[Active Aging Index in Colombia: analysis based on the national survey of health, well-being, and aging (SABE Colombia 2015)Índice de envelhecimento ativo na Colômbia: uma análise a partir da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, Bem-estar e Envelhecimento (SABE da Colômbia 2015)]. / Índice de envejecimiento activo en Colombia: análisis basado en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento (SABE Colombia 2015).

OBJECTIVES: To describe the current state of the population aged 60 years and older in Colombia and to determine the Active Aging Index (AAI) and assess its domains. METHODS: Based on data collected during the national survey of health, well-being, and aging conducted in Colombia in 2015 (known as SABE Colombia 2015), the AAI for Colombia was calculated using the methodology applied in the countries of the European Union, with the same four domains. The methodology was adapted to the data provided by the survey and to the Colombian context. RESULTS: The AAI for Colombia was 37.4. Older adults in Colombia had a high level of employability, but the largest percentage of jobs was in the informal sector. A small percentage of older adults were active in political groups, associations, or organizations advocating for decisions that will benefit society and the country. The fact that a large majority of older adults in Colombia are able to function adequately presents opportunities to improve their performance in line with the determinants of active aging. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first real attempt to characterize the state of older adults in Colombia and their possibilities to achieve active aging. Public policies should be adjusted to close the identified gaps and improve the quality of life for older adults by offering opportunities for them to earn adequate pay for a better quality of life. The service-centered view of illness should be shifted to focus more on new approaches that include health promotion and prevention of disability.

OBJETIVOS: Descrever a situação atual da população com 60 anos ou mais de idade na Colômbia e determinar o índice de envelhecimento ativo (IEA) e seus domínios. MÉTODOS: O IEA e seus quatro domínios foram calculados a partir de dados coletados na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, Bem-estar e Envelhecimento realizada na Colômbia em 2015 (SABE Colômbia 2015). Este cálculo se baseou em metodologia elaborada para os países da União Europeia, com a adaptação dos domínios de acordo com os dados do levantamento e o contexto colombiano. RESULTADOS: O IEA da Colômbia é de 37,4. Observou-se alta empregabilidade entre os idosos colombianos, mas os empregos são na sua maioria de caráter informal. Um pequeno percentual dos idosos se ocupa de atividades em agremiações políticas ou sindicais ou em grupos que tomam decisões com repercussão social e para o país. A grande maioria dos idosos na Colômbia tem níveis adequados de funcionalidade, com potencial de melhorar seu desempenho segundo os determinantes de envelhecimento ativo. CONCLUSÕES: Trata-se do primeiro diagnóstico real da situação do idoso na Colômbia e suas possibilidades de envelhecimento ativo. As políticas públicas precisam ser modificadas para reduzir as lacunas identificadas e melhorar a qualidade de vida dos idosos, oferecendo a eles mais oportunidades de exercer atividades com remuneração adequada e ter uma melhor qualidade de vida. É necessária uma nova visão, mudando o enfoque de serviços centrados na doença para novas abordagens baseadas na promoção da saúde e prevenção de incapacidade.

How has research on the effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccination been evaluated: a scope review with emphasis on CoronaVac.

Introduction: The control of the COVID-19 epidemic has been focused on the development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. All developed vaccines have reported safety and efficacy results in preventing infection and its consequences, although the quality of evidence varies depending on the vaccine considered. Different methodological designs have been used for their evaluation, which can influence our understanding of the effects of these interventions. CoronaVac is an inactivated vaccine, and it has been assessed in various studies, including clinical trials and observational studies. Given these differences, our objective was to explore the published information to answer the question: how has the efficacy/effectiveness and safety of CoronaVac been evaluated in different studies? This is to identify potential gaps and challenges to be addressed in understanding its effect. Methods: A scoping review was carried out following the methodology proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute, which included studies carried out in humans as of 2020, corresponding to systematic reviews, clinical trials, analytical or descriptive observational studies, in which the effectiveness and/or safety of vaccines for COVID19 were evaluated or described. There were no age restrictions for the study participants. Results: The efficacy/effectiveness and safety of this vaccine was assessed through 113 studies. Nineteen corresponded to experimental studies, 7 of Phase II, 5 of Phase IV, and 4 were clinical trials with random assignment. Although some clinical trials with random assignment have been carried out, these have limitations in terms of feasibility, follow-up times, and with this, the possibility of evaluating safety outcomes that occur with low frequencies. Not all studies have used homogeneous methods of analysis. Both the prevention of infection, and the prevention of outcomes such as hospitalization or death, have been valued through similar outcomes, but some through multivariate analysis of dependencies, and others through analysis that try to infer causally through different control methods of confounding. Conclusion: Published information on the evaluation of the efficacy/effectiveness and safety of the CoronaVac is abundant. However, there are differences in terms of vaccine application schedules, population definition, outcomes evaluated, follow-up times, and safety assessment, as well as non-standardization in the reporting of results, which may hinder the generalizability of the findings. It is important to generate meetings and consensus strategies for the methods and reporting of this type of studies, which will allow to reduce the heterogeneity in their presentation and a better understanding of the effect of these vaccines.

Main results and public health implications of the National School Health Survey (ENSE), Colombia 2017.

Introduction: The school population represents a fundamental group for health promotion actions, given that the foundations of healthy behaviors in adult life are established in children and adolescents, who can be greatly influenced by the school. Objective: To describe the health-related behavioral factors of schoolchildren between 13 and 17 years of age in secondary and middle school in Colombia. Methods: A national cross-sectional study was conducted (i.e., School Health Survey -ENSE-) that recorded information on dietary practices, physical activity, alcohol and drug consumption, injuries and bullying, and oral, visual and hearing health. Sampling was probabilistic, cluster and multistage. Results: Schoolchildren have low consumption of fruits, vegetables (13.1%) and dairy (76.5 %), high consumption of ultra-processed foods (82.4 %), sugary drinks (74.0 %) and fast foods (14.8 %), frequent addition of salt at the table (43.3 %), low compliance with physical activity recommendations (15.0 %) and high sedentary lifestyle (46.3 %), frequent consumption of alcohol (44.7 %) and psychoactive substances (14.7 %), in addition to prevalent situations of bullying (15.4 %), rejection (8.2 %) and verbal aggression (42.7 %). Conclusions: The ENSE shows critical inequalities by gender, ethnicity and social class, throughout the country. The indicators observed in schoolchildren are precursors of various chronic and degenerative diseases and mental illness, which requires the urgent attention of the different social actors in the country.

Introducción: La población escolar es un grupo fundamental para las intervenciones de promoción de la salud, ya que en los niños y adolescentes se sientan las bases de un comportamiento saludable en la vida adulta, que puede ser muy influenciado por la escuela. Objetivo: Describir los factores comportamentales relacionados con la salud de los escolares de 13 a 17 años de edad que cursan educación básica secundaria y media en Colombia. Métodos: Se realizó una encuesta nacional transversal (Encuesta de Salud en Escolares -ENSE-) con los lineamientos de Global School-based Student Health Survey para recolectar información sobre prácticas alimentarias, actividad física, consumo de alcohol y drogas, lesiones e intimidación, y salud bucal, visual y auditiva. El muestreo fue probabilístico, por conglomerados y polietápico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 79.640 escolares de 298 municipios. Los escolares presentaron bajo consumo de frutas, verduras (13.1%) y productos lácteos (76.5 %), alto consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados (82.4 %), bebidas azucaradas (74.0 %) y comidas rápidas (14.8 %); alto uso de sal añadida en la mesa (43.3 %), actividad física inferior a la recomendada (15.0 %) y sedentarismo (46.3 %). Fue frecuente el consumo de alcohol (44.7 %) y sustancias psicoactivas (14.7 %) y reportaron situaciones de intimidación (15.4 %), rechazo (8.2 %) y agresiones verbales (42.7 %). Conclusiones: La ENSE muestra desigualdades por género, etnia y clase social en todo el país. Los hallazgos observados en los escolares son factores de riesgo de enfermedades crónico-degenerativas y mentales, y requieren la atención urgente de los actores sociales del país.

Spatial modeling and socioeconomic inequities of COVID-19 in the urban area of the city of Cali, Colombia.

COVID-19 has spread worldwide with a high variability in cases and mortality between populations. This research aims to assess socioeconomic inequities of COVID-19 in the city of Cali, Colombia, during the first and second peaks of the pandemic in this city. An ecological study by neighborhoods was carried out, were COVID-19 cases were analyzed using a Bayesian hierarchical spatial model that includes potential risk factors such as the index of unsatisfied basic needs and socioeconomic variables as well as random effects to account for residual variation. Maps showing the geographic patterns of the estimated relative risks as well as exceedance probabilities were created. The results indicate that in the first wave, the neighborhoods with the greatest unsatisfied basic needs and low socioeconomic strata, were more likely to report positive cases for COVID-19. For the second wave, the disease begins to spread through different neighborhoods of the city and middle socioeconomic strata presents the highest risk followed by the lower strata. These findings indicate the importance of measuring social determinants in the study of the distribution of cases due to COVID-19 for its inclusion in the interventions and measures implemented to contain contagions and reduce impacts on the most vulnerable populations.

[Predictions of a SEIR model for COVID-19 cases in Cali-Colombia]. / Predicciones de un modelo SEIR para casos de COVID-19 en Cali, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To predict the number of cases of COVID-19 in the city of Cali-Colombia through the development of a SEIR model. METHODS: A SEIR compartmental deterministic model was used considering the states: susceptible (S), exposed (E), infected (I) and recovered (R). The model parameters were selected according to the literature review, in the case of the case fatality rate data from the Municipal Secretary of Health were used. Several scenarios were considered taking into account variations in the basic number of reproduction (R0), and the prediction until april 9 was compared with the observed data. RESULTS: Through the SEIR model it was found that with the highest basic number of reproduction [2,6] and using the case fatality rate for the city of 2,0%, the maximum number of cases would be reached on June 1 with 195 666 (prevalence). However, when comparing the observed with the expected cases, at the beginning the observed occurrence was above the projected, but then the trend changes decreasing the slope. CONCLUSIONS: SEIR epidemiological models are widely used methods for projecting cases in infectious diseases, however it must be taken into account that they are deterministic models that can use assumed parameters and could generate imprecise results.

Survey on health, well-being and aging. SABE Colombia 2015: Technical Report.

INTRODUCTION: Colombian population is getting old in an accelerated manner, causing economic, social and health services effects. The Ministry of Health and Social Protection in the National System of Population Studies and Surveys for Health implemented the first health, well-being and aging survey- SABE-2015 Colombia- to know the living conditions of people 60 years of age or older. OBJECTIVE: Describe the design of the method, statistical sampling and quality control of information from the SABE-2015 survey. METHODS: A cross-sectional study, with quantitative and qualitative approaches, representative for the population in urban and rural areas aged 60 or over. Information was collected on socioeconomic variables, physical and social environment, behavior, cognition and affection, functionality, mental well-being, health conditions, and the use and access to health services. RESULTS: 23,694 surveys were conducted, 17,189 in urban population (72.5%) and 6,505 in rural population. The percentage of effective national response was 66% in 244 municipalities. Supervision was made in 40% of the surveys and telephone re-contact in 25%. The consistency of 100% surveys was reviewed and double entry was developed in 5% of them. National estimates have a 5% margin error. CONCLUSION: The SABE Colombia 2015 survey is representative of the main indicators of health, well-being and aging in Colombia. The design allows regional comparisons, between large cities and urban and rural population.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La población colombiana está envejeciendo de forma acelerada lo cual está generando efectos económicos, sociales y en los servicios de salud que exigen de información confiable para la planeación y evaluación de políticas en esta población. El Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social implementó la primera encuesta de salud, bienestar y envejecimiento- SABE Colombia 2015- para conocer las condiciones de vida de las personas de 60 años o más. OBJETIVO: Describir el diseño del método, del muestreo estadístico y del control de calidad de la información de la encuesta SABE-2015. MÉTODOS: Encuesta con enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo, representativo de la población urbana y rural colombiana de 60 años o más. Se registró información socioeconómica, del entorno físico y social, de la conducta, la cognición y el afecto, la funcionalidad, el bienestar mental, las condiciones de salud, y el uso y acceso a servicios de salud. RESULTADOS: Se realizaron 23,694 encuestas, 17,189 en población urbanas (72.5%) y 6,505 en población rurales. El porcentaje de respuesta efectiva nacional fue del 66% en 244 municipios. Se realizó supervisión en 40% de las encuestas y re-contacto telefónico en 25%. Se revisó la consistencia del 100% de encuestas y doble digitación en el 5%. A nivel nacional las estimaciones tienen un error del 5%. CONCLUSIÓN: La encuesta SABE Colombia 2015 es representativa de los principales indicadores de salud, bienestar y envejecimiento en Colombia. El diseño permite hacer comparaciones regionales, entre grandes ciudades y de población urbana y rural.

Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of high blood pressure in the elderly according to the ethnic group. Colombian survey.

INTRODUCTION: High blood pressure (HBP) is the main cardiovascular risk factor, it is more prevalent in the older adult population, and the prevalence can vary between ethnic groups. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of HBP, knowledge, treatment and control in population aged ≥60 years, resident in Colombia, according to their ethnic condition. METHODS: Population sample selected by multistage sampling. Ethnicity was defined based on skin color. HBP was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140, and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, and/or the participants' self-report. Controlled HBP at a blood pressure value <140/90, knowledge and treatment were identified by self-report. RESULTS: 23,694 adults aged ≥ 60 years were included, of which 54.5%, 34.5% and 10.9% were respectively identified as having light, medium or dark skin color; 54.5% were women, and 78.1% resided in urban areas. The standardized prevalence of HBP, by age, was 57.7% (95% CI: 55.2 - 60.2); 51.4% (95% CI: 47.3-55. 5), in men; and 62.9% (60.9-64.9), in women. The standardized prevalence for light, medium and dark skin in men was 53.2% (95% CI: 48.7-57.7), 49.6% (44.5-54.7), and 49.4% (95% CI: 41.0-57.8) respectively; and in women was 62.5% (95% CI: 60.5-64 , 5), 61.7% (95% CI: 57.8-65.6), and 69.9% (95% CI: 63.6-76.2) respectively. 98% of the population received treatment, and 93.9% were aware of HBP diagnosis. 42.5% of men and 55.5% of women with HBP were under control. Only 21.8% performed regular physical activity. CONCLUSION: Half of the adult population aged over 60 years suffers from HBP; the prevalence is higher in women particularly in dark-skinned women. It is necessary to develop policies to increase physical activity in the elderly.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La presión arterial elevada (PAE) es el principal de factor de riesgo cardiovascular, es más prevalente en población adulta mayor y la prevalencia puede variar entre etnias. OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de PAE, conocimiento, tratamiento y control en población ≥60 años residente en Colombia de acuerdo con su condición étnica. MÉTODOS: Muestra poblacional seleccionada mediante un muestreo multietápico. La etnia se definió con base en el color de piel. La PAE se definió como presión arterial sistólica ≥140 y/o presión arterial diastólica ≥90 mm Hg y/o el autoreporte del participante. La PAE controlada a un valor de presión arterial <140/90, el conocimiento y el tratamiento se identificaron por autoreporte. RESULTADOS: Fueron incluidos 23,694 adultos con edad ≥ 60 años, de los cuales, 54.5%, 34.5% y 10.9% se identificaron con color de piel claro, medio u oscuro respectivamente, El 54.5%, eran mujeres y el 78.1% residía en zona urbana, La prevalencia estandarizada por edad de PAE fue 57,7% (IC 95%: 55.2-60.2), 51.4% (IC 95%: 4.3-55.5) en hombres y 62.9% (60.9-64.9) en mujeres, La prevalencia estandarizada en hombres claros, medios y oscuros fue 53.2%(IC 95%: 48.7-57.7), 49.6% (44.5-54.7) y 49.4% (IC 95%: 41.0-57.8) respectivamente y en mujeres 62.5% (IC 95%: 60.5-64.5), 61.7% (IC 95%: 57.8-65.6) y 69.9% (IC 95%: 63.6-76.2) respectivamente, El 98% de la población recibía tratamiento y el 93.9% conocía el diagnóstico de PAE, El 42.5% de los hombres y el 55.5% de las mujeres se encontraban con PAE controlada, El 21.8% realizaba actividad física regularmente. CONCLUSIÓN: La mitad de la población adulta mayor a 60 años sufre PAE, mayor prevalencia en mujeres y particularmente mujeres oscuras. Se requiere desarrollar políticas para incrementar la actividad física en el adulto mayor.

Main results and public health implications of the National School Health Survey (ENSE), Colombia 2017

Introduction: The school population represents a fundamental group for health promotion actions, given that the foundations of healthy behaviors in adult life are established in children and adolescents, who can be greatly influenced by the school. Objective: To describe the health-related behavioral factors of schoolchildren between 13 and 17 years of age in secondary and middle school in Colombia. Methods: A national cross-sectional study was conducted (i.e., School Health Survey -ENSE-) that recorded information on dietary practices, physical activity, alcohol and drug consumption, injuries and bullying, and oral, visual and hearing health. Sampling was probabilistic, cluster and multistage. Results: Schoolchildren have low consumption of fruits, vegetables (13.1%) and dairy (76.5 %), high consumption of ultra-processed foods (82.4 %), sugary drinks (74.0 %) and fast foods (14.8 %), frequent addition of salt at the table (43.3 %), low compliance with physical activity recommendations (15.0 %) and high sedentary lifestyle (46.3 %), frequent consumption of alcohol (44.7 %) and psychoactive substances (14.7 %), in addition to prevalent situations of bullying (15.4 %), rejection (8.2 %) and verbal aggression (42.7 %). Conclusions: The ENSE shows critical inequalities by gender, ethnicity and social class, throughout the country. The indicators observed in schoolchildren are precursors of various chronic and degenerative diseases and mental illness, which requires the urgent attention of the different social actors in the country.

Introducción: La población escolar es un grupo fundamental para las intervenciones de promoción de la salud, ya que en los niños y adolescentes se sientan las bases de un comportamiento saludable en la vida adulta, que puede ser muy influenciado por la escuela. Objetivo: Describir los factores comportamentales relacionados con la salud de los escolares de 13 a 17 años de edad que cursan educación básica secundaria y media en Colombia. Métodos: Se realizó una encuesta nacional transversal (Encuesta de Salud en Escolares -ENSE-) con los lineamientos de Global School-based Student Health Survey para recolectar información sobre prácticas alimentarias, actividad física, consumo de alcohol y drogas, lesiones e intimidación, y salud bucal, visual y auditiva. El muestreo fue probabilístico, por conglomerados y polietápico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 79.640 escolares de 298 municipios. Los escolares presentaron bajo consumo de frutas, verduras (13.1%) y productos lácteos (76.5 %), alto consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados (82.4 %), bebidas azucaradas (74.0 %) y comidas rápidas (14.8 %); alto uso de sal añadida en la mesa (43.3 %), actividad física inferior a la recomendada (15.0 %) y sedentarismo (46.3 %). Fue frecuente el consumo de alcohol (44.7 %) y sustancias psicoactivas (14.7 %) y reportaron situaciones de intimidación (15.4 %), rechazo (8.2 %) y agresiones verbales (42.7 %). Conclusiones: La ENSE muestra desigualdades por género, etnia y clase social en todo el país. Los hallazgos observados en los escolares son factores de riesgo de enfermedades crónico-degenerativas y mentales, y requieren la atención urgente de los actores sociales del país.

Factores asociados al desarrollo de polineuropatía, miopatía y polineuromiopatía en pacientes adultos críticos / Development associated factors with polyneuropathy, myopathy and polyneuromyopathy in critically ill adult patients

Introducción. La polineuropatía, la miopatía y la polineuromiopatía son condiciones debilitantes que afectan a pacientes críticamente enfermos. Sin embargo, poco se conoce acerca de los factores relacionados con estos desenlaces en pacientes hospitalizados en las unidades de cuidado intensivo (UCI) y con hospitalización prolongada en el contexto clínico colombiano. Objetivo. Evaluar los factores asociados al desarrollo de polineuropatía, miopatía y polineuromiopatía en pacientes críticos con hospitalización prolongada. Métodos. Estudio analítico, observacional, de casos y controles apareados realizado en 192 pacientes (64 casos y 128 controles) atendidos en una clínica de tercer nivel de atención de Cali, Colombia. Se analizaron diferentes factores de riesgo como falla multiorgánica, sepsis, desnutrición, nutrición parenteral, uso de corticoides, uso de relajantes musculares, entre otros. Se evaluó si los días de estancia en UCI es un modificador del efecto de la relación entre estos factores y los desenlaces. Resultados. Se encontró que la falla multiorgánica (OR: 6,32, IC95%: 2,15-18,58), la desnutrición (OR: 2,25, IC95%: 1,01-5,0) y el uso de relajantes musculares (OR: 2,68, IC95%: 1,04-6,87) estuvieron asociados con el desarrollo de polineuropatía y miopatía. Así mismo, se observó que la asociación entre la falla multiorgánica y estas condiciones se vio afectada por la duración de la estancia en UCI (p<0,05). En pacientes sin falla multiorgánica, el riesgo aumentó mínimamente con cada día adicional de estancia en UCI (OR: 1,004, IC95%: 0,97-1,04); sin embargo, en pacientes con falla multiorgánica, el riesgo se incrementó en un 5% por cada día adicional de estancia en UCI. Conclusiones. Los resultados del presente estudio destacan la importancia de factores como la falla multiorgánica, la desnutrición y el uso de relajantes musculares en el desarrollo de la polineuropatía, la miopatía y la polineuromiopatía en pacientes críticos con hospitalización prolongada.

Introduction. Polyneuropathy, myopathy, and polyneuromyopathy are debilitating conditions that affect critically ill patients. However, little is known about the factors related to these outcomes in patients hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs) and with prolonged hospitalization in the Colombian clinical context. Objective. To assess the factors associated with the development of polyneuropathy, myopathy and polyneuromyopathy in critically ill patients with prolonged hospitalization. Methods. Analytical, observational, matched case-control study conducted in 192 patients (64 cases and 128 controls) treated at a tertiary care clinic in Cali, Colombia. Different risk factors such as multi-organ failure, sepsis, malnutrition, parenteral nutrition, use of corticosteroids, use of muscle relaxants, among others, were analyzed. We assessed whether the length of stay in the ICU is a modifier of the effect of the relationship between these factors and the outcomes. Results. It was found that multiorgan failure (OR: 6.32, 95%CI: 2.15-18.58), malnutrition (OR: 2.25, 95%CI: 1.01-5.0) and the use of muscle relaxants (OR: 2.68, 95%CI: 1.04-6.87) were associated with the development of polyneuropathy and myopathy. Likewise, it was observed that the association between multi-organ failure and these conditions was affected by the length of stay in the ICU (p<0.05). In patients without multi-organ failure, the risk increased minimally with each additional day of stay in the ICU (OR: 1.004, 95%CI: 0.97-1.04); however, in patients with multi-organ failure, the risk increased by 5% for each additional day of stay in the ICU. Conclusions. The results of the present study highlight the importance of factors such as multi-organ failure, malnutrition and the use of muscle relaxants in the development of polyneuropathy, myopathy and polyneuromyopathy in critically ill patients with prolonged hospitalization.

Panamanian women׳s experience of vaginal examination in labour: A questionnaire validation.

AIM: to validate a tool that allows healthcare providers to obtain accurate information regarding Panamanian women׳s thoughts and feelings about vaginal examination during labour that can be used in other Latin-American countries. METHODS: validation study based on a database from a cross-sectional study carried out in two tertiary care hospitals in Panama City, Panama. Women in the immediate postpartum period who had spontaneous labour onset and uncomplicated deliveries were included in the study from April to August 2008. Researchers used a survey designed by Lewin et al. that included 20 questions related to a patient׳s experience during a vaginal examination. FINDINGS: five constructs (factors) related to a patient׳s experience of vaginal examination during labour were identified: Approval (Alpha Cronbach׳s 0.72), Perception (0.67), Rejection (0.40), Consent (0.51), and Stress (0.20). CONCLUSION: it was demonstrated the validity of the scale and its constructs used to obtain information related to vaginal examination during labour, including patients' experiences with examination and healthcare staff performance. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: utilisation of the scale will allow institutions to identify items that need improvement and address these areas in order to promote the best care for patients in labour.

Driving under the influence of alcohol in Cali, Colombia: prevalence and consumption patterns, 2013.

This study's goal was to establish the prevalence of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) and alcohol consumption patterns among drivers in Cali, Colombia, in 2013. A cross-sectional study based on a roadside survey using a stratified and multi-stage sampling design was developed. Thirty-two sites were chosen randomly for the selection of drivers who were then tested for blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and asked to participate in the survey. The prevalence of DUI was 0.88% (95% confidence intervals [95% CI] 0.26%-1.49%) with a lower prevalence when BAC was increasing. In addition, a higher prevalence was found during non-typical checkpoint hours (1.28, 95% CI -0.001%-0.03%). The overall prevalence is considered high, given the low alcohol consumption and vehicles per capita. Prevention measures are needed to reduce DUI during non-typical checkpoints and ongoing studies are required to monitor the trends and enable the assessment of interventions.

Predicciones de un modelo SEIR para casos de COVID-19 en Cali, Colombia / Predictions of a SEIR model for COVID-19 cases in Cali-Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Predecir el número de casos de COVID-19 en la ciudad de Cali-Colombia mediante el desarrollo de un modelo SEIR. Métodos Se utilizó un modelo determinista compartimental SEIR considerando los estados: susceptibles (S), expuestos (E), infectados (I) y recuperados (R). Los parámetros del modelo fueron seleccionados de acuerdo a la revisión de literatura. En el caso de la tasa de letalidad, se usaron los datos de la Secretaría de Salud Municipal de Cali. Se plantearon varios escenarios teniendo en cuenta variaciones en el número básico de reproducción (R0) y en la tasa de letalidad; además, se comparó la predicción hasta el 9 de abril con los datos observados. Resultados A través del modelo SEIR se encontró que, con el número básico de reproducción más alto (2,6) y utilizando la letalidad calculada para la ciudad de 2,0%, el número máximo de casos se alcanzaría el primero de junio con 195 666 (prevalencia); sin embargo, al comparar los casos observados con los esperados, al inicio la ocurrencia observada estaba por encima de la proyectada; pero luego cambia la tendencia con una disminución marcada de la pendiente. Conclusiones Los modelos epidemiológicos SEIR son métodos muy utilizados para la proyección de casos en enfermedades infecciosas; sin embargo, se debe tener en cuenta que son modelos deterministas que pueden utilizar parámetros supuestos y podrían generar resultados imprecisos.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To predict the number of cases of COVID-19 in the city of Cali-Colombia through the development of a SEIR model. Methods A SEIR compartmental deterministic model was used considering the states: susceptible (S), exposed (E), infected (I) and recovered (R). The model parameters were selected according to the literature review, in the case of the case fatality rate data from the Municipal Secretary of Health were used. Several scenarios were considered taking into account variations in the basic number of reproduction (R0), and the prediction until april 9 was compared with the observed data. Results Through the SEIR model it was found that with the highest basic number of reproduction [2,6] and using the case fatality rate for the city of 2,0%, the maximum number of cases would be reached on June 1 with 195 666 (prevalence). However, when comparing the observed with the expected cases, at the beginning the observed occurrence was above the projected, but then the trend changes decreasing the slope. Conclusions SEIR epidemiological models are widely used methods for projecting cases in infectious diseases, however it must be taken into account that they are deterministic models that can use assumed parameters and could generate imprecise results.(AU)

Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of high blood pressure in the elderly according to the ethnic group. Colombian survey / Prevalencia, conocimiento, tratamiento y control de la presión arterial elevada en el adulto mayor de acuerdo con el grupo étnico. Encuesta colombiana salud, bienestar y envejecimiento 2015

Abstract Introduction: High blood pressure (HBP) is the main cardiovascular risk factor, it is more prevalent in the older adult population, and the prevalence can vary between ethnic groups. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of HBP, knowledge, treatment and control in population aged ≥60 years, resident in Colombia, according to their ethnic condition. Methods: Population sample selected by multistage sampling. Ethnicity was defined based on skin color. HBP was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140, and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, and/or the participants' self-report. Controlled HBP at a blood pressure value <140/90, knowledge and treatment were identified by self-report. Results: 23,694 adults aged ≥60 years were included, of which 54.5%, 34.5% and 10.9% were respectively identified as having light, medium or dark skin color; 54.5% were women, and 78.1% resided in urban areas. The standardized prevalence of HBP, by age, was 57.7% (95% CI: 55.2-60.2); 51.4% (95% CI: 47.3-55.5), in men; and 62.9% (60.9-64.9), in women. The standardized prevalence for light, medium and dark skin in men was 53.2% (95% CI: 48.7-57.7), 49.6% (44.5-54.7), and 49.4% (95% CI: 41.0-57.8) respectively; and in women was 62.5% (95% CI: 60.5-64 , 5), 61.7% (95% CI: 57.8-65.6), and 69.9% (95% CI: 63.6-76.2) respectively. 98% of the population received treatment, and 93.9% were aware of HBP diagnosis. 42.5% of men and 55.5% of women with HBP were under control. Only 21.8% performed regular physical activity. Conclusion: Half of the adult population aged over 60 years suffers from HBP; the prevalence is higher in women particularly in dark-skinned women. It is necessary to develop policies to increase physical activity in the elderly.

Resumen Introducción: La presión arterial elevada (PAE) es el principal de factor de riesgo cardiovascular, es más prevalente en población adulta mayor y la prevalencia puede variar entre etnias. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de PAE, conocimiento, tratamiento y control en población ≥60 años residente en Colombia de acuerdo con su condición étnica. Métodos: Muestra poblacional seleccionada mediante un muestreo multietápico. La etnia se definió con base en el color de piel. La PAE se definió como presión arterial sistólica ≥140 y/o presión arterial diastólica ≥90 mm Hg y/o el autoreporte del participante. La PAE controlada a un valor de presión arterial <140/90, el conocimiento y el tratamiento se identificaron por autoreporte. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 23,694 adultos con edad ≥ 60 años, de los cuales, 54.5%, 34.5% y 10.9% se identificaron con color de piel claro, medio u oscuro respectivamente, El 54.5%, eran mujeres y el 78.1% residía en zona urbana, La prevalencia estandarizada por edad de PAE fue 57,7% (IC 95%: 55.2-60.2), 51.4% (IC 95%: 4.3-55.5) en hombres y 62.9% (60.9-64.9) en mujeres, La prevalencia estandarizada en hombres claros, medios y oscuros fue 53.2%(IC 95%: 48.7-57.7), 49.6% (44.5-54.7) y 49.4% (IC 95%: 41.0-57.8) respectivamente y en mujeres 62.5% (IC 95%: 60.5-64.5), 61.7% (IC 95%: 57.8-65.6) y 69.9% (IC 95%: 63.6-76.2) respectivamente, El 98% de la población recibía tratamiento y el 93.9% conocía el diagnóstico de PAE, El 42.5% de los hombres y el 55.5% de las mujeres se encontraban con PAE controlada, El 21.8% realizaba actividad física regularmente. Conclusión: La mitad de la población adulta mayor a 60 años sufre PAE, mayor prevalencia en mujeres y particularmente mujeres oscuras. Se requiere desarrollar políticas para incrementar la actividad física en el adulto mayor.

Survey on Health, Well-being and Aging. SABE Colombia 2015: Technical Report / Encuesta de salud, bienestar y envejecimiento sabe Colombia 2015: Reporte técnico

Abstract Introduction: Colombian population is getting old in an accelerated manner, causing economic, social and health services effects. The Ministry of Health and Social Protection in the National System of Population Studies and Surveys for Health implemented the first health, well-being and aging survey- SABE-2015 Colombia- to know the living conditions of people 60 years of age or older. Objective: Describe the design of the method, statistical sampling and quality control of information from the SABE-2015 survey. Methods: A cross-sectional study, with quantitative and qualitative approaches, representative for the population in urban and rural areas aged 60 or over. Information was collected on socioeconomic variables, physical and social environment, behavior, cognition and affection, functionality, mental well-being, health conditions, and the use and access to health services. Results: 23,694 surveys were conducted, 17,189 in urban population (72.5%) and 6,505 in rural population. The percentage of effective national response was 66% in 244 municipalities. Supervision was made in 40% of the surveys and telephone re-contact in 25%. The consistency of 100% surveys was reviewed and double entry was developed in 5% of them. National estimates have a 5% margin error. Conclusion: The SABE Colombia 2015 survey is representative of the main indicators of health, well-being and aging in Colombia. The design allows regional comparisons, between large cities and urban and rural population.

Resumen Introducción: La población colombiana está envejeciendo de forma acelerada lo cual está generando efectos económicos, sociales y en los servicios de salud que exigen de información confiable para la planeación y evaluación de políticas en esta población. El Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social implementó la primera encuesta de salud, bienestar y envejecimiento- SABE Colombia 2015- para conocer las condiciones de vida de las personas de 60 años o más. Objetivo: Describir el diseño del método, del muestreo estadístico y del control de calidad de la información de la encuesta SABE-2015. Métodos: Encuesta con enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo, representativo de la población urbana y rural colombiana de 60 años o más. Se registró información socioeconómica, del entorno físico y social, de la conducta, la cognición y el afecto, la funcionalidad, el bienestar mental, las condiciones de salud, y el uso y acceso a servicios de salud. Resultados: Se realizaron 23,694 encuestas, 17,189 en población urbanas (72.5%) y 6,505 en población rurales. El porcentaje de respuesta efectiva nacional fue del 66% en 244 municipios. Se realizó supervisión en 40% de las encuestas y re-contacto telefónico en 25%. Se revisó la consistencia del 100% de encuestas y doble digitación en el 5%. A nivel nacional las estimaciones tienen un error del 5%. Conclusión: La encuesta SABE Colombia 2015 es representativa de los principales indicadores de salud, bienestar y envejecimiento en Colombia. El diseño permite hacer comparaciones regionales, entre grandes ciudades y de población urbana y rural.