Calpain regulates thymidylate synthase-5-fluoro-dUMP complex levels associated with response to 5-fluorouracil in gastric cancer cells.

Thymidylate synthase (TS) plays a major role in the response to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) by binding directly to the 5-FU metabolite, 5-fluoro-dUMP (FdUMP). The change in the TS expression levels after 5-FU administration was examined in parallel to 5-FU responsiveness in six human gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines to elucidate the source of variability of 5-FU sensitivity. MKN-1, SH-10-TC and MKN-74 cells were more resistant to 5-FU than MKN-28, KATO III and MKN-45 cells. Western blotting analysis revealed that the 5-FU sensitivity of these cells did not correlate with the basal TS expression levels but did correlate with rapid detection of the TS-FdUMP complex after exposure to 5-FU. In 5-FU-resistant cells, very low levels of the TS-FdUMP complex early after 5-FU exposure were elevated by pretreatment with calpain inhibitors such as benzyloxycarbonyl-leucyl-leucinal (ZLLH), benzyloxycarbonyl-leucyl-leucyl-leucinal (ZLLLH) and ALLN, but not by other protease inhibitors. In contrast, ONO-3403, which causes calpain activation, stimulated downregulation of the TS-FdUMP complex in 5-FU-sensitive cells. The expression levels of calpastatin, an endogenous calpain inhibitor, were higher in 5-FU-sensitive cells than in 5-FU-resistant cells. ZLLH increased the 5-FU sensitivity of 5-FU-resistant cells, whereas ONO-3403 decreased the sensitivity of 5-FU-sensitive cells. In addition, knockdown of m-calpain by siRNA increased the 5-FU sensitivity in 5-FU-resistant cells, while knockdown of calpastatin reduced the sensitivity in 5-FU-sensitive cells. These results suggest that calpain might reduce the chemosensitivity of human gastric cancer cells to 5-FU possibly by rapid degradation of the TS-FdUMP complex, a finding that is considered to have novel therapeutic implications.

Identification of a novel SEREX antigen family, ECSA, in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) may improve with early diagnosis. Currently it is difficult to diagnose SCC in the early stage because there is a limited number of tumor markers available. RESULTS: Fifty-two esophageal SCC SEREX antigens were identified by SEREX (serological identification of antigens by recombinant cDNA expression cloning) using a cDNA phage library and sera of patients with esophageal SCC. Sequence analysis revealed that three of these antigens were similar in amino acid sequences, and they were designated as ECSA (esophageal carcinoma SEREX antigen)-1, -2 and -3. The ECSA family was also similar to an EST clone, hepatocellular carcinoma-associated antigen 25a (HCA25a). Serum antibody levels to ECSA-1, -2 and -3 were significantly higher in patients with esophageal SCC than in healthy donors. Based on the conserved amino acid sequences, three peptides were synthesized and used for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The serum antibody levels against one of these peptides were significantly higher in patients with esophageal SCC. This peptide sequence was also conserved in FAM119A, GOSR1 and BBS5, suggesting that these are also ECSA family members. Reverse transcription followed by quantitative PCR analysis showed that the mRNA expression levels of ECSA-1, -2 and -3 and FAM119A but not of HCA25a, GOSR1 and BBS5 were frequently elevated in esophageal SCC tissues. CONCLUSIONS: We have identified a new gene family designated ECSA. Serum antibodies against the conserved domain of the ECSA family may be a promising tumor marker for esophageal SCC.

Viral shedding after p53 adenoviral gene therapy in 10 cases of esophageal cancer.

We detected adenoviral DNA fragments in excretions of 10 esophageal cancer patients by DNA-PCR after tumor injection of Ad-CMV-vector. A total of 220 samples consisting of feces, gargling saliva, urine, and blood plasma were assessed. A total of 29.7% of feces samples and 13.2% of gargling saliva samples were positive for adenoviral DNA fragments, but 89.7% of the positive feces samples and all of the positive gargling saliva samples turned negative on day 12 after tumor injection. Although adenoviral DNA fragments may be pathogen-free, patients' feces and gargling saliva contain adenoviral DNA fragments for 12 days after injection.

Decrease in chemosensitivity against anticancer drugs by an esophageal squamous cell carcinoma SEREX antigen, AISEC.

We performed SEREX (serological identification of antigens by recombinant cDNA expression cloning) using the sera of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and examined whether some of the SEREX antigens can affect chemosensitivity against anticancer drugs. We isolated a novel gene which was designated as AISEC (antigen identified by SEREX for esophageal carcinoma). RT-PCR analysis showed that the mRNA expression levels of AISEC were higher in esophageal SCC tissues than in their normal counterparts. By transfection into activated Ha-ras-transformed NIH3T3 (ras-NIH) mouse fibroblasts, we isolated a clone, FAISEC-3, which stably expressed AISEC. FAISEC-3 cells were more resistant to anticancer drugs, such as mitomycin C, ifosfamide, vincristine, camptothecin and etoposide, than parental ras-NIH cells. Luciferase reporter assay after a transient transfection with AISEC cDNA or the control vector revealed that the transactivity of p53 was suppressed by AISEC in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that esophageal SCC tissues produce AISEC in increased amounts, which can reduce the chemosensitivity against anticancer drugs possibly by suppressing the p53 transactivation ability.

Identification of Makorin 1 as a novel SEREX antigen of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) represents one of the most malignant tumors. To improve the poor prognosis, it is necessary to diagnose esophageal SCC at early stages using new tumor markers. SEREX (serological identification of antigens by recombinant cDNA expression cloning) is suitable for large-scale screening of tumor antigens and has been applied for various types of human tumors. METHODS: Tumor markers of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were screened by SEREX method. The presence of serum anti-makorin 1 (MKRN1) antibodies (s-MKRN1-Abs) was examined by Western blotting using bacterially expressed MKRN1 protein. The expression levels of MKRN1 mRNA in tissues were examined by RT-PCR. The biological activity of MKRN1 was examined by transfection of ras-NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts with MKRN1 cDNA. Major ubiquitinated proteins in MKRN1-transfected cells were identified by immunoprecipitation with anti-ubiquitin antibody followed by mass spectrometry. RESULTS: MKRN1 was identified as a novel SEREX antigen of esophageal SCC. Although a total of 18 (25%) of 73 patients with esophageal SCC had s-MKRN1-Abs, none of the 43 healthy donors had a detectable level of s-MKRN1-Abs. There was no correlation between the presence of s-MKRN1-Abs and clinicopathological variables other than histological grading. Well-differentiated tumors were associated significantly with the presence of s-MKRN1-Abs in the patients. The mRNA levels of MKRN1 were frequently higher in esophageal SCC tissues than in the peripheral normal esophageal mucosa. Stable transfection of ras-NIH3T3 cells with MKRN1 cDNA induced prominent morphological changes such as enlargement of the cell body and spreading. Ubiquitination of 80- and 82-kDa proteins were clearly observed in MKRN1-transfected cells but not in the parental cells, which were identified as L-FILIP (filamin A interacting protein 1). CONCLUSION: MKRN1 is a novel SEREX antigen of esophageal SCC, and s-NKRN1-Abs can be a candidate of diagnostic markers of esophageal SCC with high specificity. It is plausible that MKRN1 is involved in carcinogenesis of the well-differentiated type of tumors possibly via ubiquitination of L-FILIP.

Gene therapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Despite improvement of surgical treatment and application of multi-modality therapies to advanced esophageal cancer, the prognosis is extremely poor in patients with T4 tumors. Based on the genetic background of esophageal cancer, we have developed various gene therapy strategies against human esophageal cancer cells. In this article, we reviewed molecular events of esophageal cancer and gene therapy approaches for its treatment. First, we analyzed p53 genetic alterations and angiogenesis in esophageal cancer. Second, we evaluated an impact of p53 recombinant adenoviral vector (Ad5CMV-p53) on esophageal cancer cells. Significant growth suppression was observed following infection with Ad5CMV-p53 in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. This observation suggests that Ad5CMV-p53 may be a potentially effective therapeutic agent for locally advanced esophageal cancer. Promising avenues for investigation include double gene therapy and adjuvant use of gene therapy with radiation therapy. Third, we have performed a clinical study for p53 gene therapy for un-resectable advanced esophageal cancer. This clinical trial was planned to evaluate vector tolerability and efficacy. A total of 10 patients were enrolled into this phase I/II trial.

Combined effects of p53 gene therapy and leptomycin B in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: p53 gene therapy has been examined in several clinical trials, however, the results of those trials have mostly been unsatisfactory due to the low efficacy of this therapy. Leptomycin B (LMB) is an antibiotic originally isolated from Streptomyces that has the ability to inhibit the export of proteins containing a nuclear export signal from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Currently, it has been shown that p53 protein has a nuclear export signal. In this study, we assessed whether LMB augments the transduced p53 gene effect. METHODS: Antiproliferative effect of LMB was assessed in human esophageal squamous cancer cell lines. Accumulation of p53 protein into the nucleus by LMB was observed by fluorescence microscopy. The combined effect of p53 and LMB was evaluated in in vitro experiments. RESULTS: LMB induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner and p53 drastically accumulated in the nucleus after LMB treatment. The combinatory treatment of p53 gene and LMB significantly increases the efficiency compared to either agent alone. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that LMB has a potent ability to augment the effect of the tumor suppressor p53 in esophageal squamous cancer cell lines and that it is a promising component in p53 gene therapy.

Improved surgical results in thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a 40-year analysis of 792 patients.

Extensive lymphadenectomy, including upper mediastinum, for thoracic esophageal carcinoma was introduced at the beginning of 1980s. However, the efficacy has not been analyzed in large series at a single institute. We evaluated factors potentially related to improved surgical results in patients with thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). From 1959 to 1998, a total of 792 patients with thoracic esophageal SCC underwent R0 surgery. A variety of clinicopathological factors were compared among patients treated from 1990 to 1998 (recent group, n=164) and 1959 to 1989 (former group, n=628). The recent group showed significantly better survival than the former group (5-year survival rates: 51 versus 17%, P<0.01), partly because earlier stage disease was included in the recent group than in the former group. Multivariable analysis, using the Cox regression analysis, indicated the time period of surgery, age, tumor location, the number of positive nodes (>5), venous invasion, and tumor-node-metastasis stage. Upper mediastinum lymphadenectomy was also an independent factor to improve survival of patients with thoracic esophageal SCC.

Analysis of the methylation status of genes up-regulated by the demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

To determine the clinical significance of gene promoter methylation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), we examined the promoter methylation status of genes showing elevated expression, as determined by DNA microarray-based transcriptomic analysis, in three ESCC cell lines (TE-1, TE-2, TE-10) after 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC) treatment. We observed a high degree of DNA methylation within the promoter regions of three genes, namely cathepsin L2 (CTSL2), normal mucosa of esophagus specific 1 (NMES1), and fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5). Overexpression of NMES1 in ESCC cell lines increased cell motility. Down-regulation of NMES1 might play an important role in the cell motility of ESCC or be a potent marker of malignancy.

Role of histone deacetylase inhibitor in adenovirus-mediated p53 gene therapy in esophageal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Recently, the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACI) with gene therapy has been shown to improve the effect of this therapy. The effectiveness of one of the novel HDACIs, FK228, was examined in adenovirus-mediated p53 gene therapy of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression levels of coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) in ESCC patients were examined immunohistochemically. CAR induction by FK228 in ESCC cells was analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blotting. The efficiencies of adenoviral transduction treated with FK228 were determined using AV1.0CMV-betagal. The acetylation of p53 protein was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS: CAR expression was reduced in some tumor specimens compared to that in normal specimens. CAR expression was increased by FK228 in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. FK228 improved the efficiency of adenovirus infection. Acetylated p53 protein was increased in a dose- and a time-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that FK228 has a potent ability to augment the effect of adenovirus-mediated p53 gene therapy in ESCC cells.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy as a prophylactic and treatment against ileus and recurrent intestinal obstruction soon after surgery to relieve adhesive intestinal obstruction.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Nonoperative management of cases of adhesive intestinal obstruction would be ideal, especially for patients who have recently undergone surgery to relieve the same condition. We aimed to examine whether hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy might have therapeutic potential for the treatment of postoperative paralytic ileus and recurrent adhesive intestinal obstruction soon after surgery, to relieve adhesive intestinal obstruction, because of its unique mechanisms in these contexts. METHODS: A total of 133 patients were enrolled in the present study. We examined non-per os periods, hospital stay, and clinical course according to the postoperative course of the 133 patients. RESULTS: After surgical intervention, 75 patients left the hospital without morbidity. Nineteen patients were successfully administered prophylactic HBO therapy to facilitate intestinal motility and to prevent paralytic ileus. The remaining 39 patients suffered from postoperative paralytic ileus or early recurrence of obstruction during the same hospitalization period. The patients who underwent prophylactic HBO therapy had significantly shorter non-per os periods and hospital stays after surgery than those who were not initially given HBO therapy (P < 0.05). Similarly, there were significant differences in duration of hospital stay after surgery between patients with HBO therapy as treatment and those who received other conservative therapies (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HBO therapy may have a prophylactic effect on postoperative paralytic ileus and may be of therapeutic benefit in the management of early recurrent adhesive intestinal obstruction following surgery to relieve adhesive intestinal obstruction.

Impact of preoperative dental plaque culture for predicting postoperative pneumonia in esophageal cancer patients.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In esophageal cancer patients, postoperative pneumonia frequently occurs. In the oral cavity, dental plaque is a major reservoir of bacteria, and it is possible that oral bacteria are aspirated into the upper respiratory tract after esophagectomy. We evaluated the interaction between preoperative dental plaque and postoperative pneumonia in patients undergoing esophagectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine patients with thoracic esophageal cancer who underwent esophagectomy were investigated. Preoperatively, dental plaque was collected and the bacterial flora investigated. If postoperative pneumonia occurred, the sputum was harvested and the pathogens were evaluated. RESULT: Postoperative pneumonia was observed in 14 patients (35.9%): 5 (71.4%) of 7 patients in the pathogen-positive group and 9 (28.1%) of 32 patients in the pathogen-negative group. In 2 (40.0%) of 5 patients with postoperative pneumonia, who had pathogenic bacteria in the preoperative dental plaque, the same pathogenic bacteria were also identified in the postoperative sputum. CONCLUSION: Pathogens in preoperative dental plaque are risk factors for postoperative pneumonia following thoracotomy in patients with thoracic esophageal cancer.

Preclinical assessment and pilot study using anti-CEA monoclonal antibody 1B2 for colorectal carcinoma imaging.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Preclinical assessment of radio-labeled monoclonal antibodies is essential to the understanding of target-specific tumor localization. The purpose of this study is to prepare for fundamental evaluation of antibodies and to validate the clinical usefulness of the candidate considered useful for practice through preclinical assessment. METHODOLOGY: The immunoreactivity and affinity constant of three kinds of monoclonal antibody (1A4, 1B2, 4H11: CEA-specific) were evaluated with the method of cell binding assay. Tumor localization and biodisrtibution were performed in tumor-bearing athymic mice. Five patients of colorectal cancer underwent radioimmunodetection with 99mTc. Histological analysis was performed to evaluate the tumor localization of injected antibody. RESULTS: The immunoreactive fraction value of 1B2 is the highest than the other antibodies. The difference between the antibody affinities among three antibodies although were rather small. In an animal model, 1B2 obtained more highly tumor targeting and cleared more rapidly from the blood than the other two antibodies did. Pilot study using 1B2 was successful in all cases without background imaging. Visualization of tumor sites surgically removed revealed positive CEA and IgG immunostaining. CONCLUSION: The preparation for preclinical assessment of the characteristic parameters is practically valuable for clinical application of radiolabeled antibodies.

Effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on patients with adhesive intestinal obstruction associated with abdominal surgery who have failed to respond to more than 7 days of conservative treatment.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To investigate the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy on patients with adhesive intestinal obstruction who have failed to respond to more than 7 days of conservative treatment. METHODOLOGY: Six hundred eighty-five patients, who were admitted a total of 879 times for adhesive intestinal obstruction, were divided into groups according to the treatment and interval between the first day of the therapy and clinical symptoms of obstruction; tube decompression therapy within 7 days after appearance of clinical symptoms (Group I: n = 321), clinical symptoms that have persisted for less than 7 days before the start of HBO therapy (Group II: n = 498), and for more than 7 days (Group III: n = 60). RESULTS: The overall resolution and mortality rates in the cases of adhesive intestinal obstruction were 79.8% and 2.2% in Group I, 85.9% and 1.4% in Group II, and 81.7% and 1.6% in Group III, respectively. Group II had significantly better resolution rates than Group I (odds ratio 1.6, p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: HBO therapy may be useful in management of adhesive intestinal obstruction associated with abdominal surgery, even in patients who fail to respond to other conservative treatments. HBO therapy may be a preferred option for treatment of patients for whom surgery should be avoided.

An essential role of alternative splicing of c-myc suppressor FUSE-binding protein-interacting repressor in carcinogenesis.

Elevated expression of c-myc has been detected in a broad range of human cancers, indicating a key role for this oncogene in tumor development. Recently, an interaction between FUSE-binding protein-interacting repressor (FIR) and TFIIH/p89/XPB helicase was found to repress c-myc transcription and might be important for suppressing tumor formation. In this study, we showed that enforced expression of FIR induced apoptosis. Deletion of the NH(2)-terminal repression domain of FIR rescued the cells from apoptosis as did coexpression of c-Myc with FIR; thus, repression of Myc mediates FIR-driven apoptosis. Surprisingly, a splicing variant of FIR unable to repress c-myc or to drive apoptosis was frequently discovered in human primary colorectal cancers but not in the adjacent normal tissues. Coexpression of this splicing variant with repressor-competent FIR, either in HeLa cells or in the colon cancer cell line SW480, not only abrogated c-Myc suppression but also inhibited apoptosis. These results strongly suggest the expression of this splicing variant promotes tumor development by disabling FIR repression and sustaining high levels of c-Myc and opposing apoptosis in colorectal cancer.

Silencing Ku80 using small interfering RNA enhanced radiation sensitivity in vitro and in vivo.

Ku80 is an important component of DNA double-strand break repair, and Ku80 deficiency leads to extreme sensitivity to ionizing radiation. We studied whether radiation therapy combined with Ku80 silencing by small interfering RNA enhances radiation sensitivity in vitro and in vivo. Seven human cancer cell lines were transfected with Ku80 siRNA included in hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope vector. H1299 cells were implanted into male BALB/C nu/nu nude mice treated with Ku80 siRNA and irradiation. The survival rate of cell lines transfected with Ku80 siRNA decreased by 10% to 26% with 2-Gy irradiation compared with untransfected cell lines. The gamma-H2AX phosphorylation-positive rates of Ku80 siRNA combined treatment 0.5 h after irradiation in A549 cells and 6 h in H1299 cells were significantly higher (77.6%, p=0.033 and 76.7%, p=0.026, respectively), compared with the groups not treated with siRNA. H1299 xenograft tumors treated with combined therapy decreased in volume and re-grew slowly compared with radiation alone. Our results indicate that combined therapy consisting of Ku80 siRNA and irradiation contributes to inhibition of tumor growth and may be a novel strategy for cancer treatment.

Combination of direct intratumoral administration of dendritic cells and irradiation induces strong systemic antitumor effect mediated by GRP94/gp96 against squamous cell carcinoma in mice.

We tested a new therapeutic modality for head and neck and esophageal cancers, a combination of direct intratumoral (i.t.) administration of dendritic cells (DCs) and radiation therapy (RT) in mouse squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We also evaluated the functions of gp96, which can enhance systemic antitumor activity, and the mechanism of the abscopal effect. Mouse SCC cells (1 x 10(5)), SCCVII, were inoculated into the left femur of C3H/He mice subcutaneously, and also similarly inoculated into chest subcutaneous tissue. Only the left femur tumor was exposed to 4 or 10 Gy of ionizing radiation, and then 1 x 10(6) DCs i.t. was injected only into the femur tumor. Following this procedure, tumor volumes of the femur and chest were measured. We evaluated whether gp96 could enhance the antitumor effect. With DCs i.t. and RT, tumor growth was markedly suppressed. Tumor growth of non-treated tumors were also suppressed, indicating that the combination therapy of DCs and RT evoked systemic antitumor activity. In vitro, the enhancement of gp96 expression was strongly detected by immunostaining after irradiation, DCs with gp96 induced strong cytotoxic activity in vitro, and tumor growth inhibition was observed by direct i.t. injection of gp96. A combination of DCs i.t. and RT can induce a strong antitumor effect not only against treated local tumor but also against non-treated distant tumor, indicating that this treatment can evoke a strong systemic antitumor effect. Gp96 is thought to be one of the target molecules to explain the abscopal effect.

Serum anti-myomegalin antibodies in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

In order to identify new serum markers of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), we performed serological identification of antigens by recombinant cDNA expression cloning (SEREX). E. coli was transformed with a lambdaZAPII phage cDNA library prepared from mRNA of an esophageal cancer cell line (T.Tn), and IPTG-induced cDNA products were screened for interaction with antibodies in allogeneic sera of patients with esophageal SCC. We identified myomegalin (MMGL, phosphodiesterase 4D interacting protein/PDE4DIP) as a new SEREX antigen for esophageal SCC. Western blot analysis revealed that serum anti-myomegalin antibodies (s-MMGL-Abs) were present in 43 (47%) of 91 patients, but in only one (2.2%) of 45 healthy controls. Of the 21 patients with stage I disease, 8 (38%) were sero-positive. The positive rate of s-MMGL-Abs was greater than those of other conventional tumor markers. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis suggested that alternative splicing from myomegalin variant 1 to variant 5 may explain, in part, the development of s-MMGL-Abs. Although the presence of s-MMGL-Abs was not related to any clinicopathological features of the patients, multivariate analysis indicated that the presence of s-MMGL-Abs was significantly associated with a favorable prognosis. Consequently, s-MMGL-Abs may be a useful tumor marker to diagnose and establish a prognosis in patients with esophageal SCC.

Serum p53 antibody as a diagnostic marker of high-risk endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the diagnostic impact of preoperative serum p53 antibody (S-p53 Ab) in patients with endometrial cancer. STUDY DESIGN: A hospital-based series of 67 patients, comprising 58 endometrioid adenocarcinomas (EA) and 9 serous adenocarcinomas (SA) between 1998-2002 were included. First, preoperative pathology was compared with final pathology in terms of histologic classification and tumor grade. Second, S-p53 Ab and CA125 were measured using preoperative serum samples, and immunohistochemical staining for p53 protein was assessed using hysterectomy specimens. RESULTS: There were discrepancies between preoperative and final pathology in terms of histologic classification (7%) and tumor grade in EAs (30%); other objective tests, therefore, were needed to minimize the diagnostic problems. S-p53 Ab titers varied from 0.27-786 (mean, 124) in SAs and from 0.1-7.47 (mean, 0.46) U/mL in EAs, respectively, and were positive in 6 (67%) SAs and in 3 (6%) EAs using 1.3 U/mL as cut-off. S-p53 Ab-positive rate was significantly correlated with SA histology and grade 3 EA tumor (odds ratio, 40; P = .005; 95% confidence interval, 3.04-525.43) with higher sensitivity and higher specificity than p53 staining and CA125, respectively. CONCLUSION: S-p53 Ab could conveniently and specifically identify high-risk endometrial cancer.

Detection of biomarkers for alcoholism by two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis.

BACKGROUND: Up to now, gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GTP) and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) have been used as markers for alcoholism most widely, but they are not satisfactory regarding sensitivity/specificity. Therefore, for novel markers need to be searched. METHODS: To detect new biomarkers for alcoholism, albumin and immunoglobulinG were first removed from serum. Then, protein profiles of 12 serum samples before and after 3 months of abstinence treatment were examined using agarose 2-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (agarose2-D DIGE). Two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis images were analyzed using Shimadzu 2-D Evolution Software. RESULTS: Eight spots whose expression were significantly altered after abstinence were detected. Of these, 2 proteins increased and 6 proteins decreased after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Altered expressions of several serum proteins after abstinence therapy were detected. They are promising markers for clinical application of alcoholism.