Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist Versus Pressure Support Ventilation: A Comprehensive Review.

Mechanical ventilation serves as crucial life support for critically ill patients. Although it is life-saving prolonged ventilation carries risks and complications like barotrauma, Ventilator-associated pneumonia, sepsis, and many others. Optimizing patient-ventilator interactions and facilitating early weaning is necessary for improved intensive care unit (ICU) outcomes. Traditionally Pressure support ventilation (PSV) mode is widely used for weaning patients who are intubated and mechanically ventilated. Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) mode of the ventilator is an emerging ventilator mode that delivers pressure depending on the patient's respiratory drive, which in turn prevents over-inflation and improves the patient's ventilator interactions. Our article revises and compares the effectiveness of NAVA compared to PSV ventilation under different contexts. Overall we conclude that NAVA level of ventilation can be safely administered in a patient with acute respiratory failure, provided diaphragmatic paralysis is not considered. NAVA improves asynchrony index, wean-off time, and sleep quality and is associated with increased ventilator-free days. These results are based on small-scale studies with low power, and further studies are warranted in large-scale cohorts with more diverse populations to confirm these results.

A Rare Presentation of Perivalvular Abscess and Infective Valve Endocarditis as Multiple Cerebral Septic Emboli Mimicking Ischemic Stroke.

The perivalvular cardiac abscess is a severe condition associated with infective endocarditis, leading to significant morbidity and mortality if not diagnosed and managed promptly. Neurological complications, particularly stroke, can occur due to embolic events resulting from cardiac abscesses. A 63-year-old female with end-stage renal disease and multiple comorbidities presented with altered mental status. Imaging revealed acute ischemic infarcts in the frontotemporal lobes, suggesting the embolic phenomenon. Blood cultures grew Enterococcus faecalis, and an echocardiogram showed severe aortic valve destruction with perivalvular abscess. Cardiac abscesses can cause severe complications, including tissue destruction, valve damage, and embolic events. Echocardiography is crucial for diagnosis, detecting vegetation, and assessing associated complications. Transthoracic echocardiography is reliable but has limitations, whereas transesophageal echocardiography is highly sensitive. Prompt antibiotic therapy and surgical intervention are crucial for treatment. Early initiation of appropriate antibiotic therapy and surgical intervention is crucial for positive outcomes. The choice of treatment should be individualized based on the patient's specific condition and the medical team's expertise.

Myxedema Coma: A Grave Phenomenon Partially Reversed CKD Status With Treatment of Hypothyroidism.

Myxedema coma is a grave medical condition that warrants emergent medical management to avoid adverse effects and unfavorable outcomes. Intravenous thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), along with intravenous hydrocortisone and frequent vital monitoring, are the mainstays of the management of myxedema coma. The interplay between CKD and hypothyroidism is fascinating and can affect each other. It is often very difficult for physicians to differentiate between sepsis and myxedema coma, especially in the early stages. Infections and medication non-compliance are the leading causes of precipitation myxedema coma. We describe a case report presented with myxedema coma and CKD, which was successfully managed and also led to a partial reversal of CKD status.

A Rare Case of Severe Manifestation of COVID-19 Infection Presenting as Immune-Related Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura With Multiorgan Involvement Treated With Plasmapheresis, Steroids, Rituximab, and Caplacizumab.

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) caused by decreased activity of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13 (ADAMTS13). Platelet-rich thrombi in small vessels lead to fragmentation of RBCs causing microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA). Therapeutic plasma exchange is life-saving and is the mainstay of the treatment of TTP. Higher dose IV steroids along with rituximab are used as an adjunct to plasma exchange. Our case report describes a 26-year-old healthy male who presented with new onset seizures and encephalopathy. Blood work demonstrated anemia, severe thrombocytopenia, elevated lactate dehydrogenase, decreased haptoglobin, and elevated creatinine, and peripheral blood smear showed marked schistocytosis indicating MAHA. Plasma exchange and high-dose steroids were started on a presumptive diagnosis of TTP. ADAMTS13 activity was undetectable and ADAMTS13 inhibitor levels were elevated. Rituximab and caplacizumab were then added. Symptoms of encephalopathy improved by day five and platelet counts started improving by day nine. After several days of plasma exchange, he showed a "clinical response" with several weeks of active treatment. The association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and the severity of TTP with multiorgan failure is not well understood yet. Although we describe a successful multimodal approach to the management of TTP, which we believe is secondary to COVID-19 infection, further research is warranted to analyze and understand the pathophysiology by which COVID-19 infection causes TTP. It would help in establishing standardized therapy in the future.

HRCT chest in COVID-19 patients: An initial experience from a private imaging center in western India.

The COVID-19 pandemic began in late December in 2019 and has now reached to 216 countries with 1,08,42,028 confirmed cases and 5,21,277 deaths according to the WHO reports and 6,49,666 confirmed cases in india alone with 18,679 deaths (as on 04th july 2020). RT-PCR has been considered the standard test for diagnosis of COVID 19. However, there has been reported a high false negative rate. This high false negative rate increases the risk of further transmission as well as delays the timely management of suspected cases. We have conducted HRCT chest of various (200 patient case study) proven and suspected cases of COVID-19 infection in the months of April, May and June 2020. Out of 200 scanned patients with clinical complains and suspicion, positive HRCT chest findings were seen in 196 patients, showing clinical-radiological correlation and an accuracy of 98%. The sensitivity of chest CT in suggesting COVID-19 was 98.6% (146/148patients) based on positive RT-PCR results. In patients with negative RT-PCR results and high clinical suspicion, 90% (18/20) had positive chest CT findings. HRCT chest is very sensitive and accurate in picking up lung parenchymal abnormalities in laboratory negative RT-PCR cases with high clinical suspicion of COVID-19 infection and also in all symptomatic patients where RT-PCR was not done. HRCT can also be very sensitive, cost effective and time effective in screening patients with high clinical suspicion. HRCT scores over RT-PCR in giving immediate results, assessing severity of disease and prediction of prognosis. We suggest HRCT chest for detection of early parenchymal abnormalities, assessing severity of disease in all patients with clinical symptoms and suspicion of COVID infection irrespective of laboratory RT-PCR status.

Psychosocial and Behavioral Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Indian Population: Protocol for a Cross-sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: During the year 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic spread from China to the rest of the world, which prompted the world to implement a widespread mandated quarantine or social isolation. The impending uncertainty of the pandemic must have resulted in a variety of widespread mental health maladies. There has been documentation in the literature about a lot of these in small populations of the world but limited studies have been conducted in India, leading to limited evidence in the literature. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of our study is to investigate the mental health effects that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on the general population in India both quantitatively and qualitatively. These results will help contribute to reducing the knowledge gap that is recognized in the literature, which is the result of the unprecedented and novel nature of the pandemic. METHODS: We designed and validated our own questionnaire and used the method of circulating the questionnaire via WhatsApp (Facebook Inc). WhatsApp is a social media app that is very popularly used in India; hence, it turned out to be an effective medium for gathering pilot data. We analyzed the pilot data and used them to validate the questionnaire. This was done with the expertise of our mentor, Nilima Shah, MD (psychiatry). We gathered pilot data on 545 subjects and used the results to determine the changes that were needed for the questionnaire while simultaneously validating the questionnaire. RESULTS: The study protocol was approved in September 2020 by the institutional review board at Vadilal Sarabhai General Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. CONCLUSIONS: The following preliminary assumptions can be made about the study based on the pilot data: the majority of the survey respondents were male (289/545, 53%), most of them were educated and employed as health care workers (199/545, 36.5%). The majority of the responders were self-employed (185/545, 33.9%), single (297/545, 54.5%), and stayed with their families (427/541, 79%) for the lockdown, which helped them psychologically. Findings that are specific to mental health have been elaborated upon in the manuscript. It is evident from the data collected in previous literature that the pandemic has had significant detrimental effects on the mental health of a vast proportion of the Indian population. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/29896.