Genotype and Phenotype Influence the Personal Response to Prostaglandin Analogues and Beta-Blockers in Spanish Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension Patients.

Analysis of the genotype that predicts the phenotypic characteristics of a cohort of glaucoma and ocular hypertension patients, and the correlation with their personal pharmacological response to beta-blockers (BB) and prostaglandin analogues (PGA). Prospective study that included 139 eyes from 72 patients under BB and/or PGA treatment, and in some cases other types of ocular hypotensive treatments. Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped by real-time PCR assays: prostaglandin-F2α receptor (rs3766355, rs3753380); cytochrome-P450 2D6 (rs16947, rs769258); and beta-2-adrenergic receptor (rs1042714). Other studied variables were mean deviation (MD) of visual field, previous ocular interventions, medical treatment, baseline (bIOP), and treated intraocular pressure (tIOP). From a total of 139 eyes, 71 (51.1%) were left eyes. The main diagnosis was primary open angle glaucoma (66.2%). A total of 57 (41%) eyes were under three or more medications (PGA + BB + other) and, additionally, 57 eyes (41%) had had some kind of glaucoma surgery. The mean bIOP and tIOP were 26.55 ± 8.19 and 21.01 ± 5.54 mmHg, respectively. Significant differences in tIOP were found between heterozygous (HT) (21.07 ± 0.607 mmHg) and homozygous (HM) (20.98 ± 0.639 mmHg) rs3766355 with respect to wildtype individuals (16 ± 1.08 mmHg) (p = 0.031). The MD values presented significant differences between wildtype rs3766355 (-2 ± 2.2 dB), HT (-3.87 ± 4 dB), and HM carriers (-9.37 ± 9.51 dB) (p = 0.009). Significant differences were also observed between the MD in wildtype rs3753380 (-6.1 ± 8.67 dB), HT (-9.02 ± 8.63 dB), and HM carriers (-9.51 ± 7.44 dB) (p = 0.017). Patients carrying the variant rs3766355 in HM or HT presented clinically-significantly higher tIOP than wildtype patients. Additionally, some differences in MD were found in rs3766355 and rs3753380 carriers, and the more alleles that were affected, the worse the MD value, meaning greater severity of the glaucoma. Poor response to treatment and more visual field damage may be associated with being a carrier of these mutated alleles.

Phacoemulsification and lens-iris diaphragm retropulsion syndrome.

Lens-iris diaphragm retropulsion syndrome is mainly caused by a reverse pupillary block as a result of a defect or laxity in the zonular apparatus. It is characterized by a posterior displacement of the lens-iris diaphragm with posterior iris bowing, pupil dilation, and pain. The authors describe a new management technique using an iris hook retractor to lift the iris to relieve the pupillary block.

Reproducibility of measurements and variability of the classification algorithm of Stratus OCT in normal, hypertensive, and glaucomatous patients.

PURPOSE: To assess the reproducibility of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measurements and the variability of the probabilistic classification algorithm in normal, hypertensive and glaucomatous eyes using Stratus optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS: Forty-nine eyes (13 normal, 17 ocular hypertensive [OHT] and 19 glaucomatous) of 49 subjects were included in this study. RNFL was determined with Stratus OCT using the standard protocol RNFL thickness 3.4. Three different images of each eye were taken consecutively during the same session. To evaluate OCT reproducibility, coefficient of variation (COV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated for average thickness (AvgT), superior average thickness (Savg), and inferior average thickness (Iavg) parameters. The variability of the results of the probabilistic classification algorithm, based on the OCT normative database, was also analyzed. The percentage of eyes with changes in the category assigned was calculated for each group. RESULTS: The 50th percentile of COV was 2.96%, 4.00%, and 4.31% for AvgT, Savg, and Iavg, respectively. Glaucoma group presented the largest COV for all three parameters (3.87%, 5.55%, 7.82%). ICC were greater than 0.75 for almost all measures (except from the inferior thickness parameter in the normal group; ICC = 0.64, 95% CI 0.334-0.857). Regarding the probabilistic classification algorithm for the three parameters (AvgT, Savg, Iavg), the percentage of eyes without color-code category changes among the three images was as follows: normal group, 100%, 84.6% and 92%; OHT group, 89.5%, 52.7%, 79%; and Glaucoma group, 82%, 70.6%, and 76.5%, respectively. A probabilistic category switch from pathologic to normal or vice versa was observed in three eyes (15.8%) of the glaucomatous group for the Savg parameter and in two eyes of the OHT group: one eye (5,9%) for the AvgT and one eye (5.9%) for the Savg parameter. CONCLUSIONS: OCT RNFL measurements showed a good reproducibility in normal, OHT, and glaucoma eyes. The probabilistic classification for the three main parameters showed certain variability, especially in glaucoma group and OHT group. Therefore, one isolated category result should be interpreted with caution before clinical classification of the patient.