RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of Chagas disease in pregnant women and the vertical transmission of the disease. METHODS: Observational studies were identified from eight electronic databases, and details on study design, population and prevalence of Chagas disease were extracted. The data were pooled using a random-effects model, and choropleth maps were created based on geopolitical regions and countries. RESULTS: The search identified 7788 articles, of which 50 were eligible. We observed a 9% prevalence of Chagas disease among pregnant women in the Americas (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8-10, I2 = 99.96%). High disease prevalence was identified in pregnant women in South American countries (12%, 95% CI: 11-13), while lower values were identified in pregnant women in North America (2%, 95% CI: 1-3). Countries with medium Human Development Index (HDI) had a higher prevalence of Chagas disease in pregnant women (15%, 95% CI: 13-16, I2 = 99.98%) than countries with high HDI (3%, 95% CI: 2-3). The rate of vertical transmission in the continent was 2% (95% CI: 1-2). The statistical analysis showed that this heterogeneity was explained by the study design, region of the Americas and mean income of the country. CONCLUSION: South and Central American countries have a high prevalence and vertical transmission of Chagas disease. Therefore, systematic screens for this disease during the prenatal period are necessary in addition to the diagnosis and treatment of children at risk for Trypanosoma cruzi infection.
OBJECTIF: Estimer la prévalence de la maladie de Chagas chez les femmes enceintes et la transmission verticale de la maladie. MÉTHODES: Des études d'observation ont été identifiées à partir de huit bases de données électroniques et des détails sur la concept de l'étude, la population et la prévalence de la maladie de Chagas ont été extraits. Les données ont été regroupées à l'aide d'un modèle à effets aléatoires et des cartes choroplèthes ont été créées en fonction des régions et des pays géopolitiques. RÉSULTATS: La recherche a identifié 7.788 articles, dont 50 étaient éligibles. Nous avons observé une prévalence de 9% de la maladie de Chagas chez les femmes enceintes dans les Amériques (intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95%: 8-10, I2 = 99,96%). Une prévalence élevée de la maladie a été identifiée chez les femmes enceintes dans les pays d'Amérique du Sud (12%, IC95%: 11-13), tandis que des valeurs plus faibles ont été identifiées chez les femmes enceintes d'Amérique du Nord (2%, IC95%: 1-3). Les pays à indice de développement humain (IDH) moyen présentaient une prévalence plus élevée de la maladie de Chagas chez les femmes enceintes (15%, IC95%: 13-16, I2 = 99,98%) que les pays à IDH élevé (3%, IC95%: 2 -3). Le taux de transmission verticale sur le continent était de 2% (IC95%: 1-2). L'analyse statistique a montré que cette hétérogénéité s'expliquait par le concept d'étude, la région des Amériques et le revenu moyen du pays. CONCLUSION: Les pays d'Amérique du Sud et d'Amérique centrale ont une prévalence élevée et de transmission verticale de la maladie de Chagas. Par conséquent, des dépistages systématiques de cette maladie pendant la période prénatale sont nécessaires en plus du diagnostic et du traitement des enfants à risque d'infection par Trypanosoma cruzi.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/epidemiologia , América/epidemiologia , Doença de Chagas/congênito , Doença de Chagas/transmissão , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/etiologia , Trypanosoma cruziRESUMO
Acute Chagas disease outbreaks are related to the consumption of food or drink contaminated by triatomine feces, thus making oral infection an important route of transmission. Both vector-borne and oral infections trigger important cardiac manifestations in the host that are related to a dysregulated immune response. The aims of this work were to evaluate possible alterations of lymphocyte CD4+/CD8+ sub-populations, Th1 and Th2 cytokines, nitrite concentrations and cardiac histopathology. One group of male Wistar rats was intraperitoneally infected (I.P.) with 1×105 metacyclic trypomastigotes of the T. cruzi Y strain, and another group of Wistar rats was orally infected (O.I.) with 8×105 metacyclic trypomastigotes of the same strain. The intraperitoneal infection triggered statistically enhanced parasite and peritoneal macrophage numbers, increased concentrations of NO and IL-12 and elevated cardiac inflammatory foci when compared with the oral infection. However, proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were not statistically different for oral and intraperitoneal routes.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/parasitologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Trypanosoma cruzi/classificação , Animais , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Masculino , Parasitemia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Schistosomiasis is a chronic disease caused by trematode flatworms of the genus Schistosoma; it accounts for more than 280,000 deaths annually. In this work we investigated the effect of the alkaloidic extract obtained by acid-base extraction of the dried fruits of Solanum lycocarpum on schistosomiasis. We used this extract at concentrations of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg to treat mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni in different phases of the parasite cycle, and we compared its effect with that of the positive control praziquantel (60 mg/kg). We evaluated the results on the basis of the number of macrophages, eggs, and granulomas; we also assessed nitric oxide (NO) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production. Animals treated with a daily dose of 10 or 20 mg/kg alkaloidic extract between the 37th and 41st day of infection showed increased number of macrophages, elevated NO and IFN-γ concentrations, and reduced number of eggs and granulomas in the liver. The alkaloidic extract of S. lycocarpum fruits displayed an immunomodulatory effect on mice infected with S. mansoni, so its potential to treat schistosomiasis deserves further studies.
Assuntos
Frutas/química , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacologia , Schistosoma mansoni/efeitos dos fármacos , Esquistossomose mansoni/tratamento farmacológico , Alcaloides de Solanáceas/farmacologia , Solanum/química , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Contagem de Células , Feminino , Fatores Imunológicos/isolamento & purificação , Fatores Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Interferon gama/sangue , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Fígado/parasitologia , Fígado/patologia , Macrófagos Peritoneais/citologia , Macrófagos Peritoneais/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos Peritoneais/metabolismo , Camundongos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Praziquantel/farmacologia , Praziquantel/uso terapêutico , Schistosoma mansoni/imunologia , Esquistossomose mansoni/imunologia , Alcaloides de Solanáceas/isolamento & purificação , Alcaloides de Solanáceas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Leishmaniasis is an infection caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania and is the second most prevalent parasitic protozoal disease after malaria in the world. We report the in vitro leishmanicidal activity on promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis and cytotoxicity, using LLCMK2 cells, of the glycoalkaloids from the fruits of Solanum lycocarpum, determined by colorimetric methods. The alkaloidic extract was obtained by acid-base extraction; solamargine and solasonine were isolated by silica-gel chromatography, followed by reversed-phase HPLC final purification. The alkaloidic extract, solamargine, solasonine, as well as the equimolar mixture of the glycoalkaloids solamargine and solasonine displayed leishmanicidal activity against promastigote forms of L. amazonensis, whereas the aglycone solasodine was inactive. After 24 and 72â h of incubation, most of the samples showed lower cytotoxicities (IC50 6.5 to 124â µM) as compared to leishmanicidal activity (IC50 1.1 to 23.6â µM). The equimolar mixture solamargine/solasonine was the most active with an IC50 value of 1.1â µM, after 72â h. Likewise, solamargine was the most active after 24â h with an IC50 value of 14.4â µM, both in comparison with the positive control amphotericin B.
Assuntos
Antiprotozoários/química , Alcaloides de Solanáceas/química , Solanum/química , Animais , Antiprotozoários/isolamento & purificação , Antiprotozoários/toxicidade , Linhagem Celular , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromatografia em Gel , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Frutas/química , Leishmania/efeitos dos fármacos , Macaca mulatta , Alcaloides de Solanáceas/isolamento & purificação , Alcaloides de Solanáceas/toxicidadeRESUMO
Solanum lycocarpum (Solanaceae), a Brazilian medicinal plant known as "wolf fruit," contains about 1.5% of glycoalkaloids in its dried fruits, consisting mainly of solamargine and solasonine. The present work reports the obtainment of the alkaloidic extract of the S. lycocarpum fruit by acid-base extraction and the isolation of the major alkaloid heterosides by chromatographic means, as well as the evaluation of their in vitro schistosomicidal activities. The in vitro schistosomicidal activities of the alkaloidic extract of S. lycocarpum fruits and its isolated steroidal alkaloids were undertaken against adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni. The alkaloidic extract (20, 32, and 50 µg mL(-1)), solasonine (50 µM), solamargine (32 and 50 µM), and equimolar mixture of glycoalkaloids (20, 32, and 50 µM) lead to the separation of all couple worms and extensive disruption on their teguments, such as sloughing, as well as their deaths within 24 h of incubation. In addition, the alkaloidic extract (10 and 15 µg mL(-1)), solasonine (50 µM), solamargine (10, 15, and 20 µM), and equimolar mixtures of glycoalkaloids (10 and 15 µM) reduced the development of eggs produced by the adult worms. Solamargine, containing the sugar chain moiety chacotriose, was more active than the solasonine, which contains solatriose sugar chain moiety. A synergistic effect was also observed for a mixture of solamargine and solasonine. Therefore, the alkaloidic extract of S. lycocarpum, and its major components, solamargine and solasonine, showed promising schistosomicidal activity.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Frutas/química , Schistosoma mansoni/efeitos dos fármacos , Alcaloides de Solanáceas/farmacologia , Solanum/química , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/isolamento & purificação , Brasil , Cromatografia , Testes de Sensibilidade Parasitária , Schistosoma mansoni/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Alcaloides de Solanáceas/isolamento & purificação , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
Rangelia vitalii is a protozoan parasite that causes a hemorrhagic and hemolytic disease in dogs known as rangeliosis. Current reports of the disease are concentrated in the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil, as well as in Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay, and mainly concern domestic dogs. South American wild canids, such as the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), the pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus), and the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) may also be affected, although existing reports are restricted to Brazil. The present study aimed to detect R. vitalii parasitism in the Uruguayan wild fox population. DNA extracted from the blood and/or spleen samples of road-killed C. thous and L. gymnocercus found in northern Uruguay were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a 551-bp fragment of the Rangelia 18S rRNA gene. A total of 62 wild canids, including 38 C. thous and 24L. gymnocercus, were analyzed. Five crab-eating fox samples (13.2%) were positive for R. vitalii, with 99.5-100% identity between the sequences. All samples from pampas fox tested negative for R. vitalii. When compared with the R. vitalii sequences available in GenBank, a similarity of 98.9-100% was revealed. Molecular analysis results suggest that R. vitalii is circulating in the crab-eating fox population in Uruguay; however, its veterinary relevance for these foxes remains unknown.
Assuntos
Canidae , Piroplasmida/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Protozoárias em Animais/epidemiologia , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Prevalência , Infecções Protozoárias em Animais/parasitologia , Uruguai/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Leishmaniasis remains one of the world's leading infectious diseases and a public health problem for Bahia and Brazil. We made a retrospective cohort study of leishmaniasis cases reported between 2007 and 2016 in the Barreiras city, an important agribusiness city whose urbanization process was recent. Leishmaniasis presented epidemiological data with similar characteristics of the disease in other regions of the Brazil, that is, with the highest prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis found in children, while cutaneous leishmaniais was found in adults. The disease presented an urban configuration with wide distribution in the Barreiras city. We found the vectors of the different clinical forms of the disease occurring in the urban area of Barreiras city, particularly the sand fly of the Lutzmyia longipalpis, Evandromyia sallesi and Nyssomyia intermedia species. More studies will be necessary to indentify whether these species are really incriminated in the urban transmission of the parasites in the urban areas. This study indicates the places of the spatio-temporal greatest occurrence and transmission of the disease in the urban zones of Barreiras city.
Assuntos
Leishmaniose , Psychodidae , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Humanos , Leishmaniose/epidemiologia , Psychodidae/parasitologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , UrbanizaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Evaluation of the in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract obtained from the aerial parts of Mitracarpus frigidus (MFM) in the infection caused by two Salmonella strains and its chemical fingerprint by UFLC-quadrupole time of flight-MS. METHODS: The efficacy of MFM was investigated in a classical in-vivo Salmonella infection mouse model. A Salmonella reference strain (ATCC 13311) and a clinical isolate were used to infect mice and then MFM was orally administered during 14 days. At the end of the treatment with MFM, the infection and inflammatory levels were assayed. KEY FINDINGS: MFM treatment showed a significant reduction in mice mortality by Salmonella infection and, also, did not cause alterations in the liver function. Inhibitions of inflammatory and oxidative stress mediators [malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase, and metalloproteinase] were possibly involved in the observed effects. Chlorogenic acid, clarinoside, quercetin-pentosylhexoside, rutin, kaempferol-3O-rutinoside, kaempferol-rhamnosylhexoside and 2-azaanthraquinone were identified in MFM. CONCLUSIONS: MFM was effective in some inflammatory parameters, in the experimental conditions that were used in the study. The results presented in this study and the previous in-vitro anti-Salmonella activity reported by our research group reinforce the importance of MFM studies to considerer it as an alternative treatment for salmonellosis.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Rubiaceae/química , Infecções por Salmonella , Animais , Antibacterianos/análise , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Anti-Inflamatórios/análise , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/análise , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Catalase/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Inflamação/etiologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Metaloproteases/metabolismo , Camundongos , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/uso terapêutico , Componentes Aéreos da Planta , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Salmonella/efeitos dos fármacos , Salmonella/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Infecções por Salmonella/complicações , Infecções por Salmonella/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Salmonella/metabolismo , Infecções por Salmonella/microbiologia , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Baccharis coridifolia is one of the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock in Uruguay. Poisoning occurs when animals raised in areas free of B. coridifolia are transported to pastures containing the plant. Young stock become spontaneously averted to it after ingesting non-toxic amounts of the plant. As B. coridifolia is widespread in the country, farmers selling livestock report when animals have been raised in areas with the plant, meaning that they are naturally averted and will not ingest it if introduced in B. coridifolia-containing paddocks. Of 2456 farmers from 18 departments of Uruguay selling cattle through online auctions between June 2019 and May 2020, 78% mentioned that the animals they were selling were raised in grasslands containing B. coridifolia. However, only 35.8% of the farmers from three departments of Eastern Uruguay mentioned that their cattle were raised in grasslands with B. coridifolia. Herds from these departments presented 16.7 times (95% CI: 13.1-21.3; p < 0.001) more risk of not being naturally averted to B. coridifolia ingestion than the herds of the other 15 departments of the country. In this paper we review all outbreaks of B. coridifolia poisoning reported in livestock in Uruguay from 1911 to present. We also describe three outbreaks of poisoning, one in cattle and two in sheep that were poisoned in the same farms in which the animals were raised. Intoxication occurred when the animals raised indoors and/or in cultivated pastures without B. coridifolia were introduced into grasslands of the same farms containing B. coridifolia. Typical gastrointestinal lesions were observed in pathological examinations. Furthermore, two of three necropsied heifers showed severe acute nephrosis, which had not been reported previously in this poisoning.
Assuntos
Baccharis , Intoxicação por Plantas/veterinária , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Gado , Intoxicação por Plantas/epidemiologia , Plantas Tóxicas , Ovinos , Uruguai/epidemiologiaRESUMO
An outbreak of acute febrile syndrome associated with coagulopathy and severe pancytopenia occurred in cattle grazing in paddocks with high infestation by Adiantopsis chlorophylla. The administration of the plant to a calf reproduced the same signs and lesions seen in spontaneous cases. Similar syndromes are caused by ptaquiloside from bracken fern. Traces of the ptaquiloside-like molecule caudatoside were detected together with 0.03-0.24 mg/g of it's degradation product pterosin A, in dry fronds of the plant. In conclusion, A. chlorophylla is a cause of hemorrhagic diathesis in cattle.
RESUMO
Several biological activities have been reported for leaf extracts of Cecropia pachystachya species, including antioxidant and wound healing activities. This study aims to report, for the first time, the antiaging potential of the hydroethanolic (HE) and the ethanolic (EE) extracts obtained from the leaves of C. pachystachya using different in vitro assays. Both HE and EE presented relevant antioxidant capacity in different models, including phosphomolybdenum, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), carotene/linoleic acid bleaching, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assays. Their ability to prevent the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) was also evaluated, and both extracts showed important activity, especially HE. The extracts also stimulated the fibroblasts proliferation in vitro, specialized cells that produce several mediators which maintain the skin integrity and youthfulness. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was not observed for this lineage or HEK-293, human embryonic kidney cells widely used to evaluate cytotoxicity of chemical compounds. HE also exhibited the ability to inhibit the collagenase (metalloproteinase MMP-2) and elastase activities. The total phenolic and flavonoids contents were also determined. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of the flavonoids orientin and iso-orientin, which were quantified to be used as chemical markers. The results suggested that the extracts of C. pachystachya leaves present the potential to be used in dermocosmetic formulations to prevent the skin aging process, which attracts the attention of pharmaceutical companies and researchers interested in the development of novel ingredients likely to be used as active principles in antiaging products.
RESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Vernonia condensata Baker (Asteraceae) is traditionally used in South American Countries as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic and hepatoprotective. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to investigate the in vivo hepatoprotective and antioxidant, and the in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of the ethyl acetate partition (EAP) from the ethanolic extract of this medicinal plant leaves. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For the in vivo hepatoprotective activity, rats were pretreated orally for seven days with vehicle, silymarin 100mg/kg or EAP 50, 100 and 200mg/kg. Then, acetaminophen 3g/kg was also orally administrated. Animals were euthanatized 24h after the damage inducement. The levels of the serum enzymes ALT, AST and ALP were determined, as well as the triglycerides, total cholesterol and fractions. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by TBARS assay and by the measurement of glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the rats liver tissue. The in vitro anti-inflammatory assay using Raw 264.7 cell line induced by lipopolysaccharide was conducted to verify EAP ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS: EAP was able to inhibit all the acute biochemical alterations caused by acetaminophen overdose. EAP inhibited malondialdehyde formation, maintained the catalase and increased the glutathione reductase activities. Also, EAP decreased NO, IL-6 and TNF-α levels at concentrations from 10 to 20µg/mL. 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid was isolated and identified as the major compound in EAP. Apigenin, luteolin, chlorogenic acid were also identified. EAP anti-inflammatory action may be due to its antioxidant activity or its capacity to inhibit the pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION: These results strongly suggested that V. condensata may be useful as a possible therapy against liver damage.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/prevenção & controle , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Vernonia/química , Acetaminofen/administração & dosagem , Acetaminofen/toxicidade , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/administração & dosagem , Anti-Inflamatórios/isolamento & purificação , Anticolesterolemiantes/administração & dosagem , Anticolesterolemiantes/isolamento & purificação , Anticolesterolemiantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Linhagem Celular , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/etiologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Overdose de Drogas , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Folhas de Planta , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Silimarina/farmacologiaRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to characterize 16 pharmaceutical grade chondroitin sulfate (CS) samples, concerning the structure and presence of contaminants, in comparison to USP and analytical grade CS. Agarose gel electrophoresis has shown that only 5 samples were >90% CS, while 11 contained less than 15% CS. FACE (fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis) revealed that maltodextrin was the main contaminant in nine of them, and lactose in two. Raman spectroscopy corroborated these results. Concerning the structure of the CS present in the five CS-rich samples, the ratios 4-sulfated:6-sulfated disaccharides varied from 0.9 to 1.7, and their modal molecular weight was 20-29 kDa. Also, they were all contaminated by small amounts of keratan sulfate (<1%). In conclusion, our findings indicate that the composition of CS preparations not always corresponds to the manufacturers' descriptions, and indicate that further characterization should be required for the registry and license of pharmaceutical grade CS.
Assuntos
Sulfatos de Condroitina/química , Contaminação de Medicamentos , Eletroforese em Gel de Ágar , Sulfato de Queratano/análise , Lactose/análise , Polissacarídeos/análise , Análise Espectral RamanRESUMO
CONTEXT: Inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, comprising a broad spectrum of diseases those have in common chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, histological alterations and an increased activity levels of certain enzymes, such as, metalloproteinases. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate a possible correlation of disease activity index with the severity of colonic mucosal damage and increased activity of metalloproteinases in a model of ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium. METHODS: Colitis was induced by oral administration of 5% dextran sulfate sodium for seven days in this group (n=10), whereas control group (n=16) received water. Effects were analyzed daily by disease activity index. In the seventh day, animals were euthanized and hematological measurements, histological changes (hematoxylin and eosin and Alcian Blue staining), myeloperoxidase and metalloproteinase activities (MMP-2 and MMP-9) were determined. RESULTS: Dextran sulfate sodium group showed elevated disease activity index and reduced hematological parameters. Induction of colitis caused tissue injury with loss of mucin and increased myeloperoxidase (P<0.001) and MMP-9 activities (45 fold) compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we observed a disease activity index correlation with the degree of histopathological changes after induction of colitis, and this result may be related mainly to the increased activity of MMP-9 and mieloperoxidase.
Assuntos
Colite Ulcerativa/enzimologia , Mucosa Intestinal/enzimologia , Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz/sangue , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/sangue , Peroxidase/sangue , Animais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Colite Ulcerativa/induzido quimicamente , Colite Ulcerativa/patologia , Sulfato de Dextrana , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Masculino , Ratos Wistar , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Introdução: O mesotelioma pleural maligno é um câncer raro, agressivo e que apresenta expectativa de aumento na incidência até 2030. As melhores formas de tratar essa neoplasia continuam em debate. Objetivo: Sintetizar as evidências de eficácia e segurança dos esquemas quimioterápicos de primeira linha disponíveis para o tratamento do mesotelioma pleural maligno. Método: Foram utilizadas as bases bibliográficas LILACS, MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register e Web of Science. Buscaram-se estudos na literatura cinzenta. Os critérios de elegibilidade incluíram ensaios randomizados de fases II ou III, de pacientes com mesotelioma pleural virgem de tratamento quimioterápico, submetidos a qualquer regime terapêutico, tendo como controle outros esquemas quimioterápicos ou controle ativo de sintomas, e apresentando tempo de sobrevida global, tempo livre de progressão, resposta tumoral e toxicidade como desfechos. Todas as etapas foram realizadas por dois revisores, de forma independente. O protocolo da revisão foi registrado no International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO 2014: CRD42014014388). Resultados: Treze estudos envolvendo 14 esquemas terapêuticos foram incluídos. O único esquema quimioterápico que se apresentou superior ao comparado com significância estatística nos três desfechos de eficácia foi cisplatina + pemetrexede. Cisplatina + pemetrexede e cisplatina + gemcitabina apresentaram mais casos de toxicidade graus 3 e 4. Conclusão: Existem boas evidências para recomendar combinações de derivado de platina e antifolato como opção de primeira escolha no tratamento quimioterápico do mesotelioma pleural. Mais estudos clínicos são necessários para embasar decisões de incorporação dos antifolatos no tratamento rotineiro dessa neoplasia no Brasil.
Introduction: Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a rare, aggressive cancer that is expected to increase in incidence by 2030. The best ways to treat this neoplasm are still under discussion. Objective: To synthesize the evidence of efficacy and safety of the different first-line chemotherapy regimens available for the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Method:The LILACS, MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and Web of Science bibliographic databases were used. Studies were sought in the grey literature. Eligibility criteria included randomized phase II or III trials of chemotherapy-naive patients with pleural mesothelioma who underwent any therapeutic regimen, compared to other chemotherapeutic regimens or active symptom control, and presenting overall survival, progression free survival, tumor response and toxicity as outcomes. All steps were performed independently by two reviewers. The review protocol was recorded in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO 2014: CRD42014014388). Results: Thirteen studies involving fourteen therapeutic regimens were included. The only chemotherapy regimen that presented superior to the comparator with statistical significance in the three efficacy outcomes was cisplatin + pemetrexed. Cisplatin + pemetrexed and cisplatin + gemcitabine presented more grades 3 and 4 toxicity cases. Conclusion: There is good evidence to recommend combinations of platinum and antifolate derivatives as a first-choice option in the chemotherapeutic treatment of pleural mesothelioma. Further clinical studies are needed to support decisions to incorporate antifolates in the routine treatment of this neoplasm in Brazil.
Introducción: El mesotelioma pleural maligno es un cáncer raro, agresivo y que presenta expectativa de aumento en la incidencia hasta 2030. Objetivo: Sintetizar las evidencias de eficacia y seguridad de los diferentes esquemas quimioterápicos de primera línea disponibles para el tratamiento del mesotelioma pleural maligno. Método: Se utilizaron las bases bibliográficas LILACS, MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register y Web of Science. Se buscó estudios en la literatura gris. Los criterios de elegibilidad incluyeron ensayos aleatorizados de fase II o III, de pacientes con mesotelioma pleural vírgenes de tratamiento quimioterápico, sometidos a cualquier régimen terapéutico, teniendo como control otros esquemas quimioterápicos o control activo de síntomas, y presentando tiempo de supervivencia global, tiempo libre de progresión, respuesta tumoral y toxicidad como resultados. Todas las etapas fueron realizadas por dos revisores, de forma independiente. El protocolo de la revisión se registró en el International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO 2014: CRD42014014388). Resultados: Se incluyeron trece estudios de catorce esquemas terapéuticos. El único esquema uimioterápico que se presentó superior al comparador con significancia estadística en los tres resultados de eficacia fue cisplatino + pemetrexede. Cisplatino + pemetrexed y cisplatino + gemcitabina presentaron más casos de toxicidad grados 3 y 4. Conclusion: Existen buenas evidencias para recomendar combinaciones de derivado de platino y antifolato como opción de primera elección en el tratamiento quimioterápico del mesotelioma pleural. Más estudios clínicos son necesarios para basar decisiones de incorporación de los antifolatos en el tratamiento rutinario de esa neoplasia en Brasil.
Assuntos
Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/prevenção & controle , Mesotelioma/epidemiologia , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Tratamento Farmacológico , Revisão SistemáticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study reports the in vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of the methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Mitracarpus frigidus (MFM) and its chemical fingerprint. METHODS: The acute anti-inflammatory activity was performed using the carrageenan-induced paw oedema and peritonitis, ear oedema induced by croton oil and ethyl phenylpropiolate methods. Total COX, COX-1 and COX-2 expression was also evaluated. Chronic activity was determined by cotton pellet granuloma model. The antioxidative activity was assessed using liver tissue malondialdehyde, catalase and myeloperoxidase activities. KEY FINDINGS: M. frigidus showed an intense acute anti-inflammatory action (100 and 300 mg/kg) in a nondose-dependent manner with selective inhibition of COX-2 expression. This activity may be also related to the strong antioxidative effect observed. By the other side, the chronic anti-inflammatory activity of MFM was not expressive. Kaempferol, kaempferol-O-rutenoside, rutin, ursolic acid and psychorubrin were identified in MFM. CONCLUSIONS: The anti-inflammatory activity of MFM was probably due to inhibition of COX expression in a selective manner for COX-2. Other mechanisms, such as inhibition of inflammatory mediators and of the oxidative stress were possibly involved in the effects observed. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time those activities are reported for M. frigidus.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/farmacologia , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Rubiaceae/química , Animais , Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/uso terapêutico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Edema/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Quempferóis/análise , Masculino , Camundongos , Naftoquinonas/análise , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Componentes Aéreos da Planta , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Ratos Wistar , Rutina/análise , Triterpenos/análise , Ácido UrsólicoRESUMO
A antevisão do tratamento definitivo é um dos aspectosessenciais em planejamentos envolvendo a estéticadentária, e os maiores desafios envolvem a realizaçãode texturas de superfície naturais e realistas e a previsibilidadedos resultados finais. Objetivo: apresentaruma técnica que utiliza molde de silicone baseado emdentição natural a fim de mimetizar a textura superficialdentária. Materiais e método: pré-molares extraídospara fins ortodônticos foram utilizados para confecçãode uma matriz de silicone de adição. Uma resina compostafluida fotopolimerizável foi utilizada para produzirconchas de resina capazes de duplicar a forma ea textura das coroas dos dentes naturais. Conclusão:a técnica descrita proporcionou a obtenção de cascasanatômicas com formas e texturas naturais, que podemser utilizadas como alternativa prática à realização derestaurações provisórias diretas intraorais ou no auxílioao enceramento.
RESUMO
Chronic cardiomyopathy is the most important clinical form of Chagas disease, and it is characterised by myocarditis that is associated with fibrosis and organ dysfunction. Alternative treatment options are important tools to modulate host immune responses. The main goal of this work was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory actions of melatonin during the chronic phase of Chagas disease. TNF-α, IL-10 and nitrite concentrations were evaluated as predictive factors of immune modulation. Creatine phosphokinase-MB (CK-MB), cardiac inflammatory foci and heart weight were assessed to evaluate the efficacy of the melatonin treatment. Male Wistar rats were infected with 1×10(5) blood trypomastigotes of the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi and kept untreated for 60 days to mimic chronic infection. After this period, the rats were orally treated with melatonin 50mg/kg/day, and the experiments were performed 90, 120, and 180 days post-infection. Melatonin treatment significantly increased the concentration of IL-10 and reduced the concentrations of NO and TNF-α produced by cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, it led to decreased heart weight, serum CK-MB levels and inflammatory foci when compared to the untreated and infected control groups. We conclude that melatonin therapy is effective at protecting animals against the harmful cardiac inflammatory response that is characteristic of chronic T. cruzi infection.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/administração & dosagem , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/administração & dosagem , Cardiomiopatia Chagásica/patologia , Cardiomiopatia Chagásica/prevenção & controle , Melatonina/administração & dosagem , Miocárdio/patologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/farmacologia , Cardiomiopatia Chagásica/tratamento farmacológico , Citocinas/sangue , Masculino , Melatonina/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico/sangue , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Resultado do Tratamento , Trypanosoma cruzi/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: The occurrence of infectious disease processes during pregnancy has significant effects on maternal health and can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of the present study was to examine the potential role of zinc treatment during Trypanosoma cruzi infection in pregnant animals. METHODS: Female Wistar rats weighing 180-200 g were used in all experiments. Production of nitric oxide, peritoneal macrophages counts, and concentrations of IFN-γ and TNF-α were measured, and the potential protective effects of zinc on fetal development were assessed at 14-day post-infection. RESULTS: Nitric oxide concentrations were higher in pregnant zinc-treated animals than in their untreated counterparts, despite similar levels of the macrophages, IFN-γ and TNF-α. Zinc therapy was associated with a significant reduction in parasitemia and cardiac parasite burden. Higher placental and birth weights were observed in animals given prenatal zinc supplementation compared to untreated animals. CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm the critical importance of adequate zinc intake during the peri-conceptional period and indicate that zinc has an effective role in preventing adverse outcomes of pregnancy and reducing the risk of common infections such as Chagas' disease.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Chagas/imunologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/imunologia , Zinco/administração & dosagem , Animais , Feminino , Coração/efeitos dos fármacos , Coração/parasitologia , Interferon gama/sangue , Macrófagos Peritoneais/imunologia , Óxido Nítrico/sangue , Parasitemia/prevenção & controle , Gravidez , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Trypanosoma cruzi/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangueRESUMO
Sida carpinifolia is a plant responsible for poisoning several species of animals. This paper describes Hypomyelinogenesis in fetuses and neonates of cattle that consumed S. carpinifolia. Neonates manifested ataxia and muscle tremors. Two bovine newborns and four fetuses were necropsied and showed no significant gross changes. Histopathologic findings included vacuolation of pancreatic acinar cells, thyroid follicular cells, hepatocytes, cells of renal tubules and neurons of the fetus and the white matter of the telencephalic frontal lobe of the neonates and also revealed axonal spheroids in the brain of the fetuses and neonates. The lectin-histochemical evaluation shoved staining for the lectins Con-A, WGA and s-WGA. The Luxol Fast Blue staining revealed a marked decrease of myelin in the brain of all the fetuses and a moderate decrease in the neonates. Histologic and lectin-histochemic findings indicate that the consumption of S. carpinifolia by pregnant bovine females can cause hypomyelinogenesis in fetuses and neonates.(AU)
Sida carpinifolia é uma planta responsável por intoxicar várias espécies animais. Este artigo descreve hipomielinogênese em fetos e neonatos de bovinos que consumiram S. carpinifolia. Os neonatos manifestaram ataxia e tremores musculares. Dois neonatos e quatro fetos bovinos foram necropsiados e não havia alterações macroscópicas significativas. Os achados histopatológicos incluíram vacuolização de células acinares do pâncreas, células foliculares da tireoide, hepatócitos, células renais tubulares e neurônios nos fetos. Nos neonatos havia vacuolização na substância branca do lobo frontal telencefálico, além de esferoides axonais no encéfalo dos fetos e dos recém-nascidos. A avaliação lectino-histoquímica demonstrou marcação para as lectinas Con-A, WGA e s-WGA. A coloração de Luxol Fast Blue revelou diminuição acentuada da mielina no telencéfalo de todos os fetos e diminuição moderada nos neonatos. Os achados histológicos e lectina-histoquímicos indicam que o consumo de S. carpinifolia por fêmeas bovinas gestantes pode causar hipomielinogênese em fetos e neonatos.(AU)