Assessing the costs of ozone pollution in India for wheat producers, consumers, and government food welfare policies.

We assess wheat yield losses occurring due to ozone pollution in India and its economic burden on producers, consumers, and the government. Applying an ozone flux-based risk assessment, we show that ambient ozone levels caused a mean 14.18% reduction in wheat yields during 2008 to 2012. Furthermore, irrigated wheat was particularly sensitive to ozone-induced yield losses, indicating that ozone pollution could undermine climate-change adaptation efforts through irrigation expansion. Applying an economic model, we examine the effects of a counterfactual, "pollution-free" scenario on yield losses, wheat prices, consumer and producer welfare, and government costs. We explore three policy scenarios in which the government support farmers at observed levels of either procurement prices (fixed-price), procurement quantities (fixed-procurement), or procurement expenditure (fixed-expenditure). In pollution-free conditions, the fixed-price scenario absorbs the fall in prices, thus increasing producer welfare by USD 2.7 billion, but total welfare decreases by USD 0.24 billion as government costs increase (USD 2.9 billion). In the fixed-procurement and fixed-expenditure scenarios, ozone mitigation allows wheat prices to fall by 38.19 to 42.96%. The producers lose by USD 5.10 to 6.01 billion, but the gains to consumers and governments (USD 8.7 to 10.2 billion) outweigh these losses. These findings show that the government and consumers primarily bear the costs of ozone pollution. For pollution mitigation to optimally benefit wheat production and maximize social welfare, new approaches to support producers other than fixed-price grain procurement may be required. We also emphasize the need to consider air pollution in programs to improve agricultural resilience to climate change.

Carle's obstetric early warning score as a screening tool for critical care admission.

BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES: Early warning systems (EWS) involve serial observations (track) with criteria (trigger) to timely identify patients at risk of complications. Carle designed a statistically based clinically modified obstetric early warning score (Carle's OEWS). This study evaluated Carle's OEWS and its individual components for predicting admission to the obstetric critical care unit (OCCU). Maternal near-miss and maternal mortality were the secondary outcomes. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted among 1250 pregnant women with a period of gestation ≥28 week admitted in the labour wards of a tertiary centre over 18 months. The physiological parameters of OEWS were recorded and aggregate score was calculated at admission and at regular intervals thereafter, till discharge or OCCU admission. RESULTS: The area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of OEWS was 0.975 for predicting OCCU admission, 0.971 for near-miss, and 0.996 for predicting maternal mortality and was significant for all outcomes. All individual parameters, except diastolic blood pressure, had a significant relative risk for predicting OCCU requirement. INTERPRETATION CONCLUSIONS: Carle's OEWS is a useful screening tool for predicting obstetric OCCU admission and can be routinely used in labour wards to ensure timely intervention.

Obstetric Early Warning Score for Prognostication of Critically Ill Obstetric Patient.

INTRODUCTION: Obstetric early warning score (OEWS) has been used conventionally for early identification of deteriorating obstetric patients in the labor room and ward settings. This study was conducted to determine if this simple clinical score could be used for prognosticating a critically ill patient in the ICU setting instead of sequential organ failure assessment score (SOFA) and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II) score. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cohort study was conducted at Obstetrics Critical Care Unit, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi. A total of 250 obstetric patients were recruited after informed consent. The OEWS, SOFA, and APACHE II scores were calculated within 24 hours of admission. The patients were followed to study the maternal outcome. RESULTS: The area under receiver operator characteristic (AUROC) curve of OEWS, SOFA, and APACHE II for prediction of maternal mortality was 0.894 (95% CI, 0.849-0.929), 0.924 (95% CI, 0.884-0.954), and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.891-0.958), respectively. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for OEWS, SOFA, and APACHE II was 66.3, 62.5, and 69.15%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Obstetric early warning score is as effective as the conventional SOFA and APACHE II to prognosticate the obstetric patient. Since OEWS is based only on clinical criteria, it can be done immediately on admission and can help in early allocation of appropriate manpower and resources for optimum outcome. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The clinical application of this study will help intensivists to prognosticate the critically ill obstetric patients immediately following admission to the critical care unit. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Khergade M, Suri J, Bharti R, Pandey D, Bachani S, Mittal P. Obstetric Early Warning Score for Prognostication of Critically Ill Obstetric Patient. Indian J Crit Care Med 2020;24(6):398-403.

PknB remains an essential and a conserved target for drug development in susceptible and MDR strains of M. Tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: The Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) protein kinase B (PknB) which is now proved to be essential for the growth and survival of M.tb, is a transmembrane protein with a potential to be a good drug target. However it is not known if this target remains conserved in otherwise resistant isolates from clinical origin. The present study describes the conservation analysis of sequences covering the inhibitor binding domain of PknB to assess if it remains conserved in susceptible and resistant clinical strains of mycobacteria picked from three different geographical areas of India. METHODS: A total of 116 isolates from North, South and West India were used in the study with a variable profile of their susceptibilities towards streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and ofloxacin. Isolates were also spoligotyped in order to find if the conservation pattern of pknB gene remain consistent or differ with different spoligotypes. The impact of variation as found in the study was analyzed using Molecular dynamics simulations. RESULTS: The sequencing results with 115/116 isolates revealed the conserved nature of pknB sequences irrespective of their susceptibility status and spoligotypes. The only variation found was in one strains wherein pnkB sequence had G to A mutation at 664 position translating into a change of amino acid, Valine to Isoleucine. After analyzing the impact of this sequence variation using Molecular dynamics simulations, it was observed that the variation is causing no significant change in protein structure or the inhibitor binding. CONCLUSIONS: Hence, the study endorses that PknB is an ideal target for drug development and there is no pre-existing or induced resistance with respect to the sequences involved in inhibitor binding. Also if the mutation that we are reporting for the first time is found again in subsequent work, it should be checked with phenotypic profile before drawing the conclusion that it would affect the activity in any way. Bioinformatics analysis in our study says that it has no significant effect on the binding and hence the activity of the protein.

Phytoremediation of metals using lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf.) grown under different levels of red mud in soil amended with biowastes.

Due to hostile condition of red mud (RM), its utilization for vegetation is restricted. Therefore, RM with biowastes as soil amendment may offer suitable combination to support plant growth with reduced risk of metal toxicity. To evaluate the effects of RM on soil properties, plant growth performance, and metal accumulation in lemongrass, a study was conducted using different RM concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 15% w/w) in soil amended with biowastes [cow dung manure (CD) or sewage-sludge (SS)]. Application of RM in soil with biowastes improved organic matter and nutrient contents and caused reduction in phytoavailable metal contents. Total plant biomass was increased under all treatments, maximally at 5% RM in soil with SS (91.4%) and CD (51.7%) compared to that in control (no RM and biowastes). Lemongrass acted as a potential metal-tolerant plant as its metal tolerance index is >100%. Based on translocation and bioconcentration factors, lemongrass acted as a potential phytostabilizer of Fe, Mn, and Cu in roots and was found efficient in translocation of Al, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, As, and Ni from roots to shoot. The study suggests that 5% RM with biowastes preferably SS may be used to enhance phytoremediation potential of lemongrass.

Proteomics-based host-specific biomarkers for tuberculosis: The future of TB diagnosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that remains one of the major global public health concerns. Early detection of Active Pulmonary TB is therefore of utmost importance for controlling lethality and disease spreading. Currently available TB diagnostics can be broadly categorized into microscopy, culture-based, and molecular approaches, all of which come with compromised sensitivity, limited efficacy, and high expenses. Hence, rapid, sensitive, and affordable diagnostic methods for TB is the current prerequisite for disease management. This review summarizes the proteomics investigations for host-specific biomarkers from serum, sputum, saliva, and urine samples of TB patients, along with patients having comorbidity. Thorough data mining from available literature led us to conclude that the host-specific proteins involved in immunity and defense, metabolic regulation, cellular adhesion, and motility, inflammatory responses, and tissue remodelling have shown significant deregulation upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Notably, the immunoregulatory protein orosomucoid (ORM) was up-regulated in active TB compared to non-TB individuals, as observed in multiple studies from diverse sample types. Mannose receptor C type 2 (MRC2) was identified as an upregulated, treatment response biomarker in two independent serum proteomics investigations. Thorough mechanistic investigation on these candidate proteins would be fascinating to dig into potential drug targets and customized therapeutics for TB patients, along with their diagnostic potentials.

Preoperative vaginal cleansing with chlorhexidine and cetrimide solution for reduction of postoperative infectious morbidity at a tertiary care center in North India: A prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of preoperative vaginal cleansing with chlorhexidine and cetrimide solution on postoperative infectious morbidity. METHODS: This prospective cohort study was conducted over a period of 18 months in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India. Women undergoing cesarean section were alternately allotted to study and control groups. Women with chorioamnionitis, antepartum hemorrhage, rupture of membranes for more than 24 h, and fever in the preoperative period were excluded. The study group received preoperative vaginal cleansing with antiseptic solution (7.5% chlorhexidine w/v and 15% cetrimide w/v); the control group did not receive vaginal cleansing. Both groups were followed for the presence of any infectious morbidity until they were discharged from the hospital. RESULTS: Age, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters), gestational age, and the parity of the women in the study and control groups were comparable (n = 760). The rate of endometritis was lower in the study group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.054). Post-cesarean febrile morbidity and wound sepsis were significantly lower in the study group (P = 0.017 and P = 0.02, respectively). On subgroup analysis, women in the study group with rupture of the membranes before cesarean delivery had lower wound sepsis and a reduced duration of hospital stay. Women in the study group with emergency cesarean delivery showed a significant reduction in wound sepsis, febrile morbidity, and length of hospital stay. CONCLUSION: Preoperative vaginal cleansing with chlorhexidine and cetrimide solution before a cesarean section reduces postoperative infectious morbidity.

Structural insights into small-molecule KRAS inhibitors for targeting KRAS mutant cancers.

The Kirsten rat sarcoma viral (KRAS) oncogene is the most frequently mutated isoform of RAS, associated with 85 % of RAS-driven cancers. KRAS functions as a signaling hub, participating in various cellular signaling pathways and regulating a wide range of important activities, including cell proliferation, differentiation, growth, metabolism, and migration. Despite being the most frequently altered oncogenic protein in solid tumors, over the past four decades, KRAS has historically been considered "undruggable" owing to a lack of pharmacologically targetable pockets within the mutant isoforms. However, improvements in drug design and development have culminated in the development of selective inhibitors for KRAS mutants. Recent developments have led to the successful targeting of the KRASG12C mutant through covalent inhibitors that exploit the unique cysteine residue introduced by the mutation at 12th position. These inhibitors bind covalently to C12, locking KRAS in its inactive GDP-bound state and preventing downstream signaling. Some of these inhibitors have shown encouraging results in KRASG12C mutant cancer patients but suffer from drug resistance, toxicity, and low therapeutic efficacy. Recently, there have been great advancements in the discovery of drugs that directly target the switch I (S-I), switch-II (S-II) and S-I/II interface sites of KRAS mutant proteins. These include KRASG12C inhibitors like AMG510 (Sotorasib) and MRTX849 (Adagrasib), which have got FDA approval for non-small cell lung cancer harboring the KRASG12C mutation. There is no approved drug for cancers harboring other KRAS mutations, although efforts have expanded to target other KRAS mutations and the Switch I/II interface, aiming to disrupt KRAS-driven oncogenic signaling. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies have been instrumental in optimizing the binding affinity, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties of these inhibitors, leading to the development of promising therapeutic agents like Sotorasib and Adagrasib. This review provides an overview of the KRAS pathway, KRAS binding sites, strategies for direct and indirect inhibition using small molecules, and SAR based on the co-crystal structures of inhibitors with KRAS mutants which is expected to offer new hope for patients with KRAS-driven cancers through the development of new KRAS-targeted drugs.

Task-based and Magnified Mirror Therapy for Unilateral Spatial Neglect among post-stroke subjects: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Unilateral spatial neglect (USN) is a commonly occurring neurocognitive disability after a stroke. The neglect may affect the motor recovery of the upper and lower limbs and functional performances. Mirror therapy, a simple and economical approach has the potential to reduce the USN and related impairments. AIM: The primary objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of task-based and magnified mirror therapy on the USN and on the motor recovery of the post-stroke subjects. The secondary objective is to investigate the effectiveness of the intervention on the function and disability of the subjects. METHODS: In this randomized controlled, assessor-blinded trial, 86 post-stroke subjects will be recruited from the neuro-rehabilitation laboratory of a rehabilitation institute, located in northern India. The participants,aged20 to 80 years, with 1 to 36 months of stroke onset, hemiparesis, and the USN, will be considered eligible for the study. In addition to the conventional rehabilitation, the experimental group(n = 43) will receive 40 sessions (8 weeks) of Task-based and MAGnified Mirror Therapy for Unilateral Spatial Neglect (T-MAGUSN). The control group (n = 43) will undergo a dose-matched conventional program only. The participants will be assessed at baseline, post-intervention and 4-week follow-up using primary (Line Bisection Test, Letter Cancellation Test, and Fugl-Myer Assessment) and secondary (Catherine Bergego Scale, Berg Balance Scale, Functional Ambulation Classification, Modified Rankin Scale) outcome measures. DISCUSSION: This proposed study will lead to the development of a novel rehabilitation protocol for the management of USN, aiming to enhance motor and functional recovery. The investigation will consider both the upper and lower limbs for the intervention, reducing the impact of cognitive disability in stroke. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI) as CTRI/2023/05/053184 (www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=74659).

Intrauterine instillation of autologous platelet-rich plasma in infertile females with thin endometrium undergoing intrauterine insemination: an open-label randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Thin endometrium in infertile female patients has always been a clinical challenge for the treating reproductive physicians. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of intrauterine instillation of autologous platelet-rich plasma on endometrial thickness and vascularity in infertile female patients with thin endometrium undergoing ovarian stimulation with intrauterine insemination. STUDY DESIGN: This prospective randomized control study included 120 women undergoing ovarian stimulation with intrauterine insemination, aged between 21 and 37 years, with persistent thin endometrium (<7 mm) on ≥1 cycle in previous ovarian stimulation cycles, even after conventional treatment with estradiol valerate. The women were randomly assigned to study group A and control group B. Baseline endometrial thickness and endometrial vascularity were noted. Intrauterine instillation of autologous platelet-rich plasma was done on the day of trigger in group A, whereas estradiol valerate was given in group B. Another evaluation of endometrial parameters was done on the day of intrauterine insemination. The cycle was repeated for 3 cycles or until the pregnancy was achieved, whichever occurred earlier. Parameters were noted for both groups. Primary outcomes were the change in endometrial thickness and endometrial vascularity. Secondary outcomes were positive pregnancy rate and clinical pregnancy rate. RESULTS: In group A, mean pre-platelet-rich plasma endometrial thickness was 4.66±0.79 mm, which significantly increased to 7.47±0.85 mm after platelet-rich plasma instillation (P<.05) after 3 cycles. This increase was significantly greater than that observed in group B. There was significant increase in endometrial vascularity in group A compared with group B (P<.05). The positive pregnancy rate and clinical pregnancy rate in group A were 23.73% and 18.64%, respectively, and significantly higher than those in group B. CONCLUSION: Autologous platelet-rich plasma is a promising, easily procurable, and novel option for management of infertile females with thin endometrium not responding to conventional treatment. Using it in intrauterine insemination cycles can reduce costs and psychological burden of this subgroup of women by reducing the need for resorting to advanced options such as in vitro fertilization and surrogacy.

Prediction of complications of pre-eclampsia using the fullPIERS high risk predictive model.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the predicted probability percentage of complications in women with pre-eclampsia using the Pre-eclampsia Integrated Estimate of Risk (fullPIERS) model within the first 24 h after admission and assess the model's predictive value for complications of pre-eclampsia. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study in which the fullPIERS model was applied to 256 pregnant women with pre-eclampsia within the first 24 h after admission. These women were then followed for 48 h to 7 days for maternal and fetal complications. Reciever operating characteristics (ROC) curves were generated to assess the performance of the fullPIERS model for adverse outcomes of pre-eclampsia. RESULTS: Of the 256 women enrolled in the study, 101 women (39.5%) developed maternal complications, 120 women (46.9%) developed fetal complications, and 159 women (62.1%) developed both. With an area under the ROC curve of 0.843 (95% confidence interval 0.789-0.897), the fullPIERS model had good discriminating ability to predict complications at any time point between 48 h and 7 days after admission. The sensitivity and specificity of the model at a ≥5.9% cut-off value for predicting adverse maternal outcomes were 60% and 97%, respectively; they were 44% and 96%, respectively, for predicting combined fetomaternal complications with a cut-off value of 4.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The fullPIERS model performs reasonably well in predicting adverse maternal and fetal outcomes in women with pre-eclampsia.

Nano Zinc-Enabled Strategies in Crops for Combatting Zinc Malnutrition in Human Health.

Deficits in the mineral Zn are responsible for a sizable proportion of the world's disease burden and child mortality. With the increasing success rate of biofortification in major crops, the development of a genotype with enhanced Zn bioavailability will be an efficient and sustainable solution to nutrient deficiency-related problems. Due to the complex chemistry of the human system, the absorption of Zn from cereals is lower. This complexity is alleviated by phytate, a major phosphorus-storing compound in cereal and legume seeds, which negatively affects Zn binding. The results of recent studies on the distribution of elements and micronutrient speciation in seeds provide strong evidence for the presence of distinct Zn pools. This observation is supported by data from biofortified transgenic plant research. Several studies identify nicotinamide, a metal chelator, as a pivotal molecule. The loading of Zn into grains has been reported to increase with nicotinamide levels, which is a crucial finding. Intestinal Zn absorption can be greatly improved by nicotinamide. Furthermore, bioavailability tests suggest that the use of nano Zn-enabled devices could be an effective strategy to enable plant biofortification, which may significantly boost the Zn content in various cereal crops. This review comprehensively evaluated the scientific publications indexed in WoS, Scopus, and various other reliable databases and explored insights into how nano-enabled technology could be a solution for enhancing Zn content in cereal crops for combating malnutrition in humans.

Impact of WHO Labor Care Guide on reducing cesarean sections at a tertiary center: an open-label randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization Labor Care Guide was introduced in December 2020 to implement World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the effect of the WHO Labor Care Guide on labor outcomes, especially in reducing primary cesarean deliveries, and its acceptability by healthcare providers. STUDY DESIGN: This open-label randomized control trial was conducted from September 2021 to December 2021 on 280 low-risk antenatal women admitted for delivery at a busy tertiary care institute in North India. After informed consent, women were allocated into the study and control groups. Labor monitoring was performed using the WHO Labor Care Guide in the study group and the World Health Organization-modified partograph in the control group. Women who had a cesarean delivery in the latent phase of labor were excluded from the study. The primary outcome was mode of delivery, whereas the secondary outcomes were duration of active labor, maternal complications (postpartum hemorrhage and puerperal sepsis), duration of hospital stay, Apgar score at 5 minutes, and neonatal intensive care unit admission. The labor outcomes in both groups were compared. In the study group, the acceptability, difficulty, and satisfaction levels of the users were assessed using a 5-point Likert scale. The "learning curve" for the use of the Labor Care Guide (LCG) was determined. SPSS software (version 21.0; IBM Corporation, Chicago, IL) was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: After excluding women who underwent cesarean delivery in the latent phase, 136 women in the study group and 135 women in the control group were observed for labor outcomes. The cesarean delivery rate was 1.5% in the study group vs 17.8% in the control group (P=.0001). The duration of the active phase of labor was significantly shorter in the study group than in the control group (P<.001). The 2 groups were similar in terms of maternal complications, duration of hospital stay, and Apgar score. The learning curve took average levels of 6.50 and 2.25 Labor Care Guide plots to shift from "very difficult" to "neutral" and "neutral" to "easy," respectively. After an initial learning curve, acceptability and satisfaction levels were found to be high in the WHO Labor Care Guide users. CONCLUSION: The WHO Labor Care Guide is a simple labor monitoring tool for the reducing primary cesarean delivery rate without increasing the duration of hospital stay and fetomaternal complications.

Hiccups and Acute Symptomatic Hyponatremia: A Rare Manifestation of COVID-19.

We report a rare case of a patient presenting with a very unusual manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A 62-year-old male presented to the emergency department (ED) with complaints of headache, nausea, vomiting, and intractable hiccups for two days. Laboratory results showed that he had profound hyponatremia (Na+: 103 mEq/L) and hypokalemia (K+: 2.3 mEq/L) with a positive RT-PCR for COVID-19. He was treated with an intravenous (IV) bolus of 3% saline solution followed by continuous infusion. The patient was discharged after eight days when his electrolytes returned to normal, and a significant symptomatic relief was achieved.

Role of Placenta Accreta Index for Diagnosis of Placenta Accreta Spectrum in High-Risk Patients.

Background: Antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) can ensure multidisciplinary management at center of excellence which can reduce maternal and fetal complications. This can be established by a scoring system which provides a standardized criterion for the diagnosis and management. The objective of our study was to assess the placenta accreta index (PAI) and its individual parameters for diagnosis of PAS in high-risk patients. Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 71 pregnant women with placenta previa and previous cesarean section. After informed consent, history was taken and ultrasonography was used to calculate the PAI for each patient. Definitive diagnosis was made clinically during cesarean section or by histopathology for those requiring hysterectomy. The data were evaluated using the latest version of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. Results: All ultrasound parameters of placenta accreta index were statistically significant for predicting PAS (p value < 0.001). ROC curve with AUC of 0.87 95% CI of 0.77-0.94 showed that a score of 4.75 was the best cutoff value to diagnose PAS. Out of the 30 patients found to have placental invasion, 22 had a PAI score of more than 4.75. The score was found to have a sensitivity of 73.3%, specificity 95.1%, positive predictive value 91.7%, negative predictive value 83% and diagnostic accuracy 85.9%. Conclusions: Women with placenta previa and history of previous CS should undergo screening by PAI, and a cutoff value of ≥ 4.75 should be viewed with high index of suspicion for the presence of PAS.

Comparative Evaluation of Solubility of Gutta-Percha in Three Different Solvents: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Study.

Background Gutta-percha is the most frequently used filling material for root canal obturation. This thermoplastic material fulfills the primary requisites for root canal filling, one of which is easily removable material in cases of endodontic retreatment. The most commonly used solvents were chloroform, xylene, and orange oil due to their effectiveness in dissolving and removing maximum gutta-percha in a minimum time. Aims The aim is to evaluate and compare the solubility of gutta-percha in three different organic solvents, i.e., orange oil, xylene, and chloroform. Methods and material Forty extracted mandibular second premolars with a single canal were selected. The sample was categorized into control, orange oil, xylene, and chloroform. Access cavity preparations with cleaning and shaping were performed by k files and rotary files, followed by obturation. Two drops of assigned solvent were placed on the orifices of the obturated canal, and corona-gutta-percha ha was removed by gates glidden drills. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were taken before and after the gutta-percha removal, and the solvents' efficacy was assessed. Statistical analysis The statistical test applied for the analysis was one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The confidence interval and p-value were set for this test at 95% and < 0.05, respectively. Results Gutta-percha Removal was found to be maximum with orange oil (Group II) followed by xylene (Group III) >Chloroform (Group IV) >Control Group. The Statistical Analysis by ANOVA revealed a significant difference between the four groups with a p-value of less than 0.05. Furthermore, the pair-wise comparison revealed that the amount of gutta-percha removal with orange oil significantly differs from xylene and chloroform, with a significance level of less than 0.021,001. However, there was no difference observed between control and chloroform. Conclusions Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it can be concluded that the maximum amount of gutta-percha removal was found in the orange oil group. The amount of gutta-percha removal with orange oil significantly differs from xylene and chloroform, with a significance level of less than 0.02,001. Hence there was no difference observed between Control and Chloroform groups.