Pathophysiological interrelated deactivation/activation processes in the exhausted brain after whiplash injury.

In this paper pathophysiological interrelated deactivation/activation phenomena are set out in the example of whiplash injury. These phenomena could have been underestimated in previous positron emission tomography studies as their focus was on hypoperfusion rather than hyperperfusion. In addition, statistical parametric mapping analysis of cerebral studies is normally not fine-tuned to special interesting areas rather than to obvious clusters of difference.

Medical History in the Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

The Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine is about to celebrate its 20th anniversary end of 2017. On board of the editorial team since 2003, this journal has influenced me like a good friend over the many past years. From time to time, the journal has published interesting and valuable historical notes. They show that nuclear medicine has a history and that medicine is its basis. They also teach us today, and some of the ancient perspectives and approaches are still valid. The reader of HJNM may be interested in these historical contributions, as they are timeless. Therefore, it was our idea to summarize these in the following pages. Where there is a link to the free article, this is noted. Upon opening all articles, you will find out that these are a book or so of its own. In thanks to the editor-in-chief of the Journal for his continuing support on the historical section. Below we refer to the historical papers of the Journal: History of Nuclear Medicine. Nuclear Medicine and History of Science and Philosophy: Atomic Theory of the Matter. G.N. Sfakianakis, 2001; 4(3); 155-60. Editorial. Pioneers of nuclear medicine, Madame Curie. P.C. Grammaticos. 2004; 7(1); 29-30. http://nuclmed.web.auth.gr/ magazine/eng/jan04/editorial.htm Editor's note. Hippocrates' Oath. The editor. 2004; 7(1); 31. Editorial. Useful known and unknown views of the father of modern medicine, Hippocrates and his teacher Democritus. P. Grammaticos, A. Diamantis. 2008; 11(1): 2-4. http://nuclmed.web.auth.gr/magazine/eng/jan08/2.pdf Special Article. The contribution of Maria Sklodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie to Nuclear and Medical Physics. A hundred and ten years after the discovery of radium. A. Diamantis, E. Magiorkinis, 2008; 11(1): 33-8. http://nuclmed.web.auth.gr/magazine/ eng/jan08/33.pdf Brief Historical Review. Lymphatic system and lymphoscintigraphy. P. Valsamaki. 2009; 12(1): 87-89. http://nuclmed.web. auth.gr/magazine/eng/jan09/89.pdf (In Greek) Historical Review. The philosophic and biological views of the "atomic" philosophers, Leucippus and Democritus. E. Magiorkinis. A. Beloukas, A. Diamantis. 2010; 13(2): 111-117. http://nuclmed.web.auth.gr/magazine/eng/may10/9.pdf Correspondence. Neuroimaging in mild traumatic brain injury and M. Ravel's injury. A. Otte. 2012; 15(1): 76. http://nuclmed. web.auth.gr/magazine/eng/jan12/3.pdf Selected Brief Contributions. The "atomic theory" of Leucippus, and its impact on medicine before Hippocrates. G. Tsoucalas, K. Laios et al. 2013; 16(1): 68-9. http://nuclmed.web.auth.gr/magazine/eng/jan13/72.pdf Selected Brief Contributions. Computed tomography alone reveals the secrets of ancient mummies in medical archaeology. A. Otte, T. Thieme et al. 2013; 16(2): 148-9. http://nuclmed.web.auth.gr/magazine/eng/may13/70.pdf Editorial. The timeless influence of Hippocratic ideas on diet, salicylates and personalized medicine. T.C. Karagiannis. 2014; 17(1): 2-6. http://nuclmed.web.auth.gr/magazine/eng/jan14/1.pdf Historical Article. The physician who first applied radiotherapy, Victor Despeignes, on 1896. M. Sgantzos, G. Tsoucalas et al. 2014; 17(1): 45-6. http://nuclmed.web.auth.gr/magazine/eng/jan14/11.pdf Original Articles. Medical practice applied in the ancient Asclepeion in Kos island. M. Mironidou-Tzouveleki, P.M. Tzitzis. 2014; 17(3): 167-70. http://www.nuclmed.web.auth.gr/magazine/eng/sept14/3.pdf Special Historical Article. How a tertiary medical nuclear medicine department at the Himalayan area in India can be established and function in an exemplary manner. Basic rules revisited. V.K. Dhingra, S. Saini et al. 2015; 18(3): 252-6. http:// nuclmed.web.auth.gr/magazine/eng/sept15/13.pdf Historical and Commentary Note. Johann Sebastian Bach's "Goldberg variations" to treat insomnia from renal lithiasis pain. Sleep research in Nuclear Medicine. A. Otte. 2016; 19(1): 13-4. http://nuclmed.web.auth.gr/magazine/eng/jan16/06.pdf Historical Review. The first medical ethics and deontology in Europe as derived from Greek mythology. M.K. Konstantinidou. 2016; 19(2): 155-8.http://nuclmed.web.auth.gr/magazine/eng/may16/11.pdf Historical-Technical Article. The beginning of using X-rays and the evolution of equipment for the treatment of ocular cancer. K. Laios, M. Zozoglou. 2017; 20(1): Ahead of print. And hopefully many more to follow!

Whiplash Syndrome- a disorder of the brain?

In the past two decades much has been published on whiplash injury, yet both the confusion regarding the condition, and the medicolegal discussion about it have increased. In this paper, functional imaging research results are summarized using MRIcroGL 3D visualization software and assembled in an image comprising regions of cerebral activation and deactivation.

Regional cerebral blood flow changes in patients with internet addiction.

Dear Editor, Internet addiction (IA) has become a severe challenge of our modern world today, though little is known about its pathology. In this context, the interesting study by Liu et al. in the May-August 2016 issue of HJNM using 99mTc-labelled ethylene biyldicysteinate dimer single photon emission tomography (SPET) at rest and after pharmaceutical (adenosine) stress is more than welcomed. As this seems to be the first perfusion SPET study in this indication, the obtained data may be discussed carefully. There are mainly the following questions: a) Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF): There is no description on how the rCBF was calculated: Was it scaled relatively to the whole brain mean value or to the cerebellar mean value? b) P value threshold and clusters: There is no indication of whether the authors are performing any kind of correction for multiple comparisons in the statistical parametric mapping (SPM) t-test. This, combined with the use of a really "liberal" voxel P value of only 0.01 could be subject to providing many false positive results. Generally a P value threshold of 0.001 should be used. In addition, there is no information related to the clusters. For the question of the validity of parametric statistical methods used for the analysis of functional neuroimaging data, we would like to mention the important recent paper by Eklund et al. 2016. c) Data analysis: The authors state (p. 97): "As some abnormal rCBF in adenosine-stressed state might relate with normal responses to adenosine compared to resting state, we excluded those regions that showed abnormal rCBF in stressed state in healthy controls (Table 4) from those in IA group (Table 5). The rest abnormal regions were compared between the IA group and the control group". For this, with SPM a flexible factorial design with all the data rather than only t-tests would have been interesting to find out whether the difference between the groups at stress is the same difference observed between the groups at rest. In "traditional" region-of-interest statistics, a repeated 2-way ANOVA to account for individual variance would have been done. The authors are, however, just "manually" removing the regions that pop-up in the previous analysis. In conclusion, it would be of great scientific interest if the authors of this first SPET study on an important indication, IA, could give us some more details on their data.

Nicolò Paganini's hair lock for Signora Chatterton - morphological hair investigations using digital light microscopy.

The famous violin virtuoso Nicolò Paganini (born on 27 October 1782 in Genoa, died on 27 May 1840 in Nice) left us with many puzzles. An interesting aspect is his hair: In the 19th century, hair given away as a token of friendship or romantic love became very popular, and Paganini also seems to have made use of this fad. In 2009, a lock of hair, purportedly that of Paganini, kept in a locked presentation box together with a bilingual autograph inscription saying: "Alla Signora Chatterton avec les compliments de Nicolò Paganini" was bought at an auction. From this hair lock a sample was taken and was investigated morphologically by using digital light microscopy (digital microscope VHX-100, Keyence) in reflected and transmitted light with and without polarization at different magnifications up to 1:5,000. The sample was then compared with a hair sample from the possession of the Paganini family, which had been microscopically examined in 2012 by the co-author of this paper yielding numerous figures with measurement results that had been stored and could be retrieved for direct comparison. The hair sample consisted of ten strands of hair or hair fragments and was investigated with great effort for the following parameters: exogenous hair damage, especially feeding traces caused by parasites, modeling and angulation of hairs, hair thickness, medulla and pigmentation, curling and mercury load on the trace material. After evaluation of all findings not only a non-exclusion of identity can be determined, but due to the broad match of also rare findings there is no reasonable doubt about their identity. In addition, the findings suggest that the studied hair samples are in fact from Paganini's head. The present case of Nicolò Paganini's hair lock is also an excellent starting point for reflections on the probative value of trace hair investigations. This point is also critically discussed in the paper. Finally, this study shows that said lock of hair had probably really been dedicated and given to Eliza Davenport Latham (born on 25 November 1806, died on 9 January 1877), the future wife of the, at that time, best-known and most famous English harpist John Balsir Chatterton (born on 25 November 1804, died on 9 April 1871). Paganini must have met her on his concert tour 1831/32, where he had travelled to Paris, London, the rest of England, Scotland and Ireland.

[Serendipities in medicine]. / Serendipities in der Medizin.

Coincidences accompany our lives. This paper shows to which extent serendipity plays a role in important discoveries and developments in medicine. These include, among others, Mendel's laws, the determination of the human chromosome number, the discovery of DNA by Watson and Crick, the PAP test, or the discovery of X-rays and radioactivity. But also and especially in pharmacology, there are many examples of serendipity. Some go closely with serendipities in the discovery of bacteriology.

[Nicolò Paganini: Devil's violinist because of abnormal hands?--New investigations using a bronze cast from the right hand]. / Nicolò Paganini: Teufelsgeiger durch abnorme Hände?--Neue Untersuchungen eines Bronzegipsabgusses der rechten Hand.

This paper presents new measurements of a bronze cast from the right hand of the famous Italian violin virtuoso Nicolò Paganini (1782-1840). These are compared to anthropometric standard values. In addition, detailed dorsal and palmar views of the cast are shown. With a middle finger length of 75 mm, the palm width is 60 mm and the hand length 152 mm, which is significantly below the 5% percentile of today's standard values. Also the finger length index (0.55), the ratio of finger length to palm length (0.98) and the ratio of finger length to palm width (1.25) are significantly above normal limits. Hence, Paganini had abnormal hand measurements with a very small palm and relatively "long" fingers. This remarkable constellation, among others, could have been advantageous for his amazing skills as a violinist.

[[Medico-historical findings of (neuro-) prosthetics: an online survey]. / Medizinhistorische Fundstücke aus der (Neuro-)Prothetik: eine Online-Analyse.

This article presents an online survey on medico-historical (neuro-)prostheses. Important findings of the past 3000 years are outlined: toe prostheses from ancient Egypt, the Capua leg prosthesis, Götz von Berlichingen's artificial hands and Sauerbruch's prosthetic arm. These historical examples are compared with modern neuroprosthetics. It is also shown that historical prostheses were in no way primitive and, even more, that ancient people already used first intelligent medical engineering approaches.

[Use of sonography in splinter injuries: a model simulation]. / Anwendung der Sonographie bei Splitterverletzungen: eine Modellsimulation.

In many clinical disciplines and in forensics, non-visible splinter injuries are still a diagnostic challenge. In clinical routine, this kind of injury is diagnosed by radiography whereas ultrasound has not yet been applied for this indication. We, therefore, investigated the role of ultrasound in the detection of splinters by using gelatine and meat models. Splinters were from wood, roses, plastics, metal, and glass. All splinters were easily detectable by ultrasound. The ultrasound models were compared with X-ray images and, in the case of a rose thorn scarcely visible in the conventional X-ray image, with a CT scan. As demonstrated by the promising results of this simulation, ultrasound may be a significant improvement for in vivo and post mortem diagnostics of splinter injuries as compared to conventional X-ray imaging.

[Hemodynamic monitoring in pediatric anesthesia]. / Hämodynamisches Monitoring in der Kinderanästhesie.

Perioperative mortality and morbidity in childhood essentially depend on the quality of the anesthesia. The Safe Anesthesia for every Tot (SafeTots) initiative takes this into account and has defined normotension, normovolemia and normal heart rate as quality criteria in pediatric anesthesia. Appropriate monitoring of pediatric hemodynamics is necessary to fulfil these criteria. This article provides an overview of currently used methods and techniques for instrumental and non-instrumental cardiovascular monitoring in children. The current study situation, recommendations and guidelines on the application as well as practical aspects of the measurement methods are explained as far as possible. For a better understanding, procedures not routinely used in clinical practice are described in more detail.