight at the time of breast cancer diagnosis are more likely to gain weight and body fat during the following year than overweight or obese women.

Physical activity in women receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer: adherence to a walking intervention.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To describe and predict adherence to a physical activity protocol for patients with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy. DESIGN: Longitudinal, observational study. SETTING: Cancer center in the upper Midwestern region of the United States. SAMPLE: 36 patients with breast cancer aged 40-55 years who were receiving adjuvant treatment. METHODS: A longitudinal study was conducted within a randomized clinical trial comparing the effects of physical activity versus bisphosphonates on bone mineral density. Participants randomized to physical activity were advised to walk 10,000 steps per day and received initial physical therapy consultation and ongoing motivational interviewing. Multilevel modeling was used to identify variables that predict adherence. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Adherence to the 10,000-step protocol was estimated with total steps and mean steps per day. FINDINGS: Thirty-six women were enrolled in the physical activity group; 29 provided step data. The mean total steps per participant for the first six weeks was 280,571 (SD = 111,992), which is 67% of the prescribed steps. Excluding days when no steps were recorded, the mean steps per day for the initial six-week period was 7,363 (SD = 2,421), a 74% adherence rate. A significant linear increase occurred in steps per day after chemotherapy in a treatment cycle (p < 0.0001). Baseline inactivity predicted adherence. CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to the walking program was compromised during chemotherapy but improved after chemotherapy completion. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Knowing that chemotherapy predicts adherence to a walking protocol is useful for selecting the type, timing, and intensity of physical activity interventions.

Case-control study to evaluate predictors of lymphedema after breast cancer surgery.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To identify risk factors for lymphedema after breast cancer surgery. DESIGN: Multisite case-control study. SETTING: Lymphedema clinics in the upper midwestern region of the United States. SAMPLE: 94 patients with lymphedema and 94 controls without lymphedema, matched on type of axillary surgery and surgery date. METHODS: The Measure of Arm Symptom Survey, a patient-completed tool, assessed potential risk factors for lymphedema. Severity of lymphedema was measured by arm circumference, and disease and treatment factors were collected via chart review. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Risk factors for lymphedema after breast cancer surgery. FINDINGS: On univariate analysis, patients with lymphedema were more likely than controls to be overweight (body mass index >or= 25) (p = 0.009). They also were more likely to have had axillary radiation (p = 0.011), mastectomy (p = 0.008), chemotherapy (p = 0.033), more positive nodes (p = 0.009), fluid aspirations after surgery (p = 0.005), and active cancer status (p = 0.008). Strength training (p = 0.014) and air travel (p = 0.0005) were associated with less lymphedema occurrence. On multivariate analysis, the only factor significantly associated with lymphedema was being overweight (p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: Being overweight is an important modifiable risk factor for lymphedema. Axillary radiation, more extensive surgery, chemotherapy, and active cancer status also were predictive of lymphedema. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: This study provides evidence that excess weight contributes to lymphedema; strength training and airline travel did not contribute to lymphedema.