Age-related changes in mean corpuscular volumes in patients without anaemia: An analysis of large-volume data from a single institute.

Although the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) has been associated with various diseases, these associations in relation to the age-related trends in MCV remain unclear. Therefore, we used a dataset with over one million values to identify the relationship between ageing and MCV changes. All laboratory data obtained between November 1998 and November 2019 at Chungbuk National University Hospital were retrospectively collected. After excluding cases with missing values for individual complete blood count parameters, outlier MCV values, and ages less than 1 year and more than 88 years, 977,335 MCV values were obtained from 309,393 patients. Principal component analysis of blood components with ages and analysis of the median value changes for each blood component across decade-wise age groups were conducted to identify relationships between ageing and changes in blood components. The median values of MCV showed gradual increments with age. The linear relationship for patients aged 1-25 years had a larger slope than that for patients aged 26-88 years. For MCV, the equation for patients aged 1-25 years was 0.40*(age) + 81.24 in females and 0.45*(age) + 79.58 in males. The equation for patients aged 26-90 years was 0.04*(age) + 88.97 in females and 0.06*age + 88.30 in males. Among patients aged >40 years, the MCV value was higher in men than in women. Analysis of a large dataset showed that the MCV gradually increased with age and the linear relationship differed between patients aged 1-25 and 26-88 years.

Nationwide trends in prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity among people with disabilities in South Korea from 2008 to 2017.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the 10-year trends of weight and prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity according to disability grade and types compared with those without disabilities. METHODS: This serial cross-sectional analysis was conducted using national disability registration data with national general health checkup data from 2008 to 2017. Age-standardized prevalence of underweight and obesity were analyzed for each year, according to the presence, type, and severity of disabilities. Odds of underweight, overweight, obesity, and severe obesity were examined by multinomial logistic regression after adjusting for socio-demographic and clinical variables using data in 2017. RESULTS: Over 10 million subjects in each year were included in the analysis. In 2017, 14,246,785 people with age between 19 and 110 years were included and 53.1% was men. For 10 years, age-standardized prevalence of obesity and severe obesity showed significant increases regardless of sex and presence of disability. However, age-standardized underweight prevalence in people without disability tended to decrease whereas it was an increase in 2012 and the prevalence has remained steady since in people with disability. People with disabilities had higher odds of underweight compared to those without disability (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.38-1.44 in male and OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.28-1.34 in female), especially in those with severe disabilities (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.94-2.06 in male and OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.77-1.89 in female). Women with disabilities are more likely to be obese than those without disabilities regardless of disability severity (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.38-1.41). Participants with mental disorder showed the highest prevalence of obesity, followed by epilepsy and developmental disability. CONCLUSIONS: Having a disability was associated with higher odds/probability of both obesity and underweight. The intersection of female, severe disability, and mental/developmental disabilities was associated with probability of severe obesity. Simultaneous efforts are needed to develop health policy to reduce both the prevalence of obesity and underweight.

Disparities in the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Survival Rate of Cervical Cancer among Women with and without Disabilities.

INTRODUCTION: Not much is known regarding the disparities in cancer care between women with and without disabilities. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential disparities in the diagnosis, treatment, and survival of women with cervical cancer with and without disabilities. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study and linked the National Disability Database, Korean Central Cancer Registry, and Korean National Health Insurance claims database. Charlson comorbidity index was used for adjusting the comorbidity. The study population comprised 3 185 women with disabilities (physical/brain, communication, mental, cardiopulmonary, and other impairment) who were diagnosed with cervical cancer and 13 582 age- and sex-matched women without disability who were diagnosed with cervical cancer for comparison. RESULTS: Distant metastatic stage (7.7% vs 3.7%) and unknown stage (16.1% vs 7.0%) were more common in cervical cancer women with grade 1 disabilities, compared with women without disabilities. Women with cervical cancer with disabilities were less likely to undergo surgery (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73-0.90) or chemotherapy (aOR 0.86, 95% CI 0.77-0.97). Lower rate of surgery was more evident in patients with physical/brain impairment (aOR 0.46, 95% CI 0.37-0.58) and severe mental impairment (aOR 0.57, 95% CI 0.41-0.81). The overall mortality risk was also higher in patients with disabilities (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.36, 95% CI 1.25-1.48). CONCLUSION: Women with cervical cancer with disabilities, especially with severe disabilities, were diagnosed at later stages, received less treatment, and had higher mortality rates, compared with patients who lacked disabilities. Social support and policies, along with education for women with disabilities, their families, and healthcare professionals, are needed to improve these disparities.

Disparities in Liver Cancer Surveillance Among People With Disabilities: A National Database Study in Korea.

GOAL: The goal of this study was to determine disparities in liver cancer surveillance among people with disabilities is the goal of this study. BACKGROUND: Using the linked administrative database in Korea, we sought to investigate (1) whether there are disparities in liver cancer surveillance according to degree and type of disability and (2) temporal trends in liver cancer surveillance among people with disabilities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We linked national disability registration data with national cancer surveillance data. We analyzed age-standardized participation rates for each year during the 2006-2015 period according to presence, type, and severity of the disability. We also examined factors associated with liver cancer surveillance by multivariate logistic regression using the most current data (2014-2015). RESULTS: The age-adjusted and sex-adjusted surveillance rate for liver cancer in people with disabilities increased from 25.7% in 2006 to 49.6% in 2015; however, during the same period, surveillance rate among people without disabilities increased from 24.9% to 54.5%. As a result, disparities in surveillance for liver cancer increased over time. The surveillance participation rate among people with disabilities was 12% lower than among people without disabilities. Surveillance rates were markedly lower among people with severe disabilities [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=0.71] and people with renal disease (aOR=0.43), brain injuries (aOR=0.60), ostomy problems (aOR=0.60), and intellectual disabilities (aOR=0.69). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the availability of a national liver cancer surveillance program, a marked disparity was found in liver cancer surveillance participation, especially among people with severe disabilities, renal disease, or brain-related or mental disabilities.

Breast cancer screening disparities between women with and without disabilities: A national database study in South Korea.

BACKGROUND: Health disparities among individuals with disabilities remain underrecognized. The objective of the current study was to investigate: 1) whether disparities exist in breast cancer screening rates among women with disabilities compared with women without disabilities; 2) whether breast cancer screening rates vary according to the type and severity of disabilities; and 3) trends in breast cancer screening disparities according to disability status over time. METHODS: Using national administrative databases concerning disability status and national cancer screening programs in Korea, age-standardized participation rates were calculated according to the type and severity of disabilities. RESULTS: The age-standardized rate for breast cancer screening in individuals with disabilities increased from 30.2% in 2006 to 53.7% in 2015 (change of +23.5%), whereas that among those without a disability increased from 29.3% to 60.1% (change of +30.8%). In general, disability was associated with slightly lower breast cancer screening rates (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.824; 95% CI, 0.820-0.828). However, screening rates were especially low in women with severe disabilities (aOR, 0.465; 95% CI, 0.461-0.469) and among women with autism (aOR, 0.235; 95% CI, 0.143-0.388), renal failure (aOR, 0.342; 95% CI, 0.337-0.348), brain injury (aOR, 0.349; 95% CI, 0.346-0.352), intellectual disabilities (aOR, 0.403; 95% CI, 0.397-0.410), mental disorders (aOR, 0.494; 95% CI, 0.488-0.501), or ostomies (aOR, 0.529; 95% CI, 0.512-0.546). CONCLUSIONS: Even without a cost barrier, significant disparities were found in breast cancer screening participation, especially in women with severe disabilities and brain-related and/or mental disabilities. Policy efforts, such as ensuring the accessibility of information and equipment, transportation support, and access to a usual source of care, should be made to decrease this disparity.

Disparities in gastric cancer screening among people with disabilities: a national registry-linkage study in South Korea.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Using the national disability registration linked to the cancer screening database in Korea, we examined (1) trends in the gastric cancer screening rate among people with disabilities over time, and (2) whether gastric cancer screening participation and modalities differed according to presence, severity, and type of disability. METHODS: We examined gastric cancer screening participation rates among individuals with registered disability, from 2006 to 2015. RESULTS: The age- and sex-adjusted rate for gastric cancer screening in people with disabilities increased from 25.9% in 2006 to 51.9% in 2015 (change: + 26.0%). During the same period, screening rates among people without disability improved from 24.7 to 56.5% (change: + 31.8%). Disability was associated with a screening rate [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.88-0.89]. Screening rates were markedly lower among people with severe disabilities (aOR 0.58, 95% CI 0.57-0.58) and people with autism (aOR 0.36, 95% CI 0.25-0.52), renal failure (aOR 0.39, 95% CI 0.38-0.39), brain injury (aOR 0.41, 95% CI 0.40-0.41), ostomy problems (aOR 0.53, 95% CI 0.51-0.55), intellectual disabilities (aOR 0.54, 95% CI 0.53-0.54), or mental disorders (aOR 0.55, 95% CI 0.54-0.56). The use of gastroscopy as the initial screening modality in people with disabilities was lower than in people without a disability. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of the availability of national gastric cancer screening program, we found significant disparities in gastric cancer screening participation, especially among people with severe disabilities and those with renal failure or brain-related/mental disabilities.

National practice patterns and direct medical costs for prostate cancer in Korea across a 10 year period: a nationwide population-based study using a national health insurance database.

BACKGROUND: A complete enumeration study was conducted to evaluate trends in national practice patterns and direct medical costs for prostate cancer (PCa) in Korea over a 10-year retrospective period using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service. METHODS: Reimbursement records for 874,924 patients diagnosed between 2002 and 2014 with primary PCa according to the International Classification of Disease (ICD) 10th revision code C61 were accessed. To assess direct medical costs for patients newly diagnosed after 2005, data from 68,596 patients managed between January 2005 and 31 December 2014 were evaluated. RESULTS: From 2005 to 2014, the total number of PCa patients showed a 2.6-fold increase. Surgery and androgen deprivation therapy were the most common first-line treatment, alone or within the context of combined therapy. Surgery as a monotherapy was performed in 23.5% of patients in 2005, and in 39.4% of patients in 2014. From 2008, the rate of robot-assisted RP rose sharply, showing a similar rate to open RP in 2014. Average total treatment costs in the 12 months post-diagnosis were around 10 million Korean won. Average annual treatment costs thereafter were around 5 million Korean won. Out-of-pocket expenditure was highest in the first year post-diagnosis, and ranged from 12 to 17% thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: Between 2005 and 2014, a substantial change was observed in the national practice pattern for PCa in Korea. The present data provide a reliable overview of treatment patterns and medical costs for PCa in Korea.

Patient-family communication mediates the relation between family hardiness and caregiver positivity: Exploring the moderating role of caregiver depression and anxiety.

Purpose: Despite the theoretical and empirical significance of positive aspects of caregiving in caregiver well-being, relatively little is known regarding family-related predictors of caregiver positivity. This study examines whether patient-family communication (p-f communication) mediates the relation between family hardiness and caregiver positivity and whether the mediating effects of p-f communication are moderated by the levels of caregiver depression and anxiety. Design/Sample: This study used secondary data obtained from a large-scale cross-sectional national survey conducted in South Korea. Participants were 544 spousal cancer patient-caregiver dyads recruited from the National Cancer Center and nine government-designated regional cancer centers in South Korea. Methods: To test the hypotheses, a simple mediation model and two moderated mediation tests were conducted using the PROCESS macro for SPSS. Findings: Higher family hardiness was related to higher p-f positive communication and higher caregiver positivity. The effects of family hardiness were partially mediated by p-f communication, controlling for caregiver sex, education, health status, depression and anxiety, time spent caregiving, and patient depression and anxiety, cancer stage, and time since diagnosis. The mediating effects of p-f communication were not significantly moderated by caregiver depression and anxiety. Conclusions/Implications: Health care professionals could consider p-f communication as a reasonable target of intervention to increase caregiver positivity, even for caregivers with heightened depression and anxiety.

Patients' and family caregivers' understanding of the cancer stage, treatment goal, and chance of cure: A study with patient-caregiver-physician triad.

OBJECTIVE: Accurate understanding of the extent of disease, treatment goal, and prognosis is a prerequisite for patients with cancer and their caregivers to make informed decision. We sought to evaluate patients' and family caregivers' understanding of the cancer stage, treatment goal, and chance of cure taking their own physician's evaluation as reference. METHODS: A national survey was performed with 750 patient-caregiver dyads (75.5% participation rate) recruited by 134 oncologists in 13 cancer centers (93% participation rate) in South Korea. Both patients and caregivers were asked to report their knowledge of patient's cancer stage, treatment goal, and chance of cure. Concordance was evaluated with percentage agreement and weighted κ, and predictors of discordance of patient and caregiver's response with that of physician's were explored by multivariate regression analyses with mixed effect model. RESULTS: The agreement rates between patient-physician and caregiver-physician were 63.0% and 65.9% for disease stage, 69.0% and 70.0% for treatment goal, and 41.4% and 45.1% for chance of cure. When discordance occurs, patients and caregivers often had an optimistic view. Distant stage, older age, female sex, and absence of depression were associated with optimistic view of patients, and there was significant between-physician variance for all 3 outcomes. CONCLUSION: The discordance revealed that our study suggests the need for better communication between physician and patients, as well as the caregivers. Research is needed to develop a comprehensive strategy to improve the understanding of the patients and family so that treatment decisions are made based on realistic estimation.

Cancer cost communication: experiences and preferences of patients, caregivers, and oncologists-a nationwide triad study.

PURPOSE: We assessed cost communication between cancer patients, caregivers, and oncologists and identified factors associated with communication concordance. METHODS: A national, multicenter, cross-sectional survey of patient-caregiver-oncologist triads was performed, and 725 patient-caregiver pairs, recruited by 134 oncologists in 13 cancer centers, were studied. Discordance in preferences and experiences regarding cost communication between patients, caregivers, and oncologists were assessed. Hierarchical generalized linear models were used to identify predictors of concordance and to identity the possible association of concordance with patient satisfaction and degree of trust in the physician. RESULTS: Although the oncologists thought that patients would be affected by the cost of care, only half of them were aware of the subjective burden experienced by their patients, and the degree of concordance for this parameter was very low (weighted kappa coefficient = 0.06). Caregivers consistently showed similar preferences to those of the patients. After controlling for covariates, the education level of patients [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for > 12 vs. < 9 years, 2.92; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.87-4.56], actual out-of-pocket costs [aOR for ≥ 8 million vs. < 2 million Korean Won, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.34-0.89], and physician age (aOR for ≥ 55 vs. < 45 years, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.04-3.21) were significant. CONCLUSIONS: The results show underestimation by oncologists regarding the subjective financial burden on a patient, and poor patient-physician concordance in cost communication. Oncologists should be more cognizant of patient OOP costs that are not indexed by objective criteria, but instead involve individual patient perceptions.

Feasibility and accessibility of electronic patient-reported outcome measures using a smartphone during routine chemotherapy: a pilot study.

PURPOSE: There is growing interest in integrating electronic patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures into routine oncology practice for symptom monitoring. Here, we evaluated the feasibility and accessibility of electronic PRO measures using a smartphone (PRO-SMART) for cancer patients receiving routine chemotherapy. METHODS: The proposed PRO-SMART application obtains daily personal health record (PHR) data from cancer patients via a smartphone. An analysis report of cumulative PHR data is provided to the clinician in a format suitable for upload to electronic medical records (EMRs). Cancer outpatients who had received at least two cycles of chemotherapy and who were scheduled for two more cycles were enrolled. RESULTS: Between February 2015 and December 2016, 111 patients were screened and 101 of these were included. One-hundred patients used PRO-SMART at least once and were included in the final analysis (90.1% overall accessibility among all screened patients). The number of symptomatic adverse events (AEs) related to chemotherapy recorded in EMRs (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) increased from 0.92 ± 0.80 to 2.26 ± 1.80 (P < 0.001), and grading of AEs increased from 0.81 ± 0.69 to 1.00 ± 0.62 (P = 0.029). After using PRO-SMART, the numeric rating scale for pain (mean ± SD) increased from 0.20 ± 0.72 to 0.99 ± 1.55 (P < 0.001). A patient-reported questionnaire revealed that 64.2% of patients found it useful and 83% found it easy to use. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the proposed PRO-SMART is feasible and accessible for assessment of symptomatic AEs in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy for a prospective randomized trial.

What cancer means to the patients and their primary caregivers in the family-accounted Korean context: A dyadic interpretation.

OBJECTIVE: When cancer hits a family, the entire family members start to adapt to the new status. This study aimed to investigate the main issue of the family with cancer patient and their way of solving it. METHODS: In-depth interviews were conducted as a qualitative research. Thirty-three participants described their experience either as cancer patients or as family caregivers. RESULTS: Guided by the grounded theory, we identified the main concern of the families being primary caregiver selection. The primary caregiver was determined by the conditions of the patient and the family, but the primary caregiver accepted his/her role believing no alternative was plausible in the family. The processes of the entire family have change since cancer showed their "adapting living," which was identified as the core variable. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the current study's limitations, suggestions were made for future studies in which cultural attributes are distinguished from the medical system attributes.

Attitudes Toward Family Involvement in Cancer Treatment Decision Making: The Perspectives of Patients, Family Caregivers, and Their Oncologists.

BACKGROUND: To investigate how cancer patients, family caregiver, and their treating oncologist view the risks and benefits of family involvement in cancer treatment decision making (TDM) or the degree to which these perceptions may differ. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A nationwide, multicenter survey was conducted with 134 oncologists and 725 of their patients and accompanying caregivers. Participant answered to modified Control Preferences Scale and investigator-developed questionnaire regarding family involvement in cancer TDM. RESULTS: Most participants (>90%) thought that family should be involved in cancer TDM. When asked if the oncologist should allow family involvement if the patient did not want them involved, most patients and caregivers (>85%) thought they should. However, under this circumstance, only 56.0% of oncologists supported family involvement. Patients were significantly more likely to skew their responses toward patient rather than family decisional control than were their caregivers (P < .003); oncologists were more likely to skew their responses toward patient rather than family decisional control than caregivers (P < .001). Most respondents thought that family involvement is helpful and neither hamper patient autonomy nor complicate cancer TDM process. Oncologists were largely positive, but less so in these ratings than either patients or caregivers (P < .002). CONCLUSIONS: Patients, family caregivers, and, to a lesser degree, oncologists expect and valued family involvement in cancer TDM. These findings support a reconsideration of traditional models focused on protection of patient autonomy to a more contextualized form of relational autonomy, whereby the patient and family caregivers can be seen as a unit for autonomous decision.

Perceived social support and its impact on depression and health-related quality of life: a comparison between cancer patients and general population.

OBJECTIVE: It is well known that cancer patients' perception of social support is associated with their depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life. However, there have been little studies that compared the variates of cancer patients with the general population. We sought to compare differences in the level of perceived social support and the impact of perceived social support on depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life between cancer survivors and the general population. METHODS: Data were collected from 1818 cancer patients treated at the National Cancer Center and regional cancer centers in South Korea. The control group of the general population was composed of 2000 individuals without cancer from community. RESULTS: Cancer patients reported significantly higher level of perceived social support than the general population, while they reported lower health-related quality of life and were more susceptible to depression. The positive associations of higher perceived social support with lower depressive symptoms, as well as with higher health-related quality of life, were stronger among cancer patients than among the general population. CONCLUSIONS: The interaction effect suggests that the impact of social support would be stronger among cancer patients than the general public. Thus, it would be beneficial to pay attention to providing social support to cancer patients, particularly to those who are more vulnerable. Furthermore, investigation of the most effective and efficient methods to deliver social support interventions would be worthwhile.

Awareness about past diagnosis and treatment history: nationwide survey of childhood cancer survivors and their parents.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the awareness of past medical history and long-term care issues of childhood cancer survivors (CCS) in Korea. METHODS: A nationwide survey was conducted on CCS and their parents in 10 regional cancer centers in Korea. Answers regarding cancer diagnosis and treatment history were compared with the treatment summary and categorized into three ('specific,' 'general,' and 'no') or two ('yes' and 'no') groups. RESULTS: Out of 343 contacts, 293 dyads completed the survey, and 281 dyads were analyzed. Awareness of cancer diagnosis was mostly specific for parents (76.5%) and CCS (35.2%). Awareness of anti-cancer treatment exposure was mostly general (84.6% for surgery, 67.9% for chemotherapy, and 53.9% for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation) rather than specific. In particular, more than half of the parents were not aware of the exposure to cardiotoxic agents (72.9%) or radiation therapy (56.3%). Providing information about long-term side effects and prevention of secondary cancer was significantly correlated only with more concern and more follow-up visits (P ≤ 0.001, respectively), without correlation with more specific awareness of exposure to cardiotoxic agents or radiation. CONCLUSION(S): Most of the parents of CCS were not aware of treatment-related risk factors necessary for long-term care. Providing information was significantly correlated with more concern and more follow-up visits, without improving corresponding knowledge about their past medical history. Effort aimed towards improving awareness about risk factors, the manner of providing information, and the patient referral system within which we use this information is warranted.

Avoidance of cancer communication, perceived social support, and anxiety and depression among patients with cancer.

PURPOSE: Patients with cancer are reported to experience high anxiety and depression related to their medical status. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of avoidance of cancer communication and of social support from family and medical professionals on the patients' anxiety and depression. METHODS: A national survey was conducted through regional branches of the National Cancer Center of South Korea, which yielded 296 patient-caregiver dyads. Patients' medical records complemented their self-report survey data. RESULTS: Patients' anxiety was predicted by the family's avoidance of cancer communication and the level of emotional support from family. Patients' depression was predicted by the stage of cancer (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results), the family's avoidance of cancer communication, the emotional support from family, and the medical professionals' respect. Interaction effects were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The implications of the findings are discussed in terms of the psycho-oncological and psycho-social interventions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The effects on caregivers of cancer patients' needs and family hardiness.

OBJECTIVES: Family caregivers of cancer patients are anticipated to serve multiple roles but the factors that influence their reaction to caregiving have not gotten much attention. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of cancer patient's needs level and the family hardiness on the caregivers' reaction. METHODS: A national survey was conducted through regional branches of the National Cancer Center of South Korea, yielding 990 patient-caregiver dyads. Patients and caregivers provided self-report questionnaires. Patient's medical records complemented the self-report survey data. RESULTS: On all five domains of caregiver reaction, which were schedule, esteem, support, health, and finance, family hardiness was a significant predictor. Male, older, low-income caregivers reported more burden in caregiving with some. The interaction effect of patient's needs and family hardiness was found only on esteem. CONCLUSIONS: The implications based on the findings are discussed in terms of the psycho-oncological and psycho-social interventions for the cancer patients and their family caregivers.

Attitudes towards second opinion services in cancer care: a nationwide survey of oncologists in Korea.

OBJECTIVE: Second opinion is a common phenomenon in many health systems, especially in the care of patients with cancer. However, it is not clear whether second opinion seeking should be promoted or discouraged and how second opinion services and policies can be better formalized to maximize the benefits and minimize the disadvantages. METHODS: A nationwide survey was conducted with a representative sample of 678 physicians involved in cancer care (75.5% participation rate) recruited in 13 cancer centres. RESULTS: Most physicians involved with cancer care perceived patients' second opinion seeking as a legitimate right (96.0%) and they acknowledged the need for second opinion services under certain conditions (98.2%). Many believed that second opinions can enhance patient satisfaction (77.3%) and quality of care (74.3%), but they also had concerns about increase in healthcare and societal costs (91.3%) and concentration in a high-volume centre (90.7%). While the majority agreed with the involvement of the first opinion physicians in the second opinion services (69.5%), there were mixed opinions regarding the desirability of remote (teleconsultation) second opinion services (49.0%) and coverage by national health insurance (51.9%). CONCLUSION: Physicians were generally positive to second opinion services and expected positive consequences in terms of patient satisfaction and quality of care. However, they had concerns about the consequences regarding cost and equity, and disagreements were observed regarding the way to improve second opinion services. The physicians' opinions revealed in our study will be helpful in developing clearer guidelines used to maximize the benefits of second opinion services.

Attitudes toward participating in Phase I clinical trials: an investigation with patient-family-physician triads.

OBJECTIVE: Phase I oncology trials have raised concerns that patients' 'unrealistic' optimism could compromise the validity of informed consent, and that patients often participate in trials to conform to physicians' or family members' recommendations. We aimed to determine whether patients or families-given the same information of risk-benefit profile-are more likely to participate in Phase I trials than their physicians and whether people in family or physician situations are more likely to recommend trial participation to patients than they would want for themselves as patients. METHODS: We conducted a hypothetical vignette study with a patient-caregiver-oncologist. Three groups-725 patient-caregiver pairs recruited by 134 oncologists-were asked to assume three different roles as patients, caregivers and physicians and provided a scenario of a hypothetical patient with treatment-resistant cancer. They were asked questions regarding their intention to participate in or to recommend a Phase I clinical trial. RESULTS: Acceptance rates of the trial were as follows: (a) in the patients' role: patients (54.1), caregivers (62.3) and physicians (63.4%); (b) in the caregivers' role: 55.6, 64.7 and 70.9%; (c) in the physicians' role: 66.1, 70.8 and 76.1%. Patients or caregivers were not more positive to the trial than physicians. All three groups showed more positive attitudes toward the clinical trial when they assumed the role of caregiver or physician than that of patient. CONCLUSIONS: Patients and caregivers seem to make as reasonable decisions as physicians; patients seem to take family members' or physicians' recommendation as their legitimate roles rather than as undue pressure.

Cross-cultural validation of Cancer Communication Assessment Tool in Korea.

BACKGROUND: Communication between cancer patients and caregivers is often suboptimal. The Cancer Communication Assessment Tool for Patient and Families (CCAT-PF) is a unique tool developed to measure congruence in patient-family caregiver communication employing a dyadic approach. We aimed to examine the cross-cultural applicability of the CCAT in the Korean healthcare setting. METHODS: Linguistic validation of the CCAT-PF was performed through a standard forward-backward translation process. Psychometric validation was performed with 990 patient-caregiver dyads recruited from 10 cancer centers. RESULTS: Mean scores of CCAT-P and CCAT-F were similar at 44.8 for both scales. Mean CCAT-PF score was 23.7 (8.66). Concordance of each items between patients and caregivers was low (weighted kappa values <0.20 for all items and Spearman's rho <0.18 for scale scores). Scale scores did not differ significantly across a variety of cancer types and stages. The CCAT-P or CCAT-F score was weakly associated with mental health and quality of life outcomes. The CCAT-PF was correlated weakly with both patient-perceived and caregiver-perceived family avoidance of cancer care scales. CONCLUSION: The CCAT-PF Korean version showed similar psychometric properties to the original English version in the assessment of communication congruence between cancer patient and family caregivers.