A Deep Learning Approach for Automated Segmentation of Kidneys and Exophytic Cysts in Individuals with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease.

BACKGROUND: Total kidney volume (TKV) is an important imaging biomarker in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Manual computation of TKV, particularly with the exclusion of exophytic cysts, is laborious and time consuming. METHODS: We developed a fully automated segmentation method for TKV using a deep learning network to selectively segment kidney regions while excluding exophytic cysts. We used abdominal T2 -weighted magnetic resonance images from 210 individuals with ADPKD who were divided into two groups: one group of 157 to train the network and a second group of 53 to test it. With a 3D U-Net architecture using dataset fingerprints, the network was trained by K-fold cross-validation, in that 80% of 157 cases were for training and the remaining 20% were for validation. We used Dice similarity coefficient, intraclass correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman analysis to assess the performance of the automated segmentation method compared with the manual method. RESULTS: The automated and manual reference methods exhibited excellent geometric concordance (Dice similarity coefficient: mean±SD, 0.962±0.018) on the test datasets, with kidney volumes ranging from 178.9 to 2776.0 ml (mean±SD, 1058.5±706.8 ml) and exophytic cysts ranging from 113.4 to 2497.6 ml (mean±SD, 549.0±559.1 ml). The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.9994 (95% confidence interval, 0.9991 to 0.9996; P<0.001) with a minimum bias of -2.424 ml (95% limits of agreement, -49.80 to 44.95). CONCLUSIONS: We developed a fully automated segmentation method to measure TKV that excludes exophytic cysts and has an accuracy similar to that of a human expert. This technique may be useful in clinical studies that require automated computation of TKV to evaluate progression of ADPKD and response to treatment.

A Highly Sensitive and Flexible Capacitive Pressure Sensor Based on Alignment Airgap Dielectric.

Flexible capacitive pressure sensors with a simple structure and low power consumption are attracting attention, owing to their wide range of applications in wearable electronic devices. However, it is difficult to manufacture pressure sensors with high sensitivity, wide detection range, and low detection limits. We developed a highly sensitive and flexible capacitive pressure sensor based on the porous Ecoflex, which has an aligned airgap structure and can be manufactured by simply using a mold and a micro-needle. The existence of precisely aligned airgap structures significantly improved the sensor sensitivity compared to other dielectric structures without airgaps. The proposed capacitive pressure sensor with an alignment airgap structure supports a wide range of working pressures (20-100 kPa), quick response time (≈100 ms), high operational stability, and low-pressure detection limit (20 Pa). Moreover, we also studied the application of pulse wave monitoring in wearable sensors, exhibiting excellent performance in wearable devices that detect pulse waves before and after exercise. The proposed pressure sensor is applicable in electronic skin and wearable medical assistive devices owing to its excellent functional features.

Design of a nanogap resonator surface plasmon polariton laser.

The inherent tradeoff between the optical mode confinement and the propagation loss due to the high dissipation level of metals has proved to be a significant setback in the design of plasmonic waveguide-based devices. In this Letter, we demonstrate a ring-less nanogap resonator consisting of two straight waveguides with metallic layers and a nanogap between. A finite-difference time-domain simulation of the proposed structure reveals that it exhibits a band-stop and lasing characteristics. The obtained full-width at half-maximum, free spectral range, and Q-factor values are found to be improved as compared to those obtained without a nanogap. Thus, to the best of our knowledge, the new resonator and laser structure can be obtained through the waveguide structure without the ring-shaped resonator.

Lossy waveguide design considering polarization dependency to reduce back reflection in 2 × 1 MMI combiners.

We propose a novel structure that includes two compact, simply structured, and lossy waveguides for reducing back reflection in MMI combiners. The preferred lossy waveguide consists of a bend section and a tapered section. Theoretical calculations and 2D FDTD analysis were used to confirm the properties of our proposed structure. Significantly and interestingly, for TE modes, the optimized bend radius is about 7.5 µm and the specific back reflectance depends on taper end width. For TM modes, to achieve a back reflection value smaller than -30 dB, the taper length of 30 µm is desired regardless of bend radius. Moreover, the introduction of the lossy waveguide influences neither the MMI design nor its operation.

Compact polarizing beam splitter based on a metal-insulator-metal inserted into multimode interference coupler.

We propose and analyze a compact polarizing beam splitter (PBS) based on a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structure inserted into a multimode interference coupler (MMI). Owing to the MIM structure, the TE polarized state is reflected by the cut-off condition while the TM polarized state is transmitted by the surface plasmon polariton, and the two polarized states can thus be separated. In this paper, the dependence of the reflected TE and transmitted TM field intensities on the MIM length and the gap thickness has been studied systematically. The proposed PBS structure, with a total size of 4 × 0.7 × 44 µm(3) is designed with MIM length, gap thickness, and metal thickness of 0.6 µm, 0.5 µm, and 0.05 µm, respectively. In the designed PBS, the transmittance for the TM polarized light, reflectance for the TE polarized light, extinction ratio, and insertion losses of the TE and TM modes are obtained using a 3D finite-difference time-domain method to be 0.9, 0.88, 12.55 dB, and 1.1 dB and 0.9 dB, respectively. The designed PBS has a much shorter length, 44 µm, compared to previous PBS devices.

Robust 2D layered MXene matrix-boron carbide hybrid films for neutron radiation shielding.

Large-scale fabrication of neutron-shielding films with flexible or complex shapes is challenging. Uniform and high boron carbide (B4C) filler loads with sufficient workability are needed to achieve good neutron-absorption capacity. Here, we show that a two-dimensional (2D) Ti3C2Tx MXene hybrid film with homogeneously distributed B4C particles exhibits high mechanical flexibility and anomalous neutron-shielding properties. Layered and solution-processable 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene flakes serve as an ideal robust and flexible matrix for high-content B4C fillers (60 wt.%). In addition, the preparation of a scalable neutron shielding MXene/B4C hybrid paint is demonstrated. This composite can be directly integrated with various large-scale surfaces (e.g., stainless steel, glass, and nylon). Because of their low thickness, simple and scalable preparation method, and an absorption capacity of 39.8% for neutrons emitted from a 241Am-9Be source, the 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene hybrid films are promising candidates for use in wearable and lightweight applications.

Design of ultra-sensitive biosensor applying surface plasmon resonance to a triangular resonator.

We propose an ultra-sensitive integrated photonic sensor structure using an InP-based triangular resonator, in which a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) gold film is applied on a total internal reflection mirror. We have analyzed and optimized the triangular resonator sensor structure with an extremely small SPR mirror sensing area of 3.3 × 0.35 µm2. Due to the large phase shift in the SPR mirror, a significantly enhanced sensitivity of 930 nm/RIU (refractive index unit) and the maximum peak shift of half free spectral range have been obtained at the SPR angle of 24.125° with Au thickness of 33.4 nm for the change of the refractive index Δn = 1x10(-3). This value is larger than the previous largest value in micro resonator-type biosensors. Moreover, the proposed triangular resonator sensor can be easily made in a micro structure with optical source integration.

The characterization of GH shifts of surface plasmon resonance in a waveguide using the FDTD method.

We have explicated the Goos-Hänchen (GH) shift in a mum-order Kretchmann-Raether configuration embedded in an optical waveguide structure by using the finite-difference time-domain method. For optical waveguide-type surface plasmon resonance (SPR) devices, the precise derivation of the GH shift has become critical. Artmann's equation, which is accurate enough for bulk optics, is difficult to apply to waveguide-type SPR devices. This is because Artmann's equation, based on the differentiation of the phase shift, is inaccurate at the critical and resonance angles where drastic phase changes occur. In this study, we accurately identified both the positive and the negative GH shifts around the incidence angle of resonance. In a waveguide-type Kretchmann-Raether configuration with an Au thin film of 50 nm, positive and negative lateral shifts of -0.75 and + 1.0 microm are obtained on the SPR with the incident angles of 44.4 degrees and 47.5 degrees, respectively, at a wavelength of 632.8 nm.

Extremely small multimode-interference coupled triangular resonator with sharp angle of incidence.

Novel triangular ring resonators combining extremely small multimode-interference (MMI) coupler, low loss total internal reflection (TIR) mirrors, and semiconductor optical amplifiers are reported for the first time. The MMI length of 90 microm is among the shortest reported. The incidence angle of the TIR mirror inside the resonator is 22 degrees. A free-spectral range of approximately 2 nm is observed near 1550 nm along with an on-off ratio of 17 dB. The triangular resonators with a sharp angle are very attractive components due to their promise of compact size and high levels of integration. Therefore, large numbers of resonators can be integrated on a chip to increase functionality in future optical wavelength division multiplexing system.