Sesquiterpenes from Streptomyces qinglanensis and Their Cytotoxic Activity.

Nine sesquiterpenes, including eight pentalenenes (1-8) and one bolinane derivative (9), were isolated from the culture broth of a marine-derived actinobacterium Streptomyces qinglanensis 213DD-006. Among them, 1, 4, 7, and 9 were new compounds. Their planar structures were determined by spectroscopic methods (HRMS, 1D, and 2D NMR), and the absolute configuration was established by biosynthesis consideration and electronic-circular-dichroism (ECD) calculations. All the isolated compounds were screened for their cytotoxicity against six solid and seven blood cancer cell lines. Compounds 4-6 and 8 showed a moderate activity against all of the tested solid cell lines, with GI50 values ranging from 1.97 to 3.46 µM.

The Outcome of Pulsed Radiofrequency Treatment According to Electodiagnosis in Patients with Intractable Lumbosacral Radicular Pain.

BACKGROUND: Radicular pain is related to lesions that either directly compromise the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) or indirectly compromise the spinal nerve and its roots by causing ischemia or inflammation of the axons. OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to assess the outcomes of pulsed readiofrequency treatment (PRF) according to electrodiagnosis results in patients with chronic intractable lumbosacral radicular pain. METHODS: A total of 82 failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) patients were included in this study. All of them underwent electromyography/nerve conduction studies before pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) treatment at the DRG, and they were classified according to the electrodiagnostic results as: group 1, no definite finding (normal); group 2, radiculopathy; and group 3, neuropathy. Pain intensity was assessed according to a numeric rating scale score and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) before treatment and at one, three, six, and 12 months after treatment, and successful treatment was defined as a pain score reduction of ≥50% at 12 months, as compared with the pretreatment score. RESULTS: Pretreatment electrodiagnosis identified 28 patients with no definite findings, 31 patients with radiculopathy, and 23 patients with neuropathy. The patients with neuropathy had less pain relief after treatment than those with no definite findings and those with radiculopathy. The prevalence of pain reduction of at least 50% was lower in the neuropathy group than in the other groups. There was no statistically significant difference in ODI between group. CONCLUSION: Outcomes after PRF at the DRG did not show strong differences according to electrodiagnostic findings in FBSS patients with chronic intractable lumbosacral radicular pain.

Feasibility of Contralateral Oblique Fluoroscopy-guided Cervical Interlaminar Steroid Injections.

BACKGROUND: Cervical epidural steroid injection (CESI), given in conjunction with local anesthetics, is a common remedy for cervical radicular pain and is generally performed under c-arm fluoroscopic guidance, computed tomography (CT), or ultrasound. Interlaminar procedures, such as CESI, typically rely on anteroposterior and lateral (APL) views during needle placement. However, lateral views may be obscured by body habitus in certain individuals. Swimmer's view or contralateral oblique (CLO) view may be used to avoid this. OBJECTIVE: Our intent was to assess technical success and procedural risk in patients subjected to image-guided CESI procedures with CLO c-arm fluoroscopy. METHODS: A total of 186 of patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups undergoing image-guided CESI via (1) CT, (2) c-arm fluoroscopy CLO, and (3) c-arm fluoroscopy APL. Complication rates and technical success were assessed, basing the latter on image reviews to confirm the presence of epidural contrast. RESULTS: All image-guided CESI procedures utilizing CT and CLO fluoroscopy proved technically successful. In the CT group, epidural needle tip and contrast dispersion were clearly visible at all levels of study. In the CLO subset, needle tip visibility was unclear in isolated instances at levels C6-7 and C7-T1 (1 patient each level). In APL procedures, needle tip was regularly obscured by shoulder anatomy at levels C6-7 (26 of 41 patients) and C7-T1 (15 of 16 patients), and contrast dispersion was often uncertain. CONCLUSION: CLO fluoroscopy-guided CESI is feasible and safe, comparing favorably with CT-guided CESI.

Correlation between severity of lumbar spinal stenosis and lumbar epidural steroid injection.

OBJECTIVE: Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a narrowing of the spinal canal that causes mechanical compression of the spinal nerve roots. The compression of these nerve roots can cause leg pain, as well as neurogenic claudication. Lumbar epidural steroid injections have commonly been used in patients with LSS. The aim of our study was to determine the relationship between the severity of LSS using a grading system (grade 1 = mild stenosis with separation of all cauda equina; grade 2 = moderate stenosis with some cauda equina aggregated; grade 3 = severe stenosis with none of the cauda equina separated) and the subject's response to computed tomography-guided lumbar epidural steroid injection (CTG-LESI) and to evaluate the short-term effectiveness. METHODS: Forty-seven consecutive patients with degenerative LSS were enrolled in this prospective study. All subjects underwent lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging. Two radiologists independently graded lumbar central canal stenosis based on T2-weighted axial images. All CTG-LESI were performed in the procedure room. Outcome measures were obtained using the 5-point patient's satisfaction scale at 2 and 8 weeks post-treatment. To evaluate the outcome, we divided the patients into two groups according to their response to the treatment. RESULTS: Improvement (including reports of slightly improved, much improved, and no pain) was observed in 37 patients (78.7%) at 2 weeks and 36 patients (77.6%) at 8 weeks after the procedure. There was no statistically significant correlation between pain relief and age. CONCLUSIONS: The grade of LSS appears to have no effect on the degree of pain relief associated with CTG-LESI. However, CTG-LESI seems to provide effective short-term pain relief due to LSS.

Effect of relative injectate pressures on the efficacy of lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injection in patients with lumbar foraminal stenosis.

OBJECTIVE: Transforaminal epidural steroid injections (TFESIs) are often used to treat lumbar foraminal stenosis. Injectate pressure (of contrast) was monitored during fluoroscopically guided TFESI to assess the effect on short-term pain reduction. DESIGN: A total of 40 patients underwent single-level lumbar TFESI for unilateral lumbar radicular pain ascribed to foraminal stenosis. Relative injectate pressure of contrast epidurography during TFESI was recorded and compared with pre- and postprocedural pain levels using the Roland 5-point pain scoring method. RESULTS: Pain relief achieved after TFESI revealed no statistically significant correlation with injectate pressure (mean 13.0 cm H2 O). Mean pressures in patients with and without demonstrable pain reduction were 12.9 and 13.2 cm H2 O, respectively. LIMITATIONS: Secondary outcomes were not measured, and no mid- or long-term follow-up was conducted. CONCLUSION: In this setting, relative injectate pressures had no significant effect on immediate outcomes of TFESI.

Relationships between the Spinal Dural Pulsations and the Short-Term Efficacy of Lumbar Epidural Steroid Injection.

Background: Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) causes low back pain, leg pain, numbness in the leg, and neurogenic intermittent claudication. Epidural steroid injection (ESI) has been used for treating spinal stenosis symptoms. We hypothesized that dural pulsation was variable for lumbar spinal stenosis. In cases of the presence of dural pulsation, the pain relief after the ESI was better than in the absence of dural pulsation. This study aimed at investigating the relationships between the presence or absence of spinal dural pulsations and the efficacy of ESI. Methods: A total of 71 patients were enrolled in this prospective study. Prior to the ESI, the dural pulsation was measured using a 5-1 MHz array ultrasound transducer. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score was measured pre-ESI and 2 weeks post-ESI and 4 weeks post-ESI. At 4 weeks post-ESI, dural pulsation was rechecked. Results: The VAS scores improved after the ESI procedure regardless of the presence or absence of dural pulsation. There was a correlation between the pulsation of the dura and post-ESI VAS scores. However, VAS was not significantly different for different grades of stenosis. Conclusion: The ESI was effective in patients with spinal stenosis in short-term follow-up. Dural pulsation of the spinal cord was a positive predictive factor for the ESI effect, but the grade of spinal stenosis severity had no effect on the effectiveness of ESI.

Uniportal full endoscopic spinous process-preserving laminectomy for bilateral decompression in cervical stenotic myelopathy: patient series.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic decompression for cervical stenotic myelopathy has several advantages over conventional open surgery. However, sometimes performing bilateral decompression, especially contralateral decompression, can be dangerous. The cervical spine has specific characteristics, including a shallower lamina angle and thinner lamina than the lumbar or thoracic lamina. These characteristics may cause cord compression when instruments approach the contralateral side of the lamina. This article introduces a novel surgical technique that can overcome the specificities of the cervical spine and discusses the efficacy and safety of uniportal full endoscopy for cervical decompression. OBSERVATIONS: Fourteen patients underwent uniportal full endoscopic spinous process-preserving laminectomy (ESP-L) for bilateral decompression of multilevel cervical stenotic myelopathy. The mean follow-up period was 13.44 months (range: 4-17 months). The preoperative and postoperative cervical spine angle and cervical range of motion did not differ significantly. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association score significantly improved postoperatively. The numeric rating scale scores significantly improved postoperatively. The mean duration of postoperative hospitalization was 2.3 days. LESSONS: ESP-L is a new, safe, effective, and noninvasive technique that can achieve complete decompression of multilevel cervical stenotic myelopathy.

Five-year recurrence pattern of mature cystic teratoma according to operation type in young women.

OBJECTIVE: To find cumulative recurrence rate and risk factors for recurrence in young women with mature cystic teratoma (MCT). METHODS: Patients aged 10-29 years with MCT confirmed by their first ovarian surgery between 2000 and 2018 were included in the study. To rule out residual lesions, only patients with no MCT-suspected lesions on imaging within 1 year after surgery were included in the study. Patients who had not undergone imaging tests from 1 year after surgery or had other findings on biopsy were excluded. RESULTS: The present study included 372 (84.2%) patients with cystectomy and 70 (15.8%) patients with oophorectomy. The 5-year cumulative recurrence rates for each patient group were 11.2% and 20.3%, respectively. The hazard rate of recurrence was higher in the oophorectomy group than the cystectomy group within 5 years after surgery. Large tumor size (hazard ratio [HR] 2.59; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11-6.08) and bilaterality (HR 2.65; 95% CI 1.27-5.52) were significant predictors of recurrence in the cystectomy group. CONCLUSION: The 5-year cumulative recurrence rate after surgery in young women with ovarian MCT was 11.2% in the cystectomy group and 20.3% in the oophorectomy group. Risk factors for recurrence after cystectomy were large tumor size and bilaterality.

Comparison of Pain Reduction and Changes in Serum Cortisol and Glucose Levels to Different Doses of Lumbar Epidural Dexamethasone: A Prospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Lumbar epidural steroid injection (LESI) is an effective treatment for low back pain. However, it may result in increased blood glucose levels, decreased plasma cortisol concentrations, and suppression of the adrenocorticotropic hormone axis. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of 4 mg and 8 mg of dexamethasone as an LESI on back pain and the resulting changes in serum cortisol and glucose levels. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Neurosurgery at Daegu Wooridul Spine Hospital. METHODS: Sixty-three patients were randomized into 2 LESI groups: one received 4 mg of dexamethasone (n = 25) and the other received 8 mg of dexamethasone (n = 28). Visual analog scale (VAS) scores and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were determined. In addition, serum cortisol and glucose concentrations were measured before treatment, at the second LESI (one month follow-up), and at 2 months. All patients received LESI. RESULTS: Blood glucose and serum cortisol concentrations were not significantly different within a group and between groups. There was no difference in serum cortisol and glucose levels, VAS, and ODI between the first LESI and second LESI in both groups. The VAS and ODI were reduced in both groups and the difference between groups was not statistically significant. LIMITATIONS: The dexamethasone dosage was not variable; hence, we could not use larger doses of dexamethasone. Secondly, the blood draw interval was longer in this study than in previous studies. CONCLUSION: After the first lumbar epidural injection of either 4 mg or 8 mg of  dexamethasone, there was a reduction in pain in both groups. There was no significant difference in serum cortisol and glucose levels before treatment and during follow-up. Therefore, 4 mg or 8 mg of dexamethasone can be considered a treatment for patients who have low back pain.

Effect of lumbar epidural steroid injection on neuropathic pain: a prospective observational study.

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is caused by disc herniation, spinal stenosis, facet syndrome or etc. This LBP could be either nociceptive or neuropathic pain (NP). In addition, these neuropathic pain is a major contributor to chronic low back pain. It is already known that lumbar epidural steroid injection (ESI) is effective for low back pain, but no study has assessed both nociceptive and neuropathic pain separately. This study investigated whether neuropathic or nociceptive pain was better improved after an epidural steroid injection. Methods: This was a prospective study. Patients were classified according to the pre-procedure painDETECT questionnaire (PD-Q) score. If the PD-Q score was ≤12, it was considered as nociceptive pain, and it the PD-Q was ≥19, it was considered NP. The patients were given a transforaminal (TF) or interlaminar (IL) epidural steroid injection (ESI). The PD-Q was filled out by each patient prior to the ESI (baseline), and again at 4 weeks after the ESI. Outcomes was assessed using a numerical rating scale (NRS) score, short form McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), and revised Oswestry Back Disability Index (ODI) at 1 month later. Results: A total of 114 patients were enrolled and of these, 54 patients with a PD-Q score of ≤12 were classified into the nociceptive pain, and 60 patients with a PD-Q score ≥19 were classified into the neuropathic pain group. At 1 month after treatment, both groups had significantly lower than improved their mean NRS score. Not withstanding these improvements and difference between NRS, the differences in MPQ and ODI after treatment between the groups (nociceptive vs. neuropathic) not significant. After the procedure (TF-ESI or IL-ESI), the patients in group 1 (PD-Q score ≤12, n = 54) had no change in their PD-Q score. Among the patients in group 2 (pre-treatment PD-Q score ≥19, n = 41), 13 patients moved to a PD-Q score <12 and 15 patients had a PD-Q score of 13-18. Conclusion: For the short-term relief of neuropathic pain, ESI was effective for both nociceptive and neuropathic pain, therefore ESI could be treat the try neuropathic pain component in patients with low back pain.

Gravity and magnetic anomalies of earthquake-prone areas in the southwestern Ulleung basin margin, East Sea (Sea of Japan).

Submarine earthquakes have increased in the southwestern Ulleung Basin adjacent to the Korean Peninsula. This study analyzed the gravitational and magnetic properties of the three earthquake-prone areas (Hupo Bank and offshore regions near Pohang and Ulsan) in the basin. The basin was affected by tensile and compressive stresses during the formation of the East Sea. The southern Hupo Bank and the Pohang offshore exhibited high gravity anomalies and strong magnetic anomalies. Hupo Bank was separated from the peninsula and earthquakes in this region have been influenced by crustal fractures that facilitated igneous activities during the formation of the basin. Dense volcanic rocks and seaward dipping reflectors along the Pohang coast and continental slope suggest magmatic activities during the formation of the East Sea. Comparatively, the Ulsan offshore, with a thick sedimentary layer, exhibited a slightly higher gravity anomaly than the surrounding area, but no significant differences in the magnetic anomaly. Sequential tensile and compressive stresses related to the creation of the basin produced complex tectonic structures in this region. The magnetic tilt derivative results suggest that earthquakes were located near magnetic source boundaries. The results show that it is important to monitor earthquake-prone areas with gravity and magnetic anomalies.

Prognostic usefulness of high sensitivity C-reactive protein for transforaminal epidural steroid injection in patients with radicular pain.

OBJECTIVE: There are several types of lumbar stenosis, such as central, lateral recess, foraminal. The symptoms of lumbar stenosis are neurogenic claudication, numbness, tingling, etc. The treatment modality is medication, physical therapy, intervention, and surgery. The epidural steroid injection has been used for treatment of low back pain/radiculopathy. However, we could not predict what percent had pain relief after epidural steroid injection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) as a marker for predicting the efficacy of lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injection. DESIGN: A total of 55 patients with lumbar stenosis underwent lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injection under fluoroscopic guidance. Prior to injection, all patients were examined and their visual analog scale (VAS) score and hsCRP score were recorded. They returned 4 weeks following their initial injection and repeat hsCRP, and VAS sores were obtained. RESULTS: The average pretreatment hsCRP and VAS score for all 55 patients were 3.2±4.3 mg/L and 8.1±1.1, respectively. Forty-two of 55 patients had 1.6 mg/L of hsCRP. After procedure, the VAS decreased from 8.0±1.1 to 2.5±1.1. In contrast, the averages of hsCRP and VAS scores of 13 patients were 9.4±3.7 mg/L and 8.2±0.9, respectively, at baseline, which decreased to 1.2±0.9 mg/L and 2.5±0.8 at 4 weeks later. At posttreatment, the VAS score difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. There was no correlation between hsCRP and VAS score (P=0.426). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that there was no correlation between pretreat hsCRP and posttreat VAS. Therefore, hsCRP may not be useful as predictor of response to TFESI in patients with spinal stenosis.

Reduction of Radiation Exposure by Modifying Imaging Manner and Fluoroscopic Settings during Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Insertion.

OBJECTIVE: Percutaneous pedicle screw (PPS) fixation is a needle based procedure that requires fluoroscopic image guidance. Consequently, radiation exposure is inevitable for patients, surgeons, and operation room staff. We hypothesize that reducing the production of radiation emission will result in reduced radiation exposure for everyone in the operation room. Research was performed to evaluate reduction of radiation exposure by modifying imaging manner and mode of radiation source. METHODS: A total of 170 patients (680 screws) who underwent fusion surgery with PPS fixation from September 2019 to March 2020 were analyzed in this study. Personal dosimeters (Polimaster Ltd.) were worn at the collar outside a lead apron to measure radiation exposure. Patients were assigned to four groups based on imaging manner of fluoroscopy and radiation modification (pulse mode with reduced dose) : continuous use without radiation modification (group 1, n=34), intermittent use without radiation modification (group 2, n=54), continuous use with radiation modification (group 3, n=26), and intermittent use with radiation modification (group 4, n=56). Post hoc Tukey Honest significant difference test was used for individual comparisons of radiation exposure/screw and fluoroscopic time/screw. RESULTS: The average radiation exposure/screw was 71.45±45.75 µSv/screw for group 1, 18.77±11.51 µSv/screw for group 2, 19.58±7.00 µSv/screw for group 3, and 4.26±2.89 µSv/screw for group 4. By changing imaging manner from continuous multiple shot to intermittent single shot, 73.7% radiation reduction was achieved in the no radiation modification groups (groups 1, 2), and 78.2% radiation reduction was achieved in the radiation modification groups (groups 3, 4). Radiation source modification from continuous mode with standard dose to pulse mode with reduced dose resulted in 72.6% radiation reduction in continuous imaging groups (groups 1, 3) and 77.3% radiation reduction in intermittent imaging groups (groups 2, 4). The average radiation exposure/screw was reduced 94.1% by changing imaging manner and modifying radiation source from continuous imaging with standard fluoroscopy setting (group 1) to intermittent imaging with modified fluoroscopy setting (group 4). A total of 680 screws were reviewed postoperatively, and 99.3% (675) were evaluated as pedicle breach grade 0 (<2 mm). CONCLUSION: The average radiation exposure/screw for a spinal surgeon can be reduced 94.1% by changing imaging manner and modifying radiation source from real-time imaging with standard dose to intermittent imaging with modified dose. These modifications can be instantly applied to any procedure using fluoroscopic guidance and may reduce the overall radiation exposure of spine surgeons.

Comparison of the effectiveness of lumbar transforaminal epidural injection with particulate and nonparticulate corticosteroids in lumbar radiating pain.

OBJECTIVE: Lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections are procedures often utilized in the treatment of low back pain associated with radicular pain. Particulate steroids have been known to play a role in embolism. It is, unknown whether nonparticulate steroids are as effective as particulate steroids. To investigate the effect of an epidural steroid injection on back pain, we conducted a randomized, controlled trial comparing nonparticulate steroid with particulate steroid to treat lumbar disc herniation. DESIGN: One hundred-six patients were randomized to receive lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections (N = 53) with either dexamethasone 7.5 mg, or with triamcinolone acetate 40 mg (N = 53). Measurement were taken before treatment and one month after treatment using a visual analog scale, short McGill pain questionnaire, and revised Oswertry Back Disability Index. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in the visual analog score between those treated with dexamethasone and those given triamcinolone. The two groups did not differ significantly on the McGill Pain Questionnaire, or the Oswestry Disability Index before and after treatment. CONCLUSION: In this study, dexamethasone and triamcinolone treatments were shown to have different effects on low back pain with sciatica, with triamcinolone being more effective than dexamethsone in lumbar radiculopathy.

Thermogram in spinal cord stimulation with complex regional pain syndrome and a review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an efficient procedure for treatment of intractable pain. METHODS: We present a patient who underwent SCS lead placement for severe left lower extremity pain. The patient had experienced good pain. He underwent thermographic imaging before, just after and ten days later of procedure. RESULTS: Thermogram study revealed from blue color (hypothermic) pattern at before procedure to reddish or pink color (hyperthermic) pattern at ten days later. DISCUSSION: SCS may be increase microcirculation and seems to have sympatholytic effects. CONCLUSION: We experienced that improvement of blood flow as result of SCS in CRPS.

Influence of combined oral contraceptives on polycystic ovarian morphology-related parameters in Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the effect of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) on polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) and serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: This university hospital study enrolled 36 Korean women who were newly diagnosed with PCOS based on the Rotterdam criteria and were treated with COCs for at least 1 year. We retrospectively evaluated the ovarian volume and number of antral follicles using ultrasonography and assessed serum AMH levels at baseline and after 1 year of COC treatment. RESULTS: Significant decreases in ovarian volume and antral follicle count were observed after 1 year of COC treatment. Compared to baseline, serum AMH levels were significantly decreased after 1 year. CONCLUSION: COC treatment significantly affects ultrasound-assessed PCOM and serum AMH levels of patients with PCOS.

Intradiscal Pulsed Radiofrequency Application Duration Effect on Lumbar Discogenic Low Back Pain.

BACKGROUND: Discogenic pain is recognized as the most important and most common cause of low back pain (LBP). Intradiscal pulsed radiofrequency (ID-PRF) is used for the treatment of chronic discogenic pain. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effects of the duration of percutaneous monopolar ID-PRF application on chronic discogenic LBP. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Neurosurgery at Wooridul Spine Hospital. METHODS: Forty-five patients were included in this retrospective study. The patients were assigned into 2 groups according to the duration of the PRF procedure they underwent (7-minute group = 17 patients vs. 15-minute group = 28 patients). The main outcome measures tested were pain score, as determined by the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11) and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), at baseline, at 2-week, and 6-month follow-up visits. Success was defined as a reduction in NRS-11 of 50% or more or an ODI reduction of 40% or more. RESULTS: The mean posttreatment pain scores at 2 weeks and 6 months were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in both groups, but the differences between the groups were not significant. ODI scores were also significantly lower compared with the baseline, but the differences between the groups were not significant. At the 6-month follow-up, 12 patients (70.6%) in the 7-minute group and 20 patients (71.4%) in the 15-minute group reported more than 50% reduction in the pain score (P = 0.16), and there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in the number of patients with more than 40% reduction in ODI score (P = 0.23). LIMITATIONS: This study was performed with a small sample size and there was no control group. Additional well-designed and well-controlled studies that include parameters such as the stimulation duration, mode, and intensity of PRF are needed to fully assess the efficiency of ID-PRF. CONCLUSIONS: ID-PRF was shown to be effective for the treatment of discogenic LBP regardless of duration of ID-PRF application (7 vs. 15 minutes).

A long-term ecological monitoring of subtidal macrozoobenthos around Dokdo waters, East Sea, Korea.

Dokdo's high marine biodiversity has received worldwide attention recently. A total of 578 macrozoobenthos are recorded since the 1960s, but ecology of Dokdo's fauna is unknown. We monitored Dokdo's subtidal macrozoobenthos for 5 years in 2013-17, in the present study. Five stations representing three subtidal habitats were monitored; 1) oceanic plateau, 2) coastal terrace, and 3) island wharf. In total, 13,664 individuals belonging to 141 taxa were recorded during the survey. The number of species and density varied greatly among stations without distinct year-round variation. Faunal compositions significantly differed in time and space, reflecting varied faunal adaptations in a harsh environment. Whilst, temporal stability in faunal assemblages was evidenced for some dominant or cosmopolitan taxa. High spatial heterogeneity reflects site-specific oceanographic conditions. Meantime, sea-surface temperature and wave action were associated with year-round faunal compositions. Overall, the Dokdo's macrozoobenthos significantly contribute to marine biodiversity of the East Sea.

Feasibility of Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy for Adjacent Segmental Disease after Anterior Cervical Fusion.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of posterior cervical foraminotomy (PCF) for adjacent segmental disease (ASD) after anterior cervical fusion (ACF). As ACF is accepted as the standard treatment for cervical spondylosis, many studies have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of various surgical techniques to overcome symptomatic ASD after the previous surgery. Herein, PCF was performed for the treatment of symptomatic ASD and the feasibility of the surgery was evaluated. METHODS: Forty nine patients who underwent PCF due to symptomatic ASD from August 2008 to November 2017 were identified. For demographic and perioperative data, the sex, age, types of previous surgery, ASD levels, operation times, and bleeding amount were recorded. The clinical outcome was assessed using the visual analogue scale for the neck and arm, the modified Odom's criteria as well as neck disability index. Radiologic evaluations were performed by measuring disc softness, disc height, the cervical 2-7 sagittal vertical axis, cervical cobb angle, and facet violation. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into two groups based on the location of the pathology; paracentral (group P) or foramina (group F). Both groups showed significant clinical improvement (p<0.05). The proportion of calcified disc and facet violations was significantly larger in group F (p<0.05). The minimal disc height decrease with mild improvement on sagittal alignment and cervical lordosis was radiologically measured without statistical significance in both groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: PCF showed satisfactory clinical and radiologic outcomes for both paracentral and foraminal pathologies of ASD after ACF. Complications related to anterior revision were also avoided. PCF can be considered a feasible and safe surgical option for ASD after ACF.

Endoscope-Assisted Minimally Invasive Interlaminar Lumbar Decompression for Spinal Stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Lumbar stenosis is characterized by a narrowing of the spinal canal in association with progressive degenerative changes in the lumbar spine and surrounding structures, including hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum (LF). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of endoscope-assisted interlaminar lumbar decompression (EILD) for patients with lumbar stenosis and hypertrophy of the LF. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Neurosurgery at Wooridul Spine Hospital. METHODS: A total of 51 patients were enrolled in this study. Outcomes were evaluated at baseline and at 2 weeks and 6 months postprocedure via the Numeric Rating Scale, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and Zurich Claudication Questionnaire (ZCQ). RESULTS: Mean posttreatment pain scores at 2 weeks and 6 months were significantly lower, and ODI scores were significantly decreased compared with baseline. ZCQ scores were also significantly decreased compared with pretreatment surveys. Two patients required reoperation within one month. At postprocedure 6 months, a>/= 50% reduction in pain score was recorded in 26 (80%) of 51 patients, and there was >/= 40% reduction in ODI score in 82% of patients. No serious complications including epidural bleeding, dural or neural injuries, or infection were recorded. LIMITATIONS: This study lacked secondary outcome substantiation. In addition, the follow-up period was short (< 6 months), and no patients had postprocedure magnetic resonance imaging. The number of patients was also small. CONCLUSIONS: EILD provided good outcomes and may be a reasonable treatment option for carefully selected patients with hypertrophy of the LF. KEY WORDS: Spinal stenosis, ligamentum flavus, hypertrophy, decompression, endoxcope, minimally.