Efficacy of orofacial myofunctional therapy combined with myofascial release in patients with mild obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is characterized by repetitive narrowing and collapse of pharyngeal airway during sleep, leading to apnoea or hypopnoea. In this context, myofunctional therapy and myofascial release might be effective, despite the literature on the combination of these approaches is still scarce. OBJECTIVES: This randomized controlled trial aimed to assess the efficacy of oro-facial myofunctional therapy combined with myofascial release in terms of functioning in patients with mild OSA. METHODS: Patients aged from 40 to 80 years with diagnosis of mild OSA were randomly allocated into intervention group (oro-facial myofunctional therapy plus myofascial release) and control group (only oro-facial myofunctional therapy). At the baseline (T0), after 4 weeks (T1), and after 8 weeks (T2), the following outcomes were assessed: apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI), average oxygen saturation (SpO2 ), sleep time spent with oxygen saturation < 90% (T90), snoring index, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). RESULTS: Out of the 60 patients enrolled, 28 (aged 61.46 ± 8.74 years) complete the treatment in the intervention group and 24 (aged 60.42 ± 6.61 years) in the control group. There were no significant differences in AHI between groups. A significant difference was reported for ΔT0-T1 SpO2 (p = .01), T90 (p = .030), ΔT0-T1 and ΔT0-T2 snoring index (p = .026 and <.001 respectively), and ΔT0-T1 and ΔT0-T2 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (p = .003 and <.001 respectively). CONCLUSION: Taken together, a combination of oro-facial myofunctional therapy and myofascial release showed a potential treatment for sleep quality in patients with mild OSA. Future studies are necessary to better investigate the role of these interventions in OSA patients.

Effectiveness of combined extracorporeal shock-wave therapy and hyaluronic acid injections for patients with shoulder pain due to rotator cuff tendinopathy: a person-centered approach with a focus on gender differences to treatment response.

BACKGROUND: Rotator cuff (RC) tendinopathy is a common shoulder pain condition. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) and hyaluronic acid peritendinous injection are viable treatment options for RC tendinopathy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the response in two different therapeutic rehabilitative approaches, the combined treatment ESWT plus hyaluronic acid injections (E + Hy) compared to ESWT alone (ESWT-al), in a cohort of patients with RC tendinopathy according to gender differences. METHODS: This is a retrospective longitudinal cohort study of patients with painful RC tendinopathy. Patients that had received a clinical evaluation, a shoulder ultra sound examination, as well as the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) questionnaire, and the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for pain at baseline, 1-month (T1) and 2-month follow-ups (T2) were included. RESULTS: Medical records of 53 patients were analyzed. In the comparison between baseline to T1 and similarly from baseline to T2, a statistically significant reduction has been reported in the NRS (p < 0.001) and in the SPADI (p < 0.001) in the entire study group. At T1, patients in the E + Hy compared to ESWT-al group, showed a slight but statistically significant reductions in both NRS and SPADI score, while these changes were more evident at T2 (p < 0.001). Interestingly, a gender dimorphism in NRS and in SPADI was found, with female patients that apparently responded better to the combined E + Hy compared to ESWT-al approach. CONCLUSION: This retrospective cohort study suggests that the combination of ESWT plus HyA injections seems to be more effective than ESWT alone in RC tendinopathy in both genders. Moreover, in ESWT alone treatment, male patients reported better outcomes compared to females. However, further randomized controlled trials should be structured to confirm and enforce these conclusions.

Tailored patient self-management and supervised, home-based, pulmonary rehabilitation for mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

[Purpose] Our study aimed to estimate the effects of a supervised, intensive, home-based-pulmonary-rehabilitation (HBPR) program for mild and moderate chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease (COPD) patients. [Participants and Methods] A retrospective, case-control study. Forty-three (N=43) patients were observed, divided into Treatment-Group (TG) and Control-Group (CG). The TG (N=23) underwent a 4-week training program, consisting of endurance and strength training sessions, performed 4-times per week. In addition, inspiration muscle training was performed, with a threshold device. The primary outcome was dyspnea improvements, measured by the modified-Borg-scale (mBS), and the secondary outcome was the determination of diaphragm excursion and function, using ultrasound (US) assessment to measure clinical parameters. [Results] The results suggested significantly improved mBS scores, measured for the ΔT0-T1 and ΔT0-T2 time points; improved diaphragm-excursion (Dia-Ex) at ΔT0-T1 and ΔT0-T2; and improved maximum Dia-Ex at ΔT0-T1 and ΔT1-T2 in the TG compared with the CG. Moreover, the results showed improvements over time for all parameters in the TG versus CG, suggesting a constant improvement in respiratory pathology. [Conclusion] A supervised HBPR plan was effective in reducing dyspnea by the mBS, and improving diaphragmatic function, as determined by US evaluation, and lastly improving quality of life in patients with mild-to-moderate COPD.

The sequelae of mastectomy and quadrantectomy with respect to the reaching movement in breast cancer survivors: evidence for an integrated rehabilitation protocol during oncological care.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women in developed countries. Several types of surgical interventions are commonly used in BC, such as mastectomy and quadrantectomy, followed by radiation or not. Today, BC rehabilitation can help survivors obtain and maintain the highest physical, social, psychological, and vocational functioning possible, within the limits that are created by cancer and its treatments. OBJECTIVE: To verify, before and after a specific rehabilitation protocol treatment, the recovery of the fluidity of the reaching movement. METHODS: Patients after BC surgery were enrolled and assigned by cluster randomization into 2 groups through a block randomization list: mastectomy (Mas) and quadrantectomy (Quad). Evaluation scales (DASH and VAS) were administered, and biomechanical evaluations were performed for each group before treatment (T0 = baseline), at the end of the rehabilitative treatment (T1 = 12 sessions, 2/week), and after 3 months of follow-up (T2). RESULTS: Fifty-nine (Mas group = 29; Quad group = 30) after BC surgery were enrolled. VAS scores improved along the evaluation times at T0-T1 and T0-T2 (p < 0.001), without a statistically significant difference between groups. With regard to the normalized jerk, there was no significant interaction between time group (F = 2.029; p = 0.136). There was a significant decrease between T0-T1 and T1-T2 (F = 60.189; p < 0.001). Velocity improved significantly between T0-T1 and T1-T2 (F = 10.322; p < 0.001). There was a significant interaction for the elbow angle at the end of movement between time and group at T2 (F = 5.022; p = 0.029). CONCLUSION: The integrated, low-intensity, rehabilitative intervention is effective, even if it is not performed in the first period after BC surgery, without any difference between mastectomy and quadrantectomy.

Robotic rehabilitation for end-effector device and botulinum toxin in upper limb rehabilitation in chronic post-stroke patients: an integrated rehabilitative approach.

BACKGROUND: Determine the effects of an integrated rehabilitation protocol, including botulinum toxin and conventional rehabilitation exercise plus end-effector (EE) robotic training for functional recovery of the upper limb (UL) compared to training with the robot alone in post-chronic stroke patients with mild to severe spasticity, compared to training with the robot alone. METHODS: In this prospective, observational case-control study, stroke patients were allocated into 2 groups: robot group (RG, patients who underwent robotic treatment with EE) and robot-toxin group (RTG, patients who in addition have carried out the injection of botulinum toxin for UL recovery). All patients were assessed by Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Motricity Index (MI), modified Ashworth scale (MAS), numeric rating scale (NRS), Box and Block Test (BBT), Frenchay Arm Test (FAT), and Barthel Index (BI) at baseline (T0), T1 (end of treatment), and T2 (3 months of follow-up). RESULTS: Forty-four patients were included and analyzed (21RG; 23RTG). From the analysis between groups, the results suggested how there was a statistically significant difference in favor of RTG, specifically ΔT0-T1 and ΔT0-T2 for B&B p = 0.009 and p = 0.035; ΔT0-T1 and ΔT0-T2 for FAT with p = 0.016 and p = 0.031; ΔT0-T1 for MAS shoulder p = 0.016; ΔT0-T1 and ΔT0-T2 with p = 0.010 and p = 0.005 for MAS elbow; and ΔT0-T1 and ΔT0-T2 with p = 0.001 and p = 0.013 for MAS wrist. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest, in line with the literature, a good efficacy in the reduction of spasticity and in the improvement of the function of the UL, with the reduction of pain, adopting a rehabilitation protocol integrated with BoTN, robot-assisted training, and traditional physiotherapy.

Clinical features of fallers among inpatient subacute stroke: an observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to observe the differences between fallers, common fallers, and non-fallers in stroke patients compared with the global ability in a rehabilitation setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational and prospective study has been carried out. A total of 476 subacute stroke patients have been observed. The main outcome measures were assessed using the Canadian Neurological Scale (CNS), Barthel Index (BI), Functional Ambulatory Category (FAC), and Trunk Control Test (TCT) at admission to the rehabilitation unit and after 90 days of the rehabilitation treatment (nearly 3 h for day for 5 days for week) at the discharge with intermediate evaluations after the first and second months. RESULTS: Out of 397 patients, 109 reported 1 or more falls (27.5%), of whom 67 fell 1 time (fallers) in the hospital (16.9%) and 42 fell 2 or more times (common fallers) (10.6%). For fallers, BI and FAC scores had a significant effect (p = 0.003 for both). Common fallers had statistically significant differences in BI (p = 0.002), FAC (p = 0.012), and TCT scores (0.023) compared with non-fallers. CONCLUSIONS: The severity of stroke may directly increase the risk of fall, and also indirectly, lengthening the hospitalization. Our study seems to suggest that patients with BI scores of between 21 and 30 on admission are more prone to fall in the first period of hospitalization, whereas in the second month, those with scores of between 11 and 20 on admission have a higher risk of falls. In the third month, patients with BI scores below 10 on admission are more susceptible to falls.

Spa therapy and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal pathologies: a proposal for best practice in Italy.

Spa therapy is a heterogeneous collection of treatments and methods based on natural resources. It is often considered as an option in the common therapeutic approach to many musculoskeletal disorders, as well as respiratory, vascular, and dermatological disorders. The objective of this paper is to highlight possible interactions between rehabilitation and spa medicine in the field of musculoskeletal disorders, through an analysis of the scientific literature, in order to give the practitioner the ability to integrate good clinical practice in the field of rehabilitation through practical application involving spa therapies. The literature search was conducted using Medline, PEDro, Cochrane Database, and Google Scholar. Only studies published in English and works concerning the implementation of spa thermal treatment in neuro-musculoskeletal diseases were included. Specifically, the publications analyzed dealt with the treatment of diseases such as arthritis, rheumatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and low back pain through the use of thermal spa therapies. In conjunction with its widespread use in clinical practice, many studies in the literature suggest the effectiveness of crenobalneotherapy for a number of musculoskeletal disorders, generally those which are chronic and debilitating, finding significant clinical improvement both in terms of pain and functional limitations. Some of the guidelines formulated by national and international bodies on the treatment of specific diseases, such as the Italian Rheumatology Society (SIR) and the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) guidelines, recognize the value of thermal medicine as a complement, but not a replacement, for conventional therapy (pharmacological or not).

Mesotherapy: From Historical Notes to Scientific Evidence and Future Prospects.

Intradermal therapy, known as mesotherapy, is a technique used to inject a drug into the surface layer of the skin. In particular, it involves the use of a short needle to deposit the drug in the dermis. The intradermal microdeposit modulates the drug's kinetics, slowing absorption and prolonging the local mechanism of action. It is successfully applied in the treatment of some forms of localized pain syndromes and other local clinical conditions. It could be suggested when a systemic drug-sparing effect is useful, when other therapies have failed (or cannot be used), and when it can synergize with other pharmacological or nonpharmacological therapies. Despite the lack of randomized clinical trials in some fields of application, a general consensus is also reached in nonpharmacological mechanism of action, the technique execution modalities, the scientific rationale to apply it in some indications, and the usefulness of the informed consent. The Italian Mesotherapy Society proposes this position paper to apply intradermal therapy based on scientific evidence and no longer on personal bias.

Irisin and Autophagy: First Update.

Aging and sedentary life style are considered independent risk factors for many disorders. Under these conditions, accumulation of dysfunctional and damaged cellular proteins and organelles occurs, resulting in a cellular degeneration and cell death. Autophagy is a conserved recycling pathway responsible for the degradation, then turnover of cellular proteins and organelles. This process is a part of the molecular underpinnings by which exercise promotes healthy aging and mitigate age-related pathologies. Irisin is a myokine released during physical activity and acts as a link between muscles and other tissues and organs. Its main beneficial function is the change of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue into brown adipose tissue, with a consequential increase in thermogenesis. Irisin modulates metabolic processes, acting on glucose homeostasis, reduces systemic inflammation, maintains the balance between resorption and bone formation, and regulates the functioning of the nervous system. Recently, some of its pleiotropic and favorable properties have been attributed to autophagy induction, posing irisin as an important regulator of autophagy by exercise. This review article proposes to bring together for the first time the "state of the art" knowledge regarding the effects of irisin and autophagy. Furthermore, treatments on relation between exercise/myokines and autophagy have been also achieved.

Romberg ratio coefficient in quiet stance and postural control in Parkinson's disease.

The aim of this study was to determine the function of visual afference in postural control in Parkinson patients. We enrolled 29 patients and 30 healthy controls. The stabilometry test was performed for posture and balance and Romberg ratio coefficients were calculated. In addition, the Berg Balance Scale and the 6-Minute Walking Test were administered to assess balance and functional exercise capacity; the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale was used to determine the stage of the disease; and the Short Form (SF)-36 Health Survey was given to collect information on quality of life. RESULTS: significantly longer Center of Pressure (CoP) sway lengths were observed in the parkinson group. The Romberg index for CoP length of sway in parkinson patients was 94.3 ± 19.3%, versus 147.4 ± 120.6% for the control group. (p = 0.025). CONCLUSION: Parkinson patients use the increase in CoP sway length and ellipse area to stabilize their balance and sight does not facilitate static postural control as in healthy subjects.

Efficacy of dietary supplement with nutraceutical composed combined with extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields in carpal tunnel syndrome.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical effects of a nutraceutical composed (Xinepa®) combined with extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields in the carpal tunnel syndrome. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty-one patients with carpal tunnel syndrome were randomized into group 1-A (N=16) (nutraceutical + extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields) and group 2-C (n=15) (placebo + extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields). The dietary supplement with nutraceutical was twice daily for one month in the 1-A group and both groups received extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields at the level of the carpal tunnel 3 times per week for 12 sessions. The Visual Analogue Scale for pain, the Symptoms Severity Scale and Functional Severity Scale of the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire were used at pre-treatment (T0), after the end of treatment (T1) and at 3 months post-treatment (T2). [Results] At T1 and T2 were not significant differences in outcome measures between the two groups. In group 1-A a significant improvement in the scales were observed at T1 and T2. In group 2-C it was observed only at T1. [Conclusion] Significant clinical effects from pre-treatment to the end of treatment were shown in both groups. Only in group 1-A they were maintained at 3 months post-treatment.

Wii Fit is effective in women with bone loss condition associated with balance disorders: a randomized controlled trial.

The use of exergame for balance competencies was recently explored in women affected by balance ability reduction with non-conclusive results. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of a supervised exergame performed with the Wii Fit® compared to conventional exercises on balance function, quality of life, fear of fall and well-being in women with bone loss. Thirty-eight female participants aged over 65 years, with a bone loss condition, were enrolled and random allocated in the Wii group or control group. Subject enrolled in Wii group performed a balance training with a Wii Fit supervised by a physiotherapist (1 h, 2 days per week, during 8 weeks) while in control subjects performed the same amount of conventional balance exercises. Subject enrolled in experimental group showed significantly higher scores in terms of Berg Balance Scale (p = 0.027). In SF-36 scores, a significant difference was reported for physical activity score after treatment (p = 0.031). Fear of falling and the psychological scales were not significantly different between the two groups. In women with bone loss condition, a supervised Wii Fit training has shown better efficacy in improving balance performance with respect to conventional balance exercises.

Tactile and proprioceptive sensory stimulation modifies estimation of walking distance but not upright gait stability: a pilot study.

[Purpose] Recently, there has been growing interest in the somatosensory system, but little data exist on the interaction between dynamic postural control and the somatosensory system. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a training program, based on tactile and proprioceptive sensory stimulation of the trunk with the use of perceptual surfaces, improved the estimation of walking distance by healthy subjects, the ability to walk toward a memorized distance without vision, and whether it increases upright gait stability. [Subjects and Methods] Ten healthy subjects with a mean age of 31.9 ± 2.5 years were enrolled and participated in 10 daily sessions of perceptive training using perceptual surfaces, for 45 minutes each session. An experimental indoor test measured the subjects' ability to perceive walking distances to a memorized target in an indoor environment. [Results] After treatment, the distances that were traversed were closer to the target than before treatment. Trunk acceleration did not differ significantly between pre- and post-training and did not increase significantly after training. [Conclusion] Treatment with perceptual surfaces stimulating the trunk midline improves the estimation of walking distance and modifies proprioceptive gait patterns, allowing various corrective strategies to be implemented during ambulation.

Efficacy of group-adapted physical exercises in reducing back pain in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis.

PURPOSE: The clinical effects of osteoporosis include pain, fractures, and physical disability, causing a loss of independence and necessitating long-term care. Whereas the effects of exercise therapy in decreasing body mass index and preventing fractures are well established, there is no consensus on back pain and quality of life in women with osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a brief course of rehabilitation, comprising group-adapted physical exercises, with regard to back pain, disability, and quality of life in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis who had no evidence of fractures. METHODS: The enrolled patients were randomized into two groups: the treatment group underwent ten sessions of rehabilitative exercises, and the control group received an instructional booklet with descriptions and figures of exercises that were to be performed at home. RESULTS: Sixty patients completed the trial and assessments, including a 6-month follow-up. The treatment was effective versus the control group, significantly improving pain (Visual Analogue Scale: p < 0.001 at the end of the treatment and at the follow-up; McGill Pain Questionnaire: p = 0.018 at the follow-up), disability (Oswestry Disability Questionnaire: p < 0.001 at the end and follow-up), and quality of life (Shortened Osteoporosis Quality of Life Questionnaire: p = 0.021 at the end of treatment; p = 0.005 at follow-up). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that group rehabilitation reduces back pain and improves functional status and quality of life in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis, maintaining these outcomes for 6 months. The use of physical exercises might strengthen the habit to training.

Effects of a multidisciplinary educational rehabilitative intervention in breast cancer survivors: the role of body image on quality of life outcomes.

In breast cancer survivors, own body image may change due to physical and psychological reasons, worsening women's living. The aim of the study was to investigate whether body image may affect the functional and quality of life outcomes after a multidisciplinary and educational rehabilitative intervention in sixty women with primary nonmetastatic breast cancer who have undergone conservative surgery. To assess the quality of life was administered The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Study Group on Quality of Life core questionnaire, while to investigate the psychological features and self-image were administered the following scales: the Body Image Scale, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. To assess the recovery of the function of the shoulder were administered: the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Questionnaire and the Constant-Murley Score. Data were collected at the baseline, at the end of the intervention, and at 3-month follow-up. We found a general improvement in the outcomes related to quality of life, and physical and psychological features after treatment (P < 0.001). During follow-up period, a higher further improvement in women without alterations in body image in respect of those with an altered self-perception of their own body was found (P = 0.01). In conclusion, the body image may influence the efficacy of a rehabilitative intervention, especially in the short term of follow-up.

Management and Rehabilitative Treatment in Osteoarthritis with a Novel Physical Therapy Approach: A Randomized Control Study.

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a chronic degenerative disease characterized by progressive joint damage leading to significant disability. Although rehabilitative treatment methods for KOA have been widely implemented, the optimal integrated instrumental physical therapy approach remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the effect of Quantum Molecular Resonance (QMR) on pain reduction as the primary outcome and the functional improvement in activity daily living (ADL) as a secondary outcome. The study was designed as a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial in an outpatient setting. Fifty-four (N = 54) patients were enrolled and then randomized into three groups according to a simple randomization list: Group 1 (intensive protocol, N = 22), Group 2 (extensive protocol, N = 21), and a Sham group (N = 11). Patients were evaluated over time with scales assessing pain and function. Treatment was performed with the QMR model electro-medical device, which generates alternating electric currents characterized by high frequency (4-64 MHz). The results showed that QMR had a positive effect with respect to the Sham group in terms of pain and function (p < 0.01), and intensive treatment was more effective than the extensive treatment in terms of "speed of response" to the treatment (p < 0.05). In conclusion, QMR in KOA could be effective in slowing the progression of clinical symptoms and improving patients' pain and functionality and thus quality of life. Future studies will be necessary to investigate further treatment algorithms and therapeutic associations with rehabilitative exercise.

Predictive Prognostic Factors in Non-Calcific Supraspinatus Tendinopathy Treated with Focused Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy: An Artificial Neural Network Approach.

The supraspinatus tendon is one of the most involved tendons in the development of shoulder pain. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) has been recognized as a valid and safe treatment. Sometimes the symptoms cannot be relieved, or a relapse develops, affecting the patient's quality of life. Therefore, a prediction protocol could be a powerful tool aiding our clinical decisions. An artificial neural network was run, in particular a multilayer perceptron model incorporating input information such as the VAS and Constant-Murley score, administered at T0 and at T1 after six months. It showed a model sensitivity of 80.7%, and the area under the ROC curve was 0.701, which demonstrates good discrimination. The aim of our study was to identify predictive factors for minimal clinically successful therapy (MCST), defined as a reduction of ≥40% in VAS score at T1 following ESWT for chronic non-calcific supraspinatus tendinopathy (SNCCT). From the male gender, we expect greater and more frequent clinical success. The more severe the patient's initial condition, the greater the possibility that clinical success will decrease. The Constant and Murley score, Roles and Maudsley score, and VAS are not just evaluation tools to verify an improvement; they are also prognostic factors to be taken into consideration in the assessment of achieving clinical success. Due to the lower clinical improvement observed in older patients and those with worse clinical and functional scales, it would be preferable to also provide these patients with the possibility of combined treatments. The ANN predictive model is reasonable and accurate in studying the influence of prognostic factors and achieving clinical success in patients with chronic non-calcific tendinopathy of the supraspinatus treated with ESWT.

Combined Rehabilitation Protocol in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee: Comparative Study of Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields and Soft Elastic Knee Brace Effect.

The investigation of this observational case-control study aimed at determining the effectiveness of a combined treatment of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF) with a soft elastic knee brace versus ELF alone in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) with respect to a reduction in pain and functional recovery. We hypothesized that the combined use of ELF and a soft elastic knee brace may provide better results. Thirty-five patients (N = 35, divided into Group 1 = ELF and Group 2 = ELF with the soft elastic knee brace) were analyzed. The rehabilitative protocol consisted of 10 sessions of antiphlogistic and antiedema programs (first cycle) for 2 weeks, followed by twelve sessions of bone repair and connective tissue repair programs (second cycle) in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) for 4 weeks. Patient evaluations were conducted at baseline (T0) and after 2 (T1) and 4 (T2) weeks of treatment. A follow-up evaluation was conducted 6 weeks after treatment (T3). The LIMFA© Therapy System was used to create multifrequency magnetoelectric fields with an intensity of 100 µT and a low-frequency field. The Incrediwear Cred 40 knee sleeve (Incred) was used for alleviating knee pain. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), and the Lysholm score (Ls) were used as outcome measures. The results showed that pain at rest (Vr), pain in motion (Vm), KOOS, and Ls were significantly affected by ELF over time. In conclusion, Group 2 had a better response in terms of pain resolution at rest (p < 0.05) and a concurrent better response at T3 in terms of functional recovery (p < 0.05).

Radial or Focal Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in Lateral Elbow Tendinopathy: A Real-Life Retrospective Study.

Lateral elbow tendinopathy (LET) is characterized by pain, poor muscle strength of the wrist ex-tensors, and disability. Among the conservative rehabilitative approaches, focal as well as radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT), are considered effective in LET management. The objective of this study was to compare the safety and effectiveness of focal (fESWT) and radial (rESWT) in terms of LET symptoms and the strength of wrist extensors, taking into account potential gender differences. This is a retrospective longitudinal cohort study of patients with LET treated with ESWT that had received a clinical and functional evaluation, including visuo-analogic scale (VAS), muscle strength using an electronic dynamometer during Cozen's test, and the patient-rated tennis elbow evaluation (PRTEE) questionnaire. Follow-ups were carried out weekly in four visits after enrollment, and at 8 and 12 weeks. During the follow-ups, the VAS score decreased in both treatments, even if patients receiving fESWT reported early pain relief compared to those treated with rESWT (time for treatment p-value < 0.001). Additionally, peak muscle strength increased independently of the device used, and again more rapidly in the fESWT group (time for treatment p-value < 0.001). In the stratified analysis for sex and for the type of ESWT, rESWT appears to be less effective in female participants in terms of mean muscle strength and PRTEE scores, without differences according to the type of device used. The rESWT group reported a higher rate of minor adverse events (i.e., discomfort, p = 0.03) compared to fESWT. Our data suggest that both fESWT and rESWT might be effective in improving LET symptoms, even if the higher rate of painful procedures were reported in patients treated with rESWT.

Comparison of Early versus Traditional Rehabilitation Protocol after Rotator Cuff Repair: An Umbrella-Review.

Rehabilitation after rotator cuff repair is crucial for functional recovery and for minimizing the risk of retear. There are two rehabilitation protocols (early and traditional) and the debate about which is the best is open. This umbrella review aimed to compare the effect of these rehabilitation protocols in terms of reduction in pain, functional recovery, and retear risk. We selected systematic reviews and meta-analyses published between 2012 and 2022 dealing with the aim. Nineteen systematic reviews were included. No significant differences were found between early and traditional protocols in terms of pain reduction. Early rehabilitation provided better short-term results regarding Range of Motion improvement, but long-term functional outcomes were similar. Retear risk remains a significant concern for the early protocol. We found major differences between the analyzed protocols. This review suggests that both protocols are useful to recover global shoulder function, but the standard protocol has a greater safety profile for larger tears. On the other hand, the early protocol may be preferable for smaller lesions, allowing a faster recovery and having less impact on medical costs. Further research is needed to identify optimal rehabilitation strategies tailored to the individual patient's needs and characteristics.