Investigating what works to support family carers of people with dementia: a rapid realist review.

Introduction: Advances in longevity and medicine mean that many more people in the UK survive life-threatening diseases but are instead susceptible to life-limiting diseases such as dementia. Within the next 10 years those affected by dementia in the UK is set to rise to over 1 million, making reliance on family care of people with dementia (PWD) essential. A central challenge is how to improve family carer support to offset the demands made by dementia care which can jeopardise carers' own health. This review investigates 'what works to support family carers of PWD'. Methods: Rapid realist review of a comprehensive range of databases. Results: Five key themes emerged: (1) extending social assets, (2) strengthening key psychological resources, (3) maintaining physical health status, (4) safeguarding quality of life and (5) ensuring timely availability of key external resources. It is hypothesized that these five factors combine and interact to provide critical biopsychosocial and service support that bolsters carer 'resilience' and supports the maintenance and sustenance of family care of PWD. Conclusions: 'Resilience-building' is central to 'what works to support family carers of PWD'. The resulting model and Programme Theories respond to the burgeoning need for a coherent approach to carer support.

Treatments and outcomes of peritoneal surface tumors through a centralized national service (United kingdom).

PURPOSE: Treatment of peritoneal surface malignancies with combined cytoreductive surgery and heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy may improve oncologic outcome. To better define treatment pathways, five-year results in patients referred to one of two centralized national treatment centers in the United Kingdom were analyzed. METHODS: A prospective database of patients referred to the Manchester Peritoneal Tumor Service, established in 2002, was analyzed. Outcomes were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier life tables and Cox models. RESULTS: Two hundred seventy-eight patients (median age, 56.9 (range, 16-86) years) were considered by a dedicated multidisciplinary team and tracked on seven clinical pathways. Among the 118 surgically treated, the most common diagnosis was pseudomyxoma peritonei (101 patients, 86%). Major complications occurred in 11 patients (9%); there was no 30-day mortality. Where complete cytoreduction was achieved, three-year and five-year tumor-related survival rates were 94% and 86%, respectively. In the Cox model, incompleteness of cytoreduction (P = 0.001) and high-grade tumor (P < 0.0001) were independent prognosticators of poor outcome. CONCLUSION: The establishment of a national treatment center has allowed refinement of techniques to achieve internationally recognized results. Having achieved low levels of morbidity and mortality in the treatment of mainly pseudomyxoma peritonei of appendiceal origin, the technique of cytoreductive surgery and heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy may be considered for peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin.

Multivalent Fcγ-receptor engagement by a hexameric Fc-fusion protein triggers Fcγ-receptor internalisation and modulation of Fcγ-receptor functions.

Engagement of Fcγ-receptors triggers a range of downstream signalling events resulting in a diverse array of immune functions. As a result, blockade of Fc-mediated function is an important strategy for the control of several autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. We have generated a hexameric-Fc fusion protein (hexameric-Fc) and tested the consequences of multi-valent Fcγ-receptor engagement in in vitro and in vivo systems. In vitro engagement of hexameric-Fc with FcγRs showed complex binding interactions that altered with receptor density and triggered the internalisation and degradation of Fcγ-receptors. This caused a disruption of Fc-binding and phagocytosis. In vivo, in a mouse ITP model we observed a short half-life of hexameric-Fc but were nevertheless able to observe inhibition of platelet phagocytosis several days after hexameric-Fc dosing. In cynomolgus monkeys, we again observed a short half-life, but were able to demonstrate effective FcγR blockade. These findings demonstrate the ability of multi-valent Fc-based therapeutics to interfere with FcγR function and a potential mechanism through which they could have a sustained effect; the internalisation and degradation of FcγRs.

Allelic imbalance and biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of allelic imbalance (AI) in men with rapid disease progression with those who remained disease free after radical prostatectomy, with the aim of identifying genetic markers to predict prognosis and guide further treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Tumour and normal DNA were extracted from two matched groups of 31 men with extracapsular node-negative (pT3N0) prostate cancer who had undergone radical prostatectomy. One group comprised men who developed biochemical recurrence within 2 years of surgery and one group were prostate-specific antigen (PSA) free for at least 3 years. Men were matched for Gleason grade, preoperative PSA and pathological stage. Analysis was performed by genotyping. RESULTS: Allelic imbalance was analysed using 30 markers, and was seen in at least one marker in 57 (92%) of the cases. Deletion at marker D10S211 (10p12.1) was significantly more common in the relapse group than the non-relapse group (35 vs 5%, P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates significant association between AI on chromosome 10 and biochemical progression after radical prostatectomy.

Further evidence for LBP-1c/CP2/LSF association in Alzheimer's disease families.

OBJECTIVES: Several studies suggested chromosome 12 harbours an Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk factor gene. Significant association of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the 3' UTR of transcription factor CP2 (LBP-1c/CP2/LSF or TFCP2) at 12q13 was reported in three independent case-control studies, but no family based analyses have been performed to date. METHODS: Genotypes for three SNPs were generated in two independent AD family samples. A meta-analysis on all published case-control studies was also performed. RESULTS: The A allele of the 3' UTR SNP was associated with increased risk for AD in one sample (odds ratio (OR) 2.1, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.1 to 4.3), but not in the other, possibly due to low power. Haplotype analyses showed that this allele is part of a putative risk-haplotype overtransmitted to affected individuals in one sample and in both samples combined. Meta-analysis of the previously associated 3' UTR SNP showed a trend towards a protective effect of the A allele in AD (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.5 to 1.1). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to examine LBP-1c/CP2/LSF in AD families, and the fifth to independently show significant association. While our results support a role of this gene in AD pathogenesis, the direction of the effect remains uncertain, possibly indicating linkage disequilibrium with another variant nearby.

Center of pressure excursion capability in performance of seated lateral-reaching tasks.

BACKGROUND: Seated center of pressure excursion capability can be used for patient evaluation in a clinical setting and in universal design. A quantification of excursion capability across age and anthropometry has not been previously reported, although some research suggests that the ischial tuberosities are the support structure limiting the excursion. METHODS: Thirty-eight neurologically healthy adults ranging in age from 21 to 74 years and including 12 obese persons performed a series of 6 lateral-reaching tasks. Participants sat on a platform such that their feet did not touch the ground, leaving their legs free to provide counterbalancing support. Data recorded from a force plate under the platform allowed calculation of the center of pressure throughout the trial and the maximum excursion for each condition was recorded. FINDINGS: The average excursion capability for the healthy, experimental population was 148 mm or 37% of seated hip breadth. Taller participants had larger maximum excursions, on average, than shorter participants, and older participants had smaller excursions than younger participants. INTERPRETATION: The greater trochanter of the femur-rather than the ischial tuberosities-appears to be the primary support structure limiting center of pressure excursion in lateral, balance-limited reaches without contralateral support. These measures and concepts can be used for design, accommodation, and clinically for patient assessment.

'Mitochondrial energy imbalance and lipid peroxidation cause cell death in Friedreich's ataxia'.

Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease. The mutation consists of a GAA repeat expansion within the FXN gene, which downregulates frataxin, leading to abnormal mitochondrial iron accumulation, which may in turn cause changes in mitochondrial function. Although, many studies of FRDA patients and mouse models have been conducted in the past two decades, the role of frataxin in mitochondrial pathophysiology remains elusive. Are the mitochondrial abnormalities only a side effect of the increased accumulation of reactive iron, generating oxidative stress? Or does the progressive lack of iron-sulphur clusters (ISCs), induced by reduced frataxin, cause an inhibition of the electron transport chain complexes (CI, II and III) leading to reactive oxygen species escaping from oxidative phosphorylation reactions? To answer these crucial questions, we have characterised the mitochondrial pathophysiology of a group of disease-relevant and readily accessible neurons, cerebellar granule cells, from a validated FRDA mouse model. By using live cell imaging and biochemical techniques we were able to demonstrate that mitochondria are deregulated in neurons from the YG8R FRDA mouse model, causing a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (▵Ψm) due to an inhibition of Complex I, which is partially compensated by an overactivation of Complex II. This complex activity imbalance leads to ROS generation in both mitochondrial matrix and cytosol, which results in glutathione depletion and increased lipid peroxidation. Preventing this increase in lipid peroxidation, in neurons, protects against in cell death. This work describes the pathophysiological properties of the mitochondria in neurons from a FRDA mouse model and shows that lipid peroxidation could be an important target for novel therapeutic strategies in FRDA, which still lacks a cure.

Medical Research Council prospective study of surveillance for stage I testicular teratoma. Medical Research Council Testicular Tumors Working Party.

PURPOSE: A prospective study of surveillance after orchidectomy alone in patients with stage I nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumor (NSGCT) was performed to determine the relapse-free rate and to identify the histologic criteria that predict for relapse. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three hundred ninety-six patients from 16 United Kingdom and one Norwegian centers were entered onto the study between January 1, 1984 and October 1, 1987 of whom 373 were eligible for analysis. In a previous retrospective study, we defined a prognostic index based on histologic criteria that identified a group of patients with a high risk of relapse. This index was based on the presence of venous and lymphatic invasion, undifferentiated cells, and the absence of yolk sac elements in the primary tumor. RESULTS: The 2-year actuarial relapse-free rate after orchidectomy was 75% (95% confidence interval, 71% to 79%), and the rate at 5 years was 73%. Five patients died of tumor or treatment-related complications, which resulted in a 5-year survival of 98%. The relapse-free rate in patients with three or four risk factors was 54%. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the safety of surveillance as a method of management and identifies a group of patients with a high risk of relapse. A prospective phase II study has been initiated to determine whether two courses of platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy will prevent relapse in these high-risk patients.

The Second Medical Research Council study of prognostic factors in nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. Medical Research Council Testicular Tumour Working Party.

PURPOSE: To assess prognostic factors in a large population of patients with metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT) arising in gonadal or extragonadal sites. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from 795 patients treated with chemotherapy between 1982 and 1986 in 13 centers were analyzed. Particular emphasis was placed on exact tumor measurements (eg, size of nodal masses, number of lung metastases), and the diagnostic pathology was also reviewed. Cox regression analysis was performed on these data. The patients were treated with a variety of cisplatin-containing chemotherapy regimens, 86% of which included etoposide. RESULTS: With median follow-up of 45 months, overall 3-year survival is 85%. The independently adverse features proved to be (1) the presence of liver, bone, or brain metastases; (2) raised marker levels (alpha-fetoprotein [AFP] level greater than 1,000 kU/L or beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin [HCG] greater than 10,000 IU/L [corrected]); (3) the presence of a mediastinal mass greater than 5 cm in diameter; (4) the presence of 20 or more lung metastases; (5) increasing age; and (6) absence of undifferentiated teratoma (embryonal carcinoma) or fibrous tissue from the primary tumor. CONCLUSIONS: The first four factors were used to define a simple prognostic classification. A good-prognosis group having none of these features comprised 67% of our patient population and had a 3-year survival of 93%. The remaining 33% of patients having at least one of these features had a 3-year survival rate of 68%. These patient groups are currently the subjects of international randomized clinical trials.

Short-course adjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis: a Medical Research Council report.

PURPOSE: This United Kingdom Medical Research Council (UK-MRC) study prospectively evaluated efficacy and long-term toxicity of adjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis (NSGCTT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligible patients were those identified by the local histopathologist as having features confirmed in MRC surveillance studies to indicate an approximate 50% risk of relapse. Central histopathology review was undertaken. Chemotherapy consisted of two courses of cisplatin 100 mg/m2, bleomycin 30 mg weekly x 3, and etoposide 120 mg/m2 x 3, every 21 days (BEP). RESULTS: One hundred fourteen eligible cases were enrolled. Median time of follow-up was 4 years, with 93 patients followed-up for at least 2 years. There have been two relapses, including one patient who did not have a germ cell tumor (GCT), according to the reference histopathologist. This patient is alive with active disease, the other has died. There was one death after a cerebrovascular accident during treatment. Assessment of fertility, lung function, and audiometry pretreatment and more than 9 months posttreatment indicated no clinically significant changes. A mean decrease in transfer factor coefficient (KCO) of 15% of the predicted value was noted, but no patient had symptomatic respiratory dysfunction. CONCLUSION: There have been only two relapses among 114 cases of high-risk stage I NSGCTT treated with two courses of adjuvant BEP chemotherapy. The 95% confidence interval (CI) excludes a true relapse rate of more than 5%. Of 104 patients confirmed on histopathology review to have GCT, there has been only one relapse. Adjuvant chemotherapy is free from significant long-term toxicity, offering an effective alternative to surveillance or retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) followed by surveillance, and may be preferred by some patients.

The junction-resolving enzyme T7 endonuclease I: quaternary structure and interaction with DNA.

Endonuclease I is a DNA junction-selective resolving enzyme from bacteriophage T7. Using a nuclease-defective mutant that retains normal binding to DNA we show that the protein binds to four-way DNA junctions as a dimer, in common with other junction-resolving enzymes studied. Gel filtration and chemical crosslinking indicate that endonuclease I also exists in free solution as a dimer together with a tetramer and higher molecular mass aggregates. However, in marked contrast with other junction-resolving enzymes, there is no detectable subunit exchange under normal conditions. Only by exposure to 6 M urea could we induce subunit exchange, and this was used to generate heterodimeric species containing one active and one inactive subunit. Using a supercoil-stabilised cruciform substrate we demonstrate that an active subunit of endonuclease I can act as a junction-specific nuclease in a heterodimeric combination with an inactive subunit. However, the two subunits of a fully active homodimeric enzyme each cleave the phosphodiester backbone of a cruciform within the lifetime of the DNA-protein complex.

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent translocation of sphingosine kinase: role in plasma membrane relocation but not activation.

Activation of sphingosine kinase (SPHK), thereby increasing cellular levels of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), may be involved in a variety of intracellular responses including Ca(2+) signaling. This study uses mammalian SPHK1a, tagged with enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), to examine whether translocation of this enzyme is linked with Ca(2+)-mobilizing responses. Real-time confocal imaging of SPHK1a-eGFP in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells visualized a relocation of the enzyme from the cytosol to the plasma membrane in response to Ca(2+)-mobilizing stimuli (muscarinic M(3)- or lysophosphatidic acid receptor activation, and thapsigargin-mediated store release). This redistribution was preceded by a transient increase in cytosolic SPHK1a-eGFP levels due to liberation of SPHK from localized higher intensity regions. Translocation was dependent on Ca(2+) mobilization from intracellular stores, and was prevented by pretreatment with the Ca(2+)/calmodulin inhibitor W-7, but not W-5 or KN-62. In functional studies, pretreatment with W-7 lowered basal and M(3)-receptor-mediated cellular S1P production. However, this pretreatment did not alter agonist-mediated Ca(2+) responses, and SPHK1a-eGFP activity itself appeared insensitive to Ca(2+)/calmodulin and W-7. These data suggest a role for Ca(2+)/calmodulin in controlling the subcellular distribution but not the activity of SPHK1a.

Identification of cholera toxin-binding sites in the nucleus of intestinal epithelial cells.

Post-embedding immunogold electron microscopy shows several binding sites for cholera toxin in mouse intestinal epithelial cells, particularly in the heterochromatin of the nucleus as well as in the plasma membrane. Anti-ganglioside GM1 antibodies also bound to the nucleus, but did not interfere with the binding of toxin. 125I-labelled toxin bound specifically to a nuclear preparation from rabbit intestinal cells.

Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease: aspiration as a primary mode of disease acquisition.

PURPOSE: Nosocomial Legionnaires' disease remains a significant problem with many unresolved questions regarding transmission of legionella organisms to patients. We performed a case-control and environmental study to identify risk factors and modes of transmission of Legionella infection during an outbreak of nosocomial Legionnaires' disease in a military medical center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During the calendar year 1989, 14 cases of nosocomial Legionnaires' disease were identified by active surveillance following the discovery of 2 culture-proven cases among organ transplant recipients. Four control patients were matched to each case by age, sex, and date of admission. Cases and controls were compared with respect to past medical history and hospital exposure variables. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for matched variables. Environmental culturing of air and water supplies in and around the medical center was also performed. RESULTS: The case-control study revealed the following significant risk factors for the acquisition of nosocomial Legionnaires' disease: immunosuppressive therapy (OR = 32.7, CI = 4.5 to 302.6), nasogastric tube use (OR = 18.4, CI = 2.6 to 166.2), bedbathing (OR = 10.7, CI = 2.2 to 59.0), and antibiotic therapy (OR = 14.6, CI = 2.9 to 84.4). Shower use (OR = 0.1, CI = 0 to 0.4) appeared to be a negative risk factor. Water cultures revealed Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, monoclonal antibody subtype Philadelphia (identical to all patient isolates) in the ground-water supply to the hospital, 1 hot-water tank, and 15% of 85 potable water sites tested. Air sampling of cooling towers, hospital air intakes, and medical air and oxygen supplies were negative for Legionella organisms. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the importance of potable water in transmitting nosocomial Legionnaires' disease and suggests that the organism gains access to the hospital via external water supplies. The risk factors identified in this case-control study provide evidence that Legionnaires' disease may act as a superinfection in a nosocomial setting and is likely acquired by aspiration, similar to other nosocomial pneumonias.

Cystic hamartoma of the renal pelvis.

We describe three hitherto undocumented cases of renal lesion in the adult age group that share a similar site and histological features. They are three adult women, with a short clinical history of pain and an abdominal mass. A partial or complete nephrectomy resulted in clinical cure. All cases showed an intrarenal multicystic mass situated adjacent to the pelvicalyceal system. These vaguely circumscribed lesions had no true capsule and blended in with the adjacent renal parenchyma. The histological appearance was distinctive and characterised by disorderly biphasic proliferation of epithelial and mesenchymal elements. The epithelial component consisted of tubules and cysts lined by cuboidal and columnar epithelium showing focal oncocytic changes. The stroma was cellular and predominantly fibroblastic with scattered bundles of smooth muscle cells. Despite extensive sampling, blastemal cells were not identified. The tubular epithelium was positive for CAM 5.2, epithelial membrane antigen, carcinoembryonic staining, and vimentin immunostaining. The stroma stained positively for vimentin and smooth muscle bundles for alpa smooth muscle actin and desmin. The cytological appearances of these lesions were benign. We propose that these are benign hamartomatous lesions arising as a result of faulty focal embryogenesis. They are distinct from well recognised lesions such as multilocular cysts, partially differentiated nephroblastomas, mesoblastic nephromas, and nephrogenic adenofibromas.

Bio-surfactants.

Interest in microbially produced biosurfactants has increased recently, due mainly to their potential as agents in enhanced oil recovery. A variety of microbes and their products have been assessed for their surface-active properties, and it has been suggested that biosurfactants may prove useful in a broad spectrum of potential applications which presently utilise synthetic surfactants. The most commonly produced biosurfactants tend to be glycolipids, usually a mono- or di-saccharide attached to a fatty acid, but more complex molecules such as lipopeptides, lipoproteins, and lipo-heteropoly-saccharides have been isolated and studied. Biosurfactant production by microbes is often but not invariably enhanced by the addition of hydrocarbon to the growth medium, and needs to be optimised by controlling such factors as carbon source, nitrogen source and concentrations, aeration and metal ions. Biosurfactants have been shown to be as effective, if not more so, than many conventional synthetic surfactants and their future utilisation may depend utilimately upon the prevailing economics for their production.

Determinants of lung cancer risk among cadmium-exposed workers.

Workers at a cadmium recovery plant in Globe, Colorado, showed an increased risk of lung cancer, which some investigators have attributed to cadmium exposure. We conducted a cohort mortality analysis of this work force and a case-control analysis of the lung cancer cases within this work force in order to assess the probable causes of the lung cancer excess. The Globe plant began as a lead smelter about 1886, switched to arsenic production in 1920, and became a cadmium metal production facility in 1926. Cadmium, arsenic, and cigarette smoking are three potential lung carcinogens found in this workplace. Industrial hygiene data collected from 1943 onward served as the basis for the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-derived exposure algorithm that assigned cadmium exposure estimates to employees based on their work area in the plant and calendar time. Few exposure data existed for substances other than cadmium. Feedstock ore concentrations were used as a surrogate measure of air arsenic levels. The arsenic content of the fines used as feedstock prior to 1940 was considerably higher than that of the fines used after 1940. Smoking histories had been obtained previously for 45% of the workers. A case-control analysis of the 25 cases of lung cancer known to have occurred among these workers through 1982 was conducted using three controls per case, matched by closest data of hire and age at hire. Potential causal agents for lung cancer included cadmium exposure, cigarette smoking, and arsenic exposure. Exposure variables for each case and control included estimated cumulative cadmium exposure in milligram-years per cubic meter, cigarette smoking history, and plant arsenic exposure status at the time of hire. Estimated cumulative cadmium exposures of cases and controls did not differ overall or within the date-of-hire strata. Cases were more than eight times more likely to have been cigarette smokers than were controls. Lung cancer risk in this workplace was more closely related to the period of hire, not to the cumulative cadmium exposure. The period of hire appears to be a surrogate for arsenic exposure as related to feedstock. The measures used here seem to indicate that exposure to arsenic and cigarette particulates, rather than to cadmium particulates, may have caused the increased rate of lung cancer of these workers.

Prognostic markers in clinically localised prostate cancer.

The prognostic value of immunohistochemical staining of P53, BCL-2, p27kip1, PSA, AR and MIB-1 was compared with that of established prognostic variables (Gleason score, surgical margins, tumour volume) following radical prostatectomy. Five groups were selected: negative margins with stable serum PSA (n=11), negative margins with rising serum PSA (n=7), positive margins with stable serum PSA (n=7), positive margins with rising serum PSA (6) and patients with micrometastatic disease diagnosed in lymph nodes removed during radical prostatectomy (n=8). Gleason score and tumour volume were of prognostic significance and immunohistochemical staining for MIB-1 and BCL-2 showed added independent prognostic significance in multivariate analysis.

Accuracy and cost of intraoperative lymph node frozen sections at radical prostatectomy.

AIM: To assess the value of intraoperative diagnostic examination of frozen sections of lymph nodes removed during radical prostatectomy. METHODS: Pelvic lymph nodes from patients with prostatic carcinoma were obtained (1) as frozen sections during radical prostatectomy, to exclude patients from non-curative surgery, and (2) as paraffin sections postoperatively from lymphadenectomy performed at radical prostatectomy, to stage the tumour and assess need for adjuvant treatment. Findings from the two approaches were used to assess the accuracy and cost of frozen section diagnosis, and to judge the results of omitting intraoperative diagnosis. RESULTS: In 82 patients frozen section revealed metastasis in six (7.3%), and metastases were found in a further four (4.9%) on paraffin sections (false negatives). Of the 195 patients undergoing staging lymphadenectomy (without frozen section), metastatic cancer was seen in nine cases (4.6%). The frozen section cost of metastatic cancer detection per patient was calculated as 7516 Pounds (550 Pounds x 82/6), with an associated false negative rate of 33%. CONCLUSIONS: Frozen section diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma in pelvic lymph nodes before radical prostatectomy has a high false negative rate and is costly. It may not be justified with the observed low incidence of lymph node metastasis.

Incidental findings in pelvic lymph nodes at radical prostatectomy.

AIMS: To assess the frequency and cause of incidental (non-metastatic) lymph node pathology discovered before or at radical prostatectomy. METHODS: Eight hundred and fifty four consecutive lymphadenectomies received between 1988 and 2001 were reviewed. All had been processed and stained routinely. Additional techniques, indicated by morphology, were then performed. RESULTS: Incidental pathology was found in 15 cases: florid sinus histiocytosis following prosthetic joint replacement (eight), non-caseating granulomas (three), small lymphocytic cell lymphoma (two), follicular lymphoma (one), and foreign body reaction (one). Incidental pathology was present in 1.8% of 854 patients who underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy during radical prostatectomy. CONCLUSION: Awareness of possible non-metastatic lymph node pathology aids histological diagnosis and may be clinically relevant.