An Actin Network Dispatches Ciliary GPCRs into Extracellular Vesicles to Modulate Signaling.

Signaling receptors dynamically exit cilia upon activation of signaling pathways such as Hedgehog. Here, we find that when activated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) fail to undergo BBSome-mediated retrieval from cilia back into the cell, these GPCRs concentrate into membranous buds at the tips of cilia before release into extracellular vesicles named ectosomes. Unexpectedly, actin and the actin regulators drebrin and myosin 6 mediate ectosome release from the tip of cilia. Mirroring signal-dependent retrieval, signal-dependent ectocytosis is a selective and effective process that removes activated signaling molecules from cilia. Congruently, ectocytosis compensates for BBSome defects as ectocytic removal of GPR161, a negative regulator of Hedgehog signaling, permits the appropriate transduction of Hedgehog signals in Bbs mutants. Finally, ciliary receptors that lack retrieval determinants such as the anorexigenic GPCR NPY2R undergo signal-dependent ectocytosis in wild-type cells. Our data show that signal-dependent ectocytosis regulates ciliary signaling in physiological and pathological contexts.

Protracted neuronal recruitment in the temporal lobes of young children.

The temporal lobe of the human brain contains the entorhinal cortex (EC). This region of the brain is a highly interconnected integrative hub for sensory and spatial information; it also has a key role in episodic memory formation and is the main source of cortical hippocampal inputs1-4. The human EC continues to develop during childhood5, but neurogenesis and neuronal migration to the EC are widely considered to be complete by birth. Here we show that the human temporal lobe contains many young neurons migrating into the postnatal EC and adjacent regions, with a large tangential stream persisting until the age of around one year and radial dispersal continuing until around two to three years of age. By contrast, we found no equivalent postnatal migration in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Immunostaining and single-nucleus RNA sequencing of ganglionic eminence germinal zones, the EC stream and the postnatal EC revealed that most migrating cells in the EC stream are derived from the caudal ganglionic eminence and become LAMP5+RELN+ inhibitory interneurons. These late-arriving interneurons could continue to shape the processing of sensory and spatial information well into postnatal life, when children are actively interacting with their environment. The EC is one of the first regions of the brain to be affected in Alzheimer's disease, and previous work has linked cognitive decline to the loss of LAMP5+RELN+ cells6,7. Our investigation reveals that many of these cells arrive in the EC through a major postnatal migratory stream in early childhood.

Genetic diversity of the banana Fusarium wilt pathogen in Cuba and across Latin America and the Caribbean.

Fusarium wilt of bananas (FWB) is a severe plant disease that leads to substantial losses in banana production worldwide. It remains a major concern for Cuban banana cultivation. The disease is caused by members of the soil-borne Fusarium oxysporum species complex. However, the genetic diversity among Fusarium species infecting bananas in Cuba has remained largely unexplored. In our comprehensive survey, we examined symptomatic banana plants across all production zones in the country, collecting 170 Fusarium isolates. Leveraging genotyping-by-sequencing and whole-genome comparisons, we investigated the genetic diversity within these isolates and compared it with a global Fusarium panel. Notably, typical FWB symptoms were observed in Bluggoe cooking bananas and Pisang Awak subgroups across 14 provinces. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that F. purpurascens, F. phialophorum, and F. tardichlamydosporum are responsible for FWB in Cuba, with F. tardichlamydosporum dominating the population. Furthermore, we identified between five and seven distinct genetic clusters, with F. tardichlamydosporum isolates forming at least two subgroups. This finding underscores the high genetic diversity of Fusarium spp. contributing to FWB in the Americas. Our study sheds light on the population genetic structure and diversity of the FWB pathogen in Cuba and the broader Latin American and Caribbean regions.

The Magnesium Insertion Effects into P2-Type Na2/3 Ni1/3 Mn2/3 O2.

A Mg-cell with P2-Na2/3 Ni1/3 Mn2/3 O2 layered oxide cathode provides novel reaction mechanism not observed in Na-cells. The sodium/vacancy ordering and Jahn-Teller effects are suppressed with the insertion of magnesium ion. The Mg-cell exhibits different features when operating between 4.5 and 0.15 V and 3.9 and 0.15 V versus Mg2+ /Mg. To analyze the structural and chemical changes during Mg insertion, the cathode is first charged to obtain the Na1/3 Ni1/3 Mn2/3 O2 compound, which is formally accompanied by an oxidation from Ni2+ to Ni3+ . As structure models Mg1/6 Na1/3 Ni1/3 Mn2/3 O2 and Mg1/12 Na1/2 Ni1/3 Mn2/3 O2 are utilized with a large 2 3 a $2\sqrt 3 a$ × 2 3 a $2\sqrt 3 a$ supercell. On discharge, the Mg-cell exhibits a multistep profile which reaches ≈100 mA h g-1 with the valence change from Ni3+ to Ni2+ . Such profile is quite different from its sodium counterpart (230 mA h g-1 ) which exhibits the sodium/vacancy ordering and deleterious presence of Mn3+ . Depending on how the two interlayer spacings are filled by Na and Mg the "staged," "intermediated," and "average" models are analyzed for Mgy Na8 Ni8 Mn16 O48 supercell. This fact suggests differences in the cell performance when Mg is used as counter electrode providing some tips to improve the structure engineering on cathode materials.

Regulation of young-adult neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation by neural cell adhesion molecule 2 (NCAM2).

Adult neurogenesis persists in mammals in the neurogenic zones, where newborn neurons are incorporated into preexisting circuits to preserve and improve learning and memory tasks. Relevant structural elements of the neurogenic niches include the family of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), which participate in signal transduction and regulate the survival, division, and differentiation of radial glial progenitors (RGPs). Here we analyzed the functions of neural cell adhesion molecule 2 (NCAM2) in the regulation of RGPs in adult neurogenesis and during corticogenesis. We characterized the presence of NCAM2 across the main cell types of the neurogenic process in the dentate gyrus, revealing different levels of NCAM2 amid the progression of RGPs and the formation of neurons. We showed that Ncam2 overexpression in adult mice arrested progenitors in an RGP-like state, affecting the normal course of young-adult neurogenesis. Furthermore, changes in Ncam2 levels during corticogenesis led to transient migratory deficits but did not affect the survival and proliferation of RGPs, suggesting a differential role of NCAM2 in adult and embryonic stages. Our data reinforce the relevance of CAMs in the neurogenic process by revealing a significant role of Ncam2 levels in the regulation of RGPs during young-adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus.

Long chain capsaicin analogues synthetized by CALB-CLEAs show cytotoxicity on glioblastoma cell lines.

Glioblastoma is one of the most lethal tumors, displaying striking cellular heterogeneity and drug resistance. The prognosis of patients suffering from glioblastoma after 5 years is only 5%. In the present work, capsaicin analogues bearing modifications on the acyl chain with long-chain fatty acids showed promising anti-tumoral activity by its cytotoxicity on U-87 and U-138 glioblastoma multiforme cells. The capsaicin analogues were enzymatically synthetized with cross-linked enzyme aggregates of lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB). The catalytic performance of recombinant CALB-CLEAs was compared to their immobilized form on a hydrophobic support. After 72 h of reaction, the synthesis of capsaicin analogues from linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and punicic acid achieved a maximum conversion of 69.7, 8.3 and 30.3% with CALB-CLEAs, respectively. Similar values were obtained with commercial CALB, with conversion yields of 58.3, 24.2 and 22% for capsaicin analogues from linoleic acid, DHA and punicic acid, respectively. Olvanil and dohevanil had a significant cytotoxic effect on both U-87 and U-138 glioblastoma cells. Irrespective of the immobilization form, CALB is an efficient biocatalyst for the synthesis of anti-tumoral capsaicin derivatives. KEY POINTS: • This is the first report concerning the enzymatic synthesis of capsaicin analogues from docosahexaenoic acid and punicic acid with CALB-CLEAs. • The viability U-87 and U-138 glioblastoma cells was significantly affected after incubation with olvanil and dohevanil. • Capsaicin analogues from fatty acids obtained by CALB-CLEAs are promising candidates for therapeutic use as cytotoxic agents in glioblastoma cancer cells.

The Vulnerability of Cuban Banana Production to Fusarium Wilt Caused by Tropical Race 4.

Bananas are major agricultural commodities in Cuba. One of the main constraints of banana production worldwide is Fusarium wilt of banana. Recent outbreaks in Colombia, Perú, and Venezuela have raised widespread concern in Latin America due to the potential devastating impact on the sustainability of banana production, food security, and livelihoods of millions of people in the region. Here, we phenotyped 18 important Cuban banana and plantain varieties with two Fusarium strains-Tropical Race 4 (TR4) and Race 1-under greenhouse conditions. These varieties represent 72.8% of the national banana acreage in Cuba and are also widely distributed in Latin America and the Caribbean region. A broad range of disease responses from resistant to very susceptible was observed against Race 1. On the contrary, not a single banana variety was resistant to TR4. These results underscore that TR4 potentially threatens nearly 56% of the contemporary Cuban banana production area, which is planted with susceptible and very susceptible varieties, and call for a preemptive evaluation of new varieties obtained in the national breeding program and the strengthening of quarantine measures to prevent the introduction of TR4 into the country.

Sex differences in 3- to 5-year-old children's motor competence: A pooled cross-sectional analysis of 6241 children.

There is some, albeit inconsistent, evidence supporting sex differences in preschoolers' motor competence (MC), with these observations not uniform when analyzed by age, and cultural groups. Thus, this study examined sex differences across ages in 3- to 5-year-old children's MC. A cross-country pooled sample of 6241 children aged 3-5 years (49.6% girls) was assessed for MC using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2nd/3rd edition, and children were categorized into groups of age in months. Multiple linear regression models and predictive margins were calculated to explore how sex and age in months affect scores of MC (i.e., locomotor and ball skills), with adjustments for country and BMI. The Chow's Test was used to test for the presence of a structural break in the data. Significant differences in favor of girls were seen at 57-59 and 66-68 months of age for locomotor skills; boys performed better in ball skills in all age periods, except for 42-44 and 45-47 months of age. The higher marginal effects were observed for the period between 45-47 and 48-50 months for locomotor skills (F = 30.21; and F = 25.90 for girls and boys, respectively), and ball skills (F = 19.01; and F = 42.11 for girls and boys, respectively). A significantly positive break point was seen at 45-47 months, highlighting the age interval where children's MC drastically improved. The identification of this breakpoint provides an evidence-based metric for when we might expect MC to rapidly increase, and an indicator of early delay when change does not occur at that age.

Exploring the interplay of excitatory and inhibitory interactions in the Kuramoto model on circle topologies.

In the field of collective dynamics, the Kuramoto model serves as a benchmark for the investigation of synchronization phenomena. While mean-field approaches and complex networks have been widely studied, the simple topology of a circle is still relatively unexplored, especially in the context of excitatory and inhibitory interactions. In this work, we focus on the dynamics of the Kuramoto model on a circle with positive and negative connections paying attention to the existence of new attractors different from the synchronized state. Using analytical and computational methods, we find that even for identical oscillators, the introduction of inhibitory interactions modifies the structure of the attractors of the system. Our results extend the current understanding of synchronization in simple topologies and open new avenues for the study of collective dynamics in physical systems.

Exploring the Role of Debaryomyces hansenii as Biofertilizer in Iron-Deficient Environments to Enhance Plant Nutrition and Crop Production Sustainability.

The European "Green Deal" policies are shifting toward more sustainable and environmentally conscious agricultural practices, reducing the use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides. This implies exploring alternative strategies. One promising alternative to improve plant nutrition and reinforce plant defenses is the use of beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere, such as "Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria and fungi". Despite the great abundance of iron (Fe) in the Earth's crust, its poor solubility in calcareous soil makes Fe deficiency a major agricultural issue worldwide. Among plant promoting microorganisms, the yeast Debaryomyces hansenii has been very recently incorporated, for its ability to induce morphological and physiological key responses to Fe deficiency in plants, under hydroponic culture conditions. The present work takes it a step further and explores the potential of D. hansenii to improve plant nutrition and stimulate growth in cucumber plants grown in calcareous soil, where ferric chlorosis is common. Additionally, the study examines D. hansenii's ability to induce systemic resistance (ISR) through a comparative relative expression study by qRT-PCR of ethylene (ET) biosynthesis (ACO1), or ET signaling (EIN2 and EIN3), and salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis (PAL)-related genes. The results mark a significant milestone since D. hansenii not only enhances nutrient uptake and stimulates plant growth and flower development but could also amplify induced systemic resistance (ISR). Although there is still much work ahead, these findings make D. hansenii a promising candidate to be used for sustainable and environmentally friendly integrated crop management.

Olivine-Type MgMn0.5 Zn0.5 SiO4 Cathode for Mg-Batteries: Experimental Studies and First Principles Calculations.

Magnesium driven reaction in olivine-type MgMn0.5 Zn0.5 SiO4 structure is subject of study by experimental tests and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The partial replacement of Mn in Oh sites by other divalent metal such as Zn to get MgMn0.5 Zn0.5 SiO4 cathode is successfully developed by a simple sol-gel method. Its comparison with the well-known MgMnSiO4 olivine-type structure with (Mg)M1 (Mn)M2 SiO4 cations distribution serves as the basis of this study to understand the structure, and the magnesium extraction/insertion properties of novel olivine-type (Mg)M1 (Mn0.5 Zn0.5 )M2 SiO4 composition. This work foresees to extend the study to others divalent elements in olivine-type (Mg)M1 (Mn0.5 M0.5 )M2 SiO4 structure with M = Fe, Ca, Mg, and Ni by DFT calculations. The obtained results indicate that the energy density can be attuned between 520 and 440 W h kg-1 based on two properties of atomic weight and redox chemistry. The presented results commit to open new paths toward development of cathodes materials for Mg batteries.

The nonpathogenic strain of Fusarium oxysporum FO12 induces Fe deficiency responses in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants.

MAIN CONCLUSION: FO12 strain enhances Fe deficiency responses in cucumber plants, probably through the production of ethylene and NO in the subapical regions of the roots. Rhizosphere microorganisms can elicit induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants. This type of resistance involves complex mechanisms that confer protection to the plant against pathogen attack. Additionally, it has been reported by several studies that ISR and Fe deficiency responses are modulated by common pathways, involving some phytohormones and signaling molecules, like ethylene and nitric oxide (NO). The aim of this study was to determine whether the nonpathogenic strain of Fusarium oxysporum FO12 can induce Fe deficiency responses in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants. Our results demonstrate that the root inoculation of cucumber plants with the FO12 strain promotes plant growth after several days of cultivation, as well as rhizosphere acidification and enhancement of ferric reductase activity. Moreover, Fe-related genes, such as FRO1, IRT1 and HA1, are upregulated at certain times after FO12 inoculation either upon Fe-deficiency or Fe-sufficient conditions. Furthermore, it has been found that this fungus colonizes root cortical tissues, promoting the upregulation of ethylene synthesis genes and NO production in the root subapical regions. To better understand the effects of the FO12 strain on field conditions, cucumber plants were inoculated and cultivated in a calcareous soil under greenhouse conditions. The results obtained show a modification of some physiological parameters in the inoculated plants, such as flowering and reduction of tissue necrosis. Overall, the results suggest that the FO12 strain could have a great potential as a Fe biofertilizer and biostimulant.

New perspectives on the multianion approach to adapt electrode materials for lithium and post-lithium batteries.

Developing new and sustainable batteries is essential for modern society. Both cationic doping (e.g. transition metals) and anionic doping (F-, O2-, S2-, PO43-, etc.) can be employed to improve the electrochemical behaviour of electrode materials. Herein, the anion-doping, or multianion approach, is comprehensively reviewed and investigated. It is observed that the optimized compositions of some electrode materials can involve metastable or transient states. Going beyond the inductive effect, we propose that the simultaneous use of several kinds of anions in the framework of the same host material could create a sort of energized state in the electrode material, and this could be interpreted within the "entatic state" principle which is used in coordination chemistry, catalysis, and bioinorganic chemistry. In this new hypothesis, the coordination of a cation by several anions with different properties can modify the local structure and it could enhance the electrochemical performance; this could be particularly useful for the future post-lithium batteries. The multianion approach can also be applied to electrolytes and interfaces. Finally, new theoretical calculations on multianion-based materials (carbonophosphates, thiocarbonates and Mg8Mn16O32-zFz) are reported here, highlighting the need for further research in the coordination sphere of metal-ligand systems for tuning battery properties.

Multicompartment body composition analysis in older adults: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: During aging, changes occur in the proportions of muscle, fat, and bone. Body composition (BC) alterations have a great impact on health, quality of life, and functional capacity. Several equations to predict BC using anthropometric measurements have been developed from a bi-compartmental (2-C) approach that determines only fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM). However, these models have several limitations, when considering constant density, progressive bone demineralization, and changes in the hydration of the FFM, as typical changes during senescence. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to propose and validate a new multi-compartmental anthropometric model to predict fat, bone, and musculature components in older adults of both sexes. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 100 older adults of both sexes. To determine the dependent variables (fat mass [FM], bone mineral content [BMC], and appendicular lean soft tissue [ALST]) whole total and regional dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) body scans were performed. Twenty-nine anthropometric measures and sex were appointed as independent variables. Models were developed through multivariate linear regression. Finally, the predicted residual error sum of squares (PRESS) statistic was used to measure the effectiveness of the predicted value for each dependent variable. RESULTS: An equation was developed to simultaneously predict FM, BMC, and ALST from only four variables: weight, half-arm span (HAS), triceps skinfold (TriSK), and sex. This model showed high coefficients of determination and low estimation errors (FM: R2adj: 0.83 and SEE: 3.16; BMC: R2adj: 0.61 and SEE: 0.30; ALST: R2adj: 0.85 and SEE: 1.65). CONCLUSION: The equations provide a reliable, practical, and low-cost instrument to monitor changes in body components during the aging process. The internal cross-validation method PRESS presented sufficient reliability in the model as an inexpensive alternative for clinical field use.

Revisiting socio-economic inequalities in sedentary leisure time in Sweden: An intersectional analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (AIHDA).

AIMS: Swedish public health reports have repeatedly provided information about socio-economic inequalities in sedentary leisure time, despite that, in the interest of health equity, physical activity should be equally distributed in the population. Such public health reports, however, neither consider the intersection of multiple socio-demographic factors nor the individual heterogeneity around group averages. Drawing on intersectionality theory, this study aimed to revisit previous findings on sedentary leisure time from Swedish public health surveys and demonstrate how the analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (AIHDA) can be used for analysing complex health inequalities. METHODS: Using data from Swedish national public health surveys (2004-2015), we applied the AIHDA to define 72 intersectional groups by categories of age, gender, educational achievement, migration status and household composition. We then calculated (a) the absolute and relative risk of sedentary leisure time and (b) the discriminatory accuracy (DA) of the intersectional grouping. RESULTS: The average risk of sedentary leisure time ranged from 5.8% among native-born, highly educated, young women living alone to 41.0% among immigrated young men, living alone, with low education. The risk was higher in strata comprising immigrated people with low education and lower in strata including native-born, highly educated people. However, the DA of the grouping was poor, indicating a substantial overlap of individual risk between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Using the AIHDA and drawing on intersectionality, this study provides an improved mapping of the socio-economic distribution of sedentary leisure time in Sweden, with the poor DA suggesting universal rather than targeted physical activity interventions.

Postural balance under sensory manipulation predicted fine and gross motor skills in children from 5 to 6 years of age.

AIM: Our aim was to identify predictors of fine and gross motor skills at 5-6 years of age using postural balance under sensory manipulation. METHODS: This study was conducted during the 2021-2022 academic year and focused on 112 children from three preschools in Tunisia, with roughly the same socio-economic status. Postural balance was assessed with their eyes open and closed on both firm and foam surfaces and motor skills were measured using the short version of Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (Bot-2). Multiple linear regression analysis with stepwise backward selection was used to find a simplified model that best explained the data. RESULTS: Postural balance accounted for 11% of the total variation in fine motor skills, except for the eyes open firm condition, 10% of the gross motor skills and about 14% of the total Bot-2 score. The eyes open foam condition was the only significant contributor to the gross motor skills model and the overall motor score. CONCLUSION: Assessing postural balance assessment at 5-6 years of age may predict motor skills. It may be useful for monitoring early child development and designing physical activity programmes for this age group.

Effect of Conventional Spinal Cord Stimulation on Serum Protein Profile in Patients With Persistent Spinal Pain Syndrome: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) provides pain relief for most patients with persistent spinal pain syndrome type 2 (PSPS 2). Evidence is mounting on molecular changes induced by SCS as one of the mechanisms to explain pain improvement. We report the SCS effect on serum protein expression in vivo in patients with PSPS 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum proteins were identified and quantified using mass spectrometry. Proteins with significantly different expression among patients with PSPS 2 relative to controls, responders, and nonresponders to SCS, or significantly modulated by SCS relative to baseline, were identified. Those most correlated with the presence and time course of pain were selected using multivariate discriminant analysis. Bioinformatic tools were used to identify related biological processes. RESULTS: Thirty patients with PSPS 2, of whom 23 responded to SCS, were evaluated, together with 14 controls with no pain who also had undergone lumbar spinal surgery. A significant improvement in pain intensity, disability, and quality of life was recorded among responders. Five proteins differed significantly at baseline between patients with PSPS 2 and controls, with three proteins, mostly involved in immune processes and inflammation, being downregulated and two, mostly involved in vitamin metabolism, synaptic transmission, and restorative processes, being upregulated. In addition, four proteins, mostly related to immune processes and inflammation, decreased significantly, and three, mostly related to iron metabolism and containment of synaptic sprouting, increased significantly during SCS. CONCLUSION: This study identifies various biological processes that may underlie PSPS 2 pain and SCS therapeutic effects, including the modulation of neuroimmune response and inflammation, synaptic sprouting, vitamin and iron metabolism, and restorative processes.

NO Is Not the Same as GSNO in the Regulation of Fe Deficiency Responses by Dicot Plants.

Iron (Fe) is abundant in soils but with a poor availability for plants, especially in calcareous soils. To favor its acquisition, plants develop morphological and physiological responses, mainly in their roots, known as Fe deficiency responses. In dicot plants, the regulation of these responses is not totally known, but some hormones and signaling molecules, such as auxin, ethylene, glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO) and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), have been involved in their activation. Most of these substances, including auxin, ethylene, GSH and NO, increase their production in Fe-deficient roots while GSNO, derived from GSH and NO, decreases its content. This paradoxical result could be explained with the increased expression and activity in Fe-deficient roots of the GSNO reductase (GSNOR) enzyme, which decomposes GSNO to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and NH3. The fact that NO content increases while GSNO decreases in Fe-deficient roots suggests that NO and GSNO do not play the same role in the regulation of Fe deficiency responses. This review is an update of the results supporting a role for NO, GSNO and GSNOR in the regulation of Fe deficiency responses. The possible roles of NO and GSNO are discussed by taking into account their mode of action through post-translational modifications, such as S-nitrosylation, and through their interactions with the hormones auxin and ethylene, directly related to the activation of morphological and physiological responses to Fe deficiency in dicot plants.

Learning of Basic Life Support through the Flipped Classroom in Secondary Schoolchildren: A Quasi-Experimental Study with 12-Month Follow-Up.

Background and Objectives: International institutions together with the World Health Organisation recommend the teaching of BLS in schools. Therefore, the objective of this research was to study the feasibility of teaching CPR and AED through the flipped classroom, exploring the medium- and long-term retention of knowledge and practical skills among high school students. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 260 secondary schoolchildren (137 in the experimental group (EG) and 123 in the control group (CG)) between 12 and 14 years old (M = 12.75 ± 1.02). Results: The data revealed that the EG obtained better post-course results in the correct position of the hands (p = 0.011), the depth of external cardiac compression (p > 0.001), and the mean time to apply an effective shock with the AED (p = 0.013). The CG obtained better results in compressions with complete chest re-expansion (p = 0.025). These differences disappeared at 6 months (p > 0.05) and 12 months (p > 0.05). Conclusions: A training program based on the flipped classroom is as effective and viable as traditional training, although more efficient since it is applied in less time, in the sequence of action in BLS, CPR skills, and the application of an effective shock with an AED.

Relationship Between Weight and Severity of Fibromyalgia.

Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain syndrome with diffuse pain, muscle weakness, and other symptoms. A relationship between the severity of symptoms and obesity has been observed. Objective: To determine the relationship between weight and the severity of fibromyalgia. Material and Methods: 42 patients with fibromyalgia were studied. BMI and fibromyalgia severity are classified weight by FIQR. Results: The mean age was 47.3 ± 9.4 years, 78% presented severe and extreme fibromyalgia, and 88% were overweight or obese. There was a positive correlation between the severity of the symptoms and the BMI (r = 0. 309). The reliability test for FIQR presented a Cronbach's α of 0.94. Conclusion: About 80% of the participants do not show controlled symptoms, and their prevalence of obesity is high, observing a positive correlation between both.