Dose-Response Modelling of Resistance Exercise Across Outcome Domains in Strength and Conditioning: A Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Resistance exercise is the most common training modality included within strength and conditioning (S&C) practice. Understanding dose-response relationships between resistance training and a range of outcomes relevant to physical and sporting performance is of primary importance for quality S&C prescription. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this meta-analysis was to use contemporary modelling techniques to investigate resistance-only and resistance-dominant training interventions, and explore relationships between training variables (frequency, volume, intensity), participant characteristics (training status, sex), and improvements across a range of outcome domains including maximum strength, power, vertical jump, change of direction, and sprinting performance. METHODS: Data were obtained from a database of training studies conducted between 1962 and 2018, which comprised healthy trained or untrained adults engaged in resistance-only or resistance-dominant interventions. Studies were not required to include a control group. Standardized mean difference effect sizes were calculated and interventions categorized according to a range of training variables describing frequency (number of sessions per week), volume (number of sets and repetitions performed), overall intensity (intensity of effort and load, categorised as low, medium or high), and intensity of load (represented as % of one-repetition maximum [1RM] prescribed). Contemporary modelling techniques including Bayesian mixed-effects meta-analytic models were fitted to investigate linear and non-linear dose-responses with models compared based on predictive accuracy. RESULTS: Data from a total of 295 studies comprising 535 groups and 6,710 participants were included with analyses conducted on time points ≤ 26 weeks. The best performing model included: duration from baseline, average number of sets, and the main and interaction effects between outcome domain and intensity of load (% 1RM) expressed non-linearly. Model performance was not improved by the inclusion of participant training status or sex. CONCLUSIONS: The current meta-analysis represents the most comprehensive investigation of dose-response relationships across a range of outcome domains commonly targeted within strength and conditioning to date. Results demonstrate the magnitude of improvements is predominantly influenced by training intensity of load and the outcome measured. When considering the effects of intensity as a % 1RM, profiles differ across outcome domains with maximum strength likely to be maximised with the heaviest loads, vertical jump performance likely to be maximised with relatively light loads (~ 30% 1RM), and power likely to be maximised with low to moderate loads (40-70% 1RM).

Biological ammonium transporters: evolution and diversification.

Although ammonium is the preferred nitrogen source for microbes and plants, in animal cells it is a toxic product of nitrogen metabolism that needs to be excreted. Thus, ammonium movement across biological membranes, whether for uptake or excretion, is a fundamental and ubiquitous biological process catalysed by the superfamily of the Amt/Mep/Rh transporters. A remarkable feature of the Amt/Mep/Rh family is that they are ubiquitous and, despite sharing low amino acid sequence identity, are highly structurally conserved. Despite sharing a common structure, these proteins have become involved in a diverse range of physiological process spanning all domains of life, with reports describing their involvement in diverse biological processes being published regularly. In this context, we exhaustively present their range of biological roles across the domains of life and after explore current hypotheses concerning their evolution to help to understand how and why the conserved structure fulfils diverse physiological functions.

Patient-Reported Outcomes 12 Years after Localized Prostate Cancer Treatment.

BACKGROUND: Long-term patient-reported outcomes are needed to inform treatment decisions for localized prostate cancer. METHODS: Patient-reported outcomes of 1643 randomly assigned participants in the ProtecT (Prostate Testing for Cancer and Treatment) trial were evaluated to assess the functional and quality-of-life impacts of prostatectomy, radiotherapy with neoadjuvant androgen deprivation, and active monitoring. This article focuses on the outcomes of the randomly assigned participants from 7 to 12 years using mixed effects linear and logistic models. RESULTS: Response rates exceeded 80% for most measures. Among the randomized groups over 7 to 12 years, generic quality-of-life scores were similar. Among those in the prostatectomy group, urinary leakage requiring pads occurred in 18 to 24% of patients over 7 to 12 years, compared with 9 to 11% in the active monitoring group and 3 to 8% in the radiotherapy group. In the prostatectomy group, 18% reported erections sufficient for intercourse at 7 years, compared with 30% in the active monitoring and 27% in the radiotherapy groups; all converged to low levels of potency by year 12. Nocturia (voiding at least twice per night) occurred in 34% in the prostatectomy group compared with 48% in the radiotherapy group and 47% in the active monitoring group at 12 years. Fecal leakage affected 12% in the radiotherapy group compared with 6% in the other groups by year 12. The active monitoring group experienced gradual age-related declines in sexual and urinary function, avoiding radical treatment effects unless they changed management. CONCLUSIONS: ProtecT provides robust evidence about continued impacts of treatments in the long term. These data allow patients newly diagnosed with localized prostate cancer and their clinicians to assess the trade-offs between treatment harms and benefits and enable better informed and prudent treatment decisions. (Funded by the UK National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Technology Assessment Programme projects 96/20/06 and 96/20/99; ISRCTN number, ISRCTN20141297; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02044172.)

Factores sociodemográficos y salud mental en estudiantes de enfermería en tiempos de COVID-19 / Sociodemographic Factors and Mental Health in Nursing Students in Times of COVID-19

Introducción: La salud mental ha sido afectada durante la pandemia por COVID-19, también en los estudiantes de enfermería se ha observado un efecto negativo sobre sus niveles de depresión y ansiedad. Objetivo: Describir la relación existente entre los factores sociodemográficos y la salud mental de estudiantes de enfermería en tiempos de COVID-19. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal, cuya población fue de 577 estudiantes de enfermería de una universidad privada de Trujillo, Perú, matriculados en el semestre 2021-01. Se tomó una muestra de 328 estudiantes mediante muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Los datos se recolectaron mediante los cuestionarios para evaluar síntomas de ansiedad (GAD-7) y depresión (PHQ-9), estos instrumentos fueron enviados mediante un formulario de Google. Los datos fueron procesados y descritos en frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes; para el análisis inferencial se utilizó la prueba de Chi cuadrado de Pearson. Resultados: Los factores sociodemográficos muestran que 31,10 por ciento pertenecía al primer ciclo, 95,70 por ciento era de género femenino, 31,40 por ciento tenía edades de hasta 18 años, 92,10 por ciento era soltero, 68,90 por ciento profesaba la religión católica y 85,40 por ciento indicó residir en el departamento de La Libertad. Asimismo, se encontró que 45,40 por ciento de los estudiantes tenía nivel leve de ansiedad y 19,80 por ciento nivel severo; además, 39,60 por ciento no presentó síntomas depresivos, 18,90 por ciento presentó depresión mayor leve y 2,10 por ciento depresión mayor severa, se encontró solo una relación estadística significativa entre el factor género y los síntomas depresivos (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: No se encontró relación entre los factores sociodemográficos y los síntomas de ansiedad(AU)

Introduction: Mental health has been affected during the pandemic by COVID-19, also in nursing students a negative effect on their levels of depression and anxiety has been observed. Objective: To describe the relationship between sociodemographic factors and mental health of nursing students in times of COVID-19. Methods: Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study, whose population was 577 nursing students of a private university in Trujillo, Peru, enrolled in the semester 2021-01. A sample of 328 students was taken by non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Data were collected using the questionnaires to evaluate anxiety symptoms (GAD-7) and depression (PHQ-9), these instruments were sent through a Google form. Data were processed and described in absolute frequencies and percentages; Pearson's Chi-square test was used for inferential analysis. Results: The sociodemographic factors show that 31.10 percent belonged to the first cycle, 95.70 percent were female, 31.40 percent were aged up to 18 years, 92.10 percent were single, 68.90 percent professed the Catholic religion and 85.40 percent indicated residing in the department of La Libertad. It was also found that 45.40 percent of the students had mild anxiety and 19.80 percent severe anxiety; in addition, 39.60 percent did not present depressive symptoms, 18.90 percent presented mild major depression and 2.10 percent severe major depression; only a significant statistical relationship was found between the gender factor and depressive symptoms (p < 0.05). Conclusions: No relationship was found between sociodemographic factors and anxiety symptoms(AU)

Aplicación de la cirugía torácica de mínima invasión: experiencia e informe preliminar / Application of the minimally invasive thoracic surgery: experience and preliminary report

El presente trabajo es el resultado preliminar de la aplicación de cirugía torácica de mínima invasión en el Hospital Central Militar de la Ciudad de México. Este estudio incluyó a 38 sujetos sometidos a toracoscopia o cirugía torácica de mínima invasión durante el periodo comprendido de septiembre de 1998 a septiembre de 1999. Hubo predominio de pacientes del sexo femenino (22 casos), la edad promedio fue de 46.7 años (rango de 16 a 78 años). El 55 por ciento de los procedimientos se efectuaron con fines diagnósticos, el 32 por ciento como modalidad terapéutica y el 13 por ciento restante con fines mixtos (diagnósticos y terapéuticos). La toma de biopsia fue la indicación más frecuente: pulmonar en 35 por ciento, pleural en 10 por ciento y mediastinal en 10 por ciento. La morbilidad asociada al procedimiento fue del 5 por ciento, la mortalidad 0 por ciento y la cifra de conversión de la técnica del 2 por ciento. El tiempo promedio de cirugía fue de 1.6 horas (desviación estándar de + 0.74). La distribución por tipo de patología fue la siguiente: pleural 39 por ciento, pulmonar 36 por ciento, mediastinal 13 por ciento y combinada 12 por ciento. El 73.6 por ciento fueron padecimientos benignos y el 26.4 por ciento malignos. Sólo hubo un caso de cirugía videoasistida. Consideramos que la técnica es reproducible y factible en nuestro medio. Los resultados obtenidos son similares a los documentados en otras series. Con base en ellos se demuestra que la toracoscopia es un procedimiento bien tolerado en cuanto al dolor posoperatorio, ideal para nódulos pulmonares solitarios, lo mismo que para drenajes de colecciones pleurales crónicas; se demuestra también el gran impacto clínico que posee esta técnica y la factibilidad de realizar procedimientos avanzados de tipo terapéutico, como son las resecciones de masas mediastinales.