Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Situational Judgment Testing Among Applicants to an Anesthesiology Residency Program.

Background The Computer-Based Assessment for Sampling Personal Characteristics (CASPer) is a situational judgment test (SJT) that assesses noncognitive skills like professionalism, communication, and empathy. There are no reports of the effects of race/ethnicity and sex on CASPer scores among residency applicants. Objective We examined the effects of race/ethnicity, sex, and United States vs international medical school attendance on CASPer performance. Methods Our anesthesiology residency program required all applicants for the 2021-2022 Match cycle to complete an online video and text-based SJT (CASPer). We compared these results, reported as z-scores, with self-identified race/ethnicity, sex, United States vs international medical school attendance, and United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 scores. Results Of the 1245 applicants who completed CASPer, 783 identified as male. The racial/ethnic distribution was 512 White, 412 Asian, 106 Black, 126 Hispanic, and 89 Other/No Answer. CASPer z-scores did not differ by sex. White candidates scored higher than Black (0.18 vs -0.57, P<.001) and Hispanic (0.18 vs -0.52, P<.001) candidates. Applicants attending US medical schools scored higher than those attending international medical schools (z-scores: 0.15 vs -0.68, P<.001). There was no correlation between CASPer z-scores and USMLE Step 1 scores. Conclusions Our results suggest that CASPer scores favor White applicants over Black and Hispanic ones and applicants attending US medical schools over those attending international medical schools.

Postpartum Guillain-Barré Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare acute-onset neurological disease with significant morbidity and mortality. The risk of GBS increases after delivery. Labor and delivery presents many possible risk factors for GBS. However, risk factors and prognosis of postpartum GBS remain unclear due to its low incidence. Here, we first present a patient with a history of postpartum GBS who returned for an elective repeat cesarean section (C-section). For her previous delivery, the patient received spinal anesthesia for an urgent C-section. She presented postpartum with jaw pain, facial palsy, respiratory difficulty, progressive bilateral lower extremity weakness, and areflexia. The diagnosis of GBS was confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination, nerve conduction studies (NCS), and electromyography (EMG). Her symptoms of GBS improved after intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment. The patient also had an Escherichia coli-positive urinary tract infection (UTI), which was treated with nitrofurantoin. For her repeat elective C-section, we performed a dural puncture epidural (DPE) anesthesia. After delivery, she was discharged to home uneventfully. She did not report any new neurological symptoms at her three-week follow-up. Here, we also review published cases of postpartum GBS and discuss peripartum anesthetic considerations for patients with GBS, aiming to inform clinical management of postpartum GBS in the future.

Residency Wellness: A Historical Narrative Review.

INTRODUCTION: The structure of medical residency in the United States has experienced significant changes, paralleling advances in medical science and education. While these changes have enhanced medical training, they have introduced challenges, particularly in resident wellness. The well-being of residents is critical for patient care and the healthcare system. This review aims to provide an overview of the historical trends in medical residency, focusing on the evolution of resident wellness and its associated challenges. METHODS: A narrative review was conducted, examining the evolution and challenges of medical residency with an emphasis on resident wellness. An exhaustive literature search on January 25, 2024 was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The search utilized keywords related to medical residency, wellness, and educational reforms. Articles were selected based on relevance and robust evidence, and information was organized into thematic categories for narrative synthesis. RESULTS: The search yielded 57 publications that met the inclusion criteria. Historical trends revealed a shift from an apprenticeship model to formalized training programs, with each phase bringing unique challenges to resident wellness. The Flexner Report's influence on standardizing medical education, the rise of modern residency programs, and the recognition of burnout as a significant issue were key developments. Policy changes, technological impacts, and the COVID-19 pandemic have further shaped residency training and wellness. Studies highlight the need for interventions addressing burnout and promoting wellness, with varied approaches across specialties and institutions. CONCLUSION: Residency burnout has been a growing concern since the 1970s, exacerbated by advancements in medicine, technology, and recent global events like the COVID-19 pandemic. Although awareness has increased, the need remains to address burnout and promote wellness during residency. Further research is warranted to develop effective interventions and adapt training to meet the evolving needs of residents.

Epidural Blood Patch for Postdural Puncture Headache in a Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Case Report.

The safety of epidural blood patch in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is unknown. Here, we report a single case of epidural blood patch to treat a postdural puncture headache in a woman after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. The patient's headache was relieved, and she did not develop any other neurological symptoms.

Horner's Syndrome and Upper Extremity Weakness After Quadratus Lumborum Block for Postcesarean Section Analgesia: A Case Report.

A healthy, 34-year-old primigravida at 41 weeks gestational age presented for cesarean delivery due to a category 2 fetal heart tracing remote from delivery. After completion of the surgery under epidural anesthesia, bilateral quadratus lumborum blocks were performed for postoperative pain. Approximately 4 hours later, the patient developed left-sided arm weakness, left miosis, and ptosis. These symptoms resolved within 24 hours. Considering the time course of her symptoms, we believe that the quadratus lumborum block was the likely culprit.

Current practice of BHS members in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in adults.

INTRODUCTION: The management of osteonecrosis (ON) of the femoral head remains controversial. It is unclear the extent to which non-arthroplasty procedures are used and there has been no previous report of the trends in operative management of ON in the UK. Our objective is to report current trends in management of ON of the femoral head amongst specialist hip surgeons in the UK. METHODS: A single-stage internet-based survey was e-mailed to 352 eligible members of the British Hip Society (BHS). This consisted of 10 question stems including 16 hypothetical clinical scenarios with imaging. RESULTS: 115 active Consultant members of the BHS completed the survey. For symptomatic pre-collapse ON we found core decompression (CD) was the most common operative intervention and for post-collapse ON we found that total hip arthroplasty (THA) was the most common operative intervention. We found no difference in the rate of operative intervention between 24 and 48-year-old patients at any stage of ON but joint preserving procedures were more often selected for the younger patient and arthroplasty for the older patient. Surgeons were more likely to offer arthroplasty to a 48-year-old patient at an earlier stage of disease. CONCLUSIONS: Our respondents would offer different operative interventions dependent on stage of ON and patient age. Core decompression (CD) and arthroplasty were common but variation in treatment options offered suggests a lack of consensus amongst UK hip surgeons. We suggest that further research such as a prospective RCT is needed to gain consensus on management of this condition.

Intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine dose response in postpartum tubal ligation patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Because of its short duration, hyperbaric lidocaine has been a popular intrathecal drug to provide anesthesia for postpartum tubal ligation (PPTL). However, reports of transient symptoms associated with its use have prompted the search for alternative intrathecal local anesthetics for short procedures. Hyperbaric bupivacaine is rarely associated with transient neurologic symptoms, and we designed this study to determine the optimal dose of bupivacaine for PPTL that assures adequate sensory block and allows the patient the shortest recovery time. METHODS: Forty American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I-II patients undergoing spinal anesthesia for PPTL were randomly assigned to receive 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, or 12.5 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine in the right lateral position. RESULTS: Despite sensory block above T-8 in all groups, 4 of the 5 patients in the 5-mg group developed blocks insufficiently dense for surgery and required general anesthesia. Failed spinals occurred evenly in the remaining groups. Motor regression was significantly more rapid with decreasing doses of bupivacaine. Time in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) was shorter in the 7.5-mg group. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperbaric bupivacaine 7.5 mg injected in the lateral position provides adequate surgical anesthesia for PPTL with a minimal duration of motor block and recovery time.