Prenatal and postnatal characterization of a de novo Xq22.1 terminal deletion.

We present a case of a de novo Xq22.1 chromosomal terminal deletion discovered prenatally by conventional cytogenetics. The pregnancy resulted in the birth of a normal girl. Preferential inactivation of the abnormal X was demonstrated postnatally. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) demonstrated a terminal Xq deletion spanning Xq22.1 -->qter. An X painting probe ruled out a translocation. The deleted X chromosome was determined to be of paternal origin. The girl is now 4 years old with normal physical and psychomotor development. X chromosomal deletions are infrequent findings in prenatal diagnosis and present a difficult counseling challenge when they occur. Prenatal X-inactivation studies provide an opportunity for more informative genetic counseling when a de novo X chromosome deletion is detected.

Clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular characterization of a girl with some clinical features of Down syndrome resulting from a pure partial trisomy 21q22.11-qter due to a de novo intrachromosomal duplication.

We report a girl with a de novo pure partial trisomy 21 with some clinical features of Down syndrome. The girl patient presented a flat broad face, brachycephaly, and a flat nasal bridge. She also had upwardly slanted palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, blepharitis, brushfield spots, and strabismus. Her mouth was wide with downturned corners, prominent lower lip, narrow and furrowed tongue, and short palate. G-banded chromosomal analysis of metaphases in cells from both skin and blood showed a 46,XX karyotype with additional chromosomal material on the distal short arm of one chromosome 21. Parental chromosomes were normal. Molecular analyses with the short-tandem-repeat (STR) marker D21S2039 (interferon-alpha/beta receptor [IFNAR]) (21q22.1) showed a triallelic pattern. Subtelomeric fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses, LSI 13 (retinoblastoma 1 [RB1])/LSI 21(21q22.13-q22.2), and whole chromosome painting probes specific for chromosome 21 showed trisomy for the segment 21q22.13-21q22.2 due to a de novo intrachromosomal duplication. A 500K SNP microarray analysis was then performed and revealed a 13-Mb duplication of 21q22.11-qter. This duplicated material had been translocated onto the end of the "p" arm of one of the chromosome 21s. The karyotype was provisionally defined as 46,XX,add(21)(p12).ish der (21)t(21;21)(p12;q22.11)(WCP21q+,PCP21q++,D215259/D21S341/D21S342++)dn. At the age of 4 years and 10 months, a comprehensive psychological examination was performed and the diagnostic criteria for mental retardation were not fulfilled. In comparison with previously published cases of pure partial trisomy 21, this is a rare finding. Additional studies of such rare patients should aid in the study of the pathogenesis of Down syndrome.

Limitaciones de los estudios de genética molecular en el proceso diagnóstico de fibrosis quística / Limitations to molecular genetics studies during the cystic fibrosis diagnostic process

Introducción: la fibrosis quística (FQ) es una enfermedad hereditaria autosómica recesiva causada por mutaciones en el gen que codifica una proteína con función de canal de cloruro (CFTR). Se manifiesta como una enfermedad multiorgánica y se caracteriza por una gran heterogeneidad clínica. Existen pacientes que no manifiestan las características clínicas de la forma clásica y se describen como FQ atípica o no clásica. El diagnóstico se basa en unfenotipo clínico consistente más evidencia de disfunción del canal CFTR y/o en la identificación de dos mutaciones causantes de FQ. Ninguna de estas definiciones es suficientepor sí misma para establecer el diagnóstico. Objetivos: mostrar algunas limitaciones de los estudios de genética molecular en el proceso diagnóstico de FQ. Material y método: se consideran cinco casos clínicos de niños referidos con dato clínico de probable FQ y solicitud de estudio genético para la confirmación diagnóstica. Resultados: los estudios realizados no permiten confirmar el diagnóstico de FQ ni descartar un posible diagnóstico de FQ atípica. Conclusiones: la mayoría de las veces el diagnóstico de FQ es claro y los estudios genéticos permiten la confirmación diagnóstica, el asesoramiento genético y eventual diagnóstico prenatal. Sin embargo, el uso y la interpretación de los análisis genéticos presentan diversasdificultades relacionadas con la condición clínico-paraclínica del paciente, las limitaciones técnicas y la elección del conjunto de mutaciones a ser analizadas, especialmente en los casos de FQ atípica. Este trabajo muestra el desafío que puede implicar para el clínico interpretar un resultado molecular e integrarlo en el proceso diagnóstico de FQ.

Introduction: cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive hereditary disease caused by mutations of the gene whichencodes a protein with a CFTR chloride channel function. It appears as a multi-organ disease and is characterized bya great clinical heterogeneity. There are patients who do not evidence the classic clinical characteristics and aredescribed as atypical or non-classic cystic fibrosis. Diagnosis is based on a consistent clinical phenotype andevidence of dysfunction in the CFTR channel and/or in the identification of two mutations causing cystic fibrosis.None of these definitions is enough in itself to confirm diagnosis. Objectives: to show a few limitations on the molecular genetic studies in the cystic fibrosis diagnostic process. Method: five clinical cases of children referred withclinical data of probable cystic fibrosis were considered, and they were requested a genetic study to confirm diagnosis. Results: studies conducted do not enable the confirmation of cystic fibrosis diagnosis and neither do theyallow discarding a possible diagnosis of atypical cystic fibrosis. Conclusions: in most cases the diagnosis of cysticfibrosis is clear and genetic studies enable the confirmation of diagnosis, genetic counseling and the final prenataldiagnosis. However, use and interpretation of genetic analysis result in several difficulties regarding the clinical and paraclinical characteristics of patients, technical limitations and choosing the mutations to be analysed, especially in the case of atypical cystic fibrosis. The present study shows the challenge faced by clinicians when interpreting a molecular result to incorporate it into the cystic fibrosis diagnostic process.

Introdução: a fibrose cística FC é uma doença hereditária autossômica recessiva causada por mutações no gene que codifica uma proteína com função nos canais de cloretos CFTR. É uma doença com manifestações múltiplas e se caracteriza por apresentar-se com grande variedade clínica. Alguns pacientes não apresentam as características clínicas clássicas e nesses casos a doença é chamada FC atípica ou não clássica. O diagnóstico é feito através do fenótipo clínico mais consistente associado a evidencia de disfunção do canal CFTR e/ou na identificação de duas mutações causadoras da FC. Nenhuma dessas definições é suficiente para estabelecer o diagnóstico. Objetivos: mostrar algumas limitações dos estudos de genética molecular no diagnóstico de FC.Material e método: são discutidos cinco casos clínicos de crianças referidas com historia clínica de FC provável e pedido de estudo genético para confirmaçãodo diagnóstico. Resultados: os estudos realizados não permitem confirmaro diagnóstico de FC nem descartar um possível diagnóstico de FC atípica.Conclusões: na maioria dos casos o diagnóstico de FC é claro e os estudos genéticos permitem confirmar odiagnóstico, o assessoramento genético e eventual diagnóstico pré-natal. No entanto, o emprego e a interpretaçãodas análises genéticas apresentam varias dificuldades relacionadas com a condição clínica do paciente, aslimitações técnicas e a escolha do conjunto de mutações a ser estudadas, especialmente nos casos de fibrose cística atípica. Este trabalho mostra o desafio que o médico clínico enfrenta para interpretar um resultado molecular e integrá-lo ao processo de diagnóstico de FC.