Cancer mortality inequalities in urban areas: a Bayesian small area analysis in Spanish cities.

BACKGROUND: Intra-urban inequalities in mortality have been infrequently analysed in European contexts. The aim of the present study was to analyse patterns of cancer mortality and their relationship with socioeconomic deprivation in small areas in 11 Spanish cities. METHODS: It is a cross-sectional ecological design using mortality data (years 1996-2003). Units of analysis were the census tracts. A deprivation index was calculated for each census tract. In order to control the variability in estimating the risk of dying we used Bayesian models. We present the RR of the census tract with the highest deprivation vs. the census tract with the lowest deprivation. RESULTS: In the case of men, socioeconomic inequalities are observed in total cancer mortality in all cities, except in Castellon, Cordoba and Vigo, while Barcelona (RR = 1.53 95%CI 1.42-1.67), Madrid (RR = 1.57 95%CI 1.49-1.65) and Seville (RR = 1.53 95%CI 1.36-1.74) present the greatest inequalities. In general Barcelona and Madrid, present inequalities for most types of cancer. Among women for total cancer mortality, inequalities have only been found in Barcelona and Zaragoza. The excess number of cancer deaths due to socioeconomic deprivation was 16,413 for men and 1,142 for women. CONCLUSION: This study has analysed inequalities in cancer mortality in small areas of cities in Spain, not only relating this mortality with socioeconomic deprivation, but also calculating the excess mortality which may be attributed to such deprivation. This knowledge is particularly useful to determine which geographical areas in each city need intersectorial policies in order to promote a healthy environment.

[International collaborative process for adaptation of PCAT questionnaires to the Colombian context]. / Proceso colaborativo internacional para la adaptación al contexto colombiano de los cuestionarios PCAT para usuarios.

OBJECTIVE: To obtain versions adapted to the Colombian context of the Primary Care Assessment Tools Child Edition and Adult Edition questionnaires (PCAT-CE and PCAT-AE, respectively) to assess the functions of primary care with equivalence to their original versions. METHODS: Transcultural adaptation process based on the adapted versions in Spanish validated in Argentina, Uruguay and Spain, in agreement with the Ibero-American Collaboration IA-PCAT. RESULTS: Eighteen out of 99 PCAT-CE items and 31 out of 112 PCAT-AE items were suitable for Colombia according to the Latin American versions. Of them, 76 and 73, respectively, required minimal idiomatic changes, 2 and 4 required major changes, and 1 and 4 items were removed. Interviews confirmed understanding and allowed improvements. CONCLUSIONS: Versions tailored to the Colombian health system were obtained. The methodology used capitalized on the results of other countries and can contribute to achieving greater equivalence between instruments from different countries.

OBJETIVO: Obtener versiones de los cuestionarios Primary Care Assessment Tools Child Edition y Adult Edition (PCAT-CE y PCAT-AE) para evaluar las funciones de la atención primaria con equivalencia a las versiones originales y adecuación al contexto colombiano. MÉTODOS: Proceso de adaptación transcultural modificado a partir de las versiones adaptadas y validadas en español en Argentina, Uruguay y España, en consenso con la Colaboración Iberoamericana IA-PCAT. RESULTADOS: Dieciocho de 99 ítems del PCAT-CE y 31 de 112 del PCAT-AE fueron adecuados para Colombia según las versiones iberoamericanas; 76 y 73, respectivamente, requirieron cambios lingüísticos mínimos; 2 y 4 ítems, cambios mayores; 1 y 4 ítems fueron eliminados. Las entrevistas confirmaron la comprensión y permitieron mejoras. CONCLUSIONES: Se obtuvieron versiones adaptadas al sistema de salud colombiano. La metodología empleada capitalizó los resultados de otros países y puede contribuir al logro de mayor equivalencia entre instrumentos de diferentes países.

Proceso colaborativo internacional para la adaptación al contexto colombiano de los cuestionarios PCAT para usuarios / International collaborative process for adaptation of PCAT questionnaires to the Colombian context

RESUMEN Objetivo Obtener versiones de los cuestionarios Primary Care Assessment Tools Child Edition y Adult Edition (PCAT-CE y PCAT-AE) para evaluar las funciones de la atención primaria con equivalencia a las versiones originales y adecuación al contexto colombiano. Métodos Proceso de adaptación transcultural modificado a partir de las versiones adaptadas y validadas en español en Argentina, Uruguay y España, en consenso con la Colaboración Iberoamericana IA-PCAT. Resultados Dieciocho de 99 ítems del PCAT-CE y 31 de 112 del PCAT-AE fueron adecuados para Colombia según las versiones iberoamericanas; 76 y 73, respectivamente, requirieron cambios lingüísticos mínimos; 2 y 4 ítems, cambios mayores; 1 y 4 ítems fueron eliminados. Las entrevistas confirmaron la comprensión y permitieron mejoras. Conclusiones Se obtuvieron versiones adaptadas al sistema de salud colombiano. La metodología empleada capitalizó los resultados de otros países y puede contribuir al logro de mayor equivalencia entre instrumentos de diferentes países.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To obtain versions adapted to the Colombian context of the Primary Care Assessment Tools Child Edition and Adult Edition questionnaires (PCAT-CE and PCAT-AE, respectively) to assess the functions of primary care with equivalence to their original versions. Methods Transcultural adaptation process based on the adapted versions in Spanish validated in Argentina, Uruguay and Spain, in agreement with the Ibero-American Collaboration IA-PCAT. Results Eighteen out of 99 PCAT-CE items and 31 out of 112 PCAT-AE items were suitable for Colombia according to the Latin American versions. Of them, 76 and 73, respectively, required minimal idiomatic changes, 2 and 4 required major changes, and 1 and 4 items were removed. Interviews confirmed understanding and allowed improvements. Conclusions Versions tailored to the Colombian health system were obtained. The methodology used capitalized on the results of other countries and can contribute to achieving greater equivalence between instruments from different countries.(AU)