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Albinism is an uncommon phenomenon and inherited condition in animals characterized by a partial or complete lack of melanin. The family Xenodermidae Gray, 1849, is a group of caenophidian snakes widely distributed in South, East, and Southeast Asia, including five recognized genera and 36 species. However, there are currently no reports of albinism in any species in Xenodermidae. Achalinussheni Ma, Xu, Qi, Wang, Tang, Huang & Jiang, 2023 was first described based on five male specimens from Loudi City and Nanyue District, Hunan Province, China. At the time, there were no descriptions on female individuals. In this study, we report in detail a collected albinistic specimen of A.sheni, which is the first discovery of wild albinism in the family Xenodermidae. We also provide photographs and descriptions of the first three female specimens of A.sheni and extend the diagnosis of this species.
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A new species of the genus Hebius Thompson, 1913 is described from Yingjiang County, Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China, based on molecular and morphological evidence. It can be distinguished from its congeners by the following set of characters: (1) dorsal scale rows 19-17-17, feebly keeled; (2) ventrals 146-151; (3) nasal complete, nostril in the middle of the nasal; (4) supralabials 9, the fourth to sixth in contact with the eye; (5) infralabials 10-11, the first 5 touching the first pair of chin shields; (6) preoculars 2; (7) postoculars 3; (8) temporals 3, arranged in two rows (1+2); (9) maxillary teeth 31, the last 4 slightly enlarged, without diastema; (10) tail comparatively long, TAL/TL ratio 0.334 in the male; (11) dorsolateral series of irregular orange or ochre yellow blotches, extending from the neck to the posterior part of the tail; and (12) venter pale orange, tips of ventrals with subrectangular black blotches. All Hebius specimens were strongly recovered as monophyletic, in which Hebiustaronensis (Smith, 1940) and Hebiusvenningi (Wall, 1910) were monophyletic as sister to the Yingjiang County specimens. According to the p-distance of cytochrome b, the new species differs from its congeners by 9.7-15.4%.
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The complete mitochondrial genome of Asymblepharus himalayanus, has been determined for the first time by sanger sequencing. The overall length of the mitogenome is 17,304 bp and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and a putative control region. The total base composition is 31.2% for A, 27.0% for T, 14.4% for G, and 27.4% for C. The phylogenetic tree with the whole mitochondrial genome sequence of A. himalayanus together with 10 other related species belonging to the family Scincidae was reconstructed, in order to prove the validity of the mitogenome of A. himalayanus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that A. himalayanus was not nested within Scincella, and further corroborated this species does not belong to the genus of Scincella.
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A new species of the soft-shelled turtle genus Pelodiscus is described based on seven specimens from Huangshan, southern Anhui Province, China. The new species, Pelodiscus huangshanensis sp. nov., is distinguished from other species in the genus Pelodiscus by the following characteristics: (1) Small size (maximum carapace length of 101.16 mm and maximum body length of 190 mm); (2) keel high; (3) tiny yellowish-white spots on the throat; (4) no black pinstripes around the eyes; (5) white longitudinal bands on both sides of the neck in juveniles, absent in adults; (6) plastron yellowish-white, and only a dark patch on each side of the armpit; (7) many tubercles on the dorsal surface, but indistinct in the center; and (8) entoplastron â shaped. The phylogenetic relationships of the species in Pelodiscus were reconstructed using the sequences of cytochrome b (cyt b) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) genes. The new species formed a monophyletic clade with strong support. The uncorrected pairwise distances between the new species and other representatives of Pelodiscus ranged from 5.4% to 9.2% for cyt b and 4.1% to 7.6% for ND4. The new species brings the number of species of the genus Pelodiscus to six; five species are distributed in China, with three species endemic to China.
Assuntos
Tartarugas , Animais , China , FilogeniaRESUMO
A new species of the genus Gonyosoma Wagler, 1828 is described herein based on six specimens from the Diaoluoshan Mountains, Hainan Island, Hainan Province, China. The new species, Gonyosoma hainanensesp. nov., is most similar to its continental sister species, Gonyosoma boulengeri (Mocquard, 1897). Both taxa have a scaled protrusion on the anterior portion of the rostrum, distinct from other congeners. However, Gonyosoma hainanensesp. nov. can be distinguished from G. boulengeri by two significant morphological characters: (1) black orbital stripe absent in adults (vs. present in G. boulengeri); and (2) two loreals (vs. one loreal in G. boulengeri). The new species is also genetically divergent and forms a unique clade from its sister species and all other congeners based on sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b (cyt b).
Assuntos
Colubridae/anatomia & histologia , Colubridae/classificação , Animais , China , Colubridae/genética , DNA/genética , Feminino , Genômica , Masculino , Filogenia , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Bufotes zamdaensis was reported in the present research by shotgun sequencing. The total length of mitogenome is 17,189 bp, and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, two ribosome RNA genes, and one D-loop region. All gene conformations were consistent with the gene arrangement in vertebrates. Most of the genes of B. zamdaensis were distributed on the H-strand, except for the ND6 subunit gene and eight tRNA genes which were encoded on the L-strand. Phylogenetic analysis of B. zamdaensis and 12 other closely amphibian species was reconstructed using Maximum-likelihood methods. The sequences of B. zamdaensis were clustered in genus Bufotes. The phylogenetic analyses based on these mitogenomes presented here will be useful to further insights on the evolutionary relationships of Bufonidae.
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The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Lycodon ruhstrati was determined by shotgun sequencing. The total genome size is 17,168 bp, and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 ribosome RNA genes and 2 control regions (D-loops). Most of the genes of L. ruhstrati were distributed on the H-strand, except for the ND6 subunit gene and eight tRNA genes which were encoded on the L-strand. The phylogenetic tree of L. ruhstrati and 12 other closely related species was reconstructed. The mitogenome sequence presented here will be useful to study the evolutionary relationships and genetic diversity of L. ruhstrati.
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The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Takydromus septentrionalis was determined by shotgun sequencing. The total length of mitogenome is 18,304 bp, and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 ribosome RNA genes, and 2 control regions. Most of the genes of T. septentrionalis were distributed on the H-strand, except for the ND6 subunit gene and eight tRNA genes which were encoded on the L-strand. The phylogenetic tree of T. septentrionalis and 8 other closely related species was reconstructed. The phylogenetic analyses based on these mitogenomes presented here will be useful for further insights on the evolutionary relationships of Takydromus.
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In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Laudakia wui, has been firstly determined by shotgun sequencing. The overall length of mitogenome is 16,455 bp and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 2 control regions. Majority of the genes (13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA and 14 tRNA) were distributed on the H-strand, in addition to the two ND6 genes and eight tRNA genes, which were encoded on the L-strand. The phylogenetic tree was built by L. wui and 13 other related species. The DNA data presented here will be useful to study the evolutionary relationships and genetic diversity of L. wui.
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The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of Laudakia sacra was determined by using a PCR-based method. The total length of mitogenome is 16,555 bp, and contains 13 typical vertebrate protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes and 2 control regions. Only ND6 gene and 8 tRNA genes on the L-strand other than are encoded on the H-strand. The phylogenetic tree of L. sacra and 13 other species were built. The DNA data present here will facilitate future taxonomic work of the genus Laudakia.
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The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Laudakia stoliczkana stoliczkana was determined by shotgun sequencing. The total length of mitogenome is 16,133 bp and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 ribosome RNA genes, and 2 control regions. The base composition was 38.0% for A, 24.0% for T, 25.6% for C, and 12.4% for G. Most of the genes of L. stoliczkana stoliczkana were distributed on the H-strand, except for the ND6 subunit gene and eight tRNA genes which were encoded on the L-strand. The phylogenetic tree of L. stoliczkana stoliczkana and 16 other related species was built. The mitogenome sequence presented here will be useful to study the evolutionary relationships and genetic diversity of Laudakia.
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The Papenfuss' Rock Agama Laudakia papenfussi is an endemic species in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of this species was determined by shotgun sequencing. The total length of mitogenome is 17,005 bp and its base composition was 37.3% for A, 23.9% for T, 12.5% for G, and 26.3% for C, which contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 ribosome RNA genes, and 2 control regions. The phylogenetic tree of L. papenfussi and 15 other related species was reconstructed using maximum likelihood (ML) methods. The mitogenome sequence presented here will be useful to understand the phylogenetic relationships of Laudakia.
RESUMO
The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Pelodiscus axenaria was determined by shotgun sequencing. The total length of mitogenome is 16,593 bp, and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 ribosome RNA genes, and 1 control region. Most of the genes of P. axenaria were distributed on the H-strand, except for the ND6 subunit gene and eight tRNA genes which were encoded on the L-strand. The phylogenetic tree of P. axenaria and 11 other closely related species was reconstructed. The phylogenetic analyses based on these mitogenomes presented here will be useful for further insights on the evolutionary relationships of Trionychidae.
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The Chinese giant salamander (CGS), Andrias davidianus (Amphibian, Caudata, Cryptobranchidae), is endemic to China. After overhunting in the 1990's, it is very difficult to find the CGS in the wild. Due to mating disorder, the captive breeding population is genetically confounded. The genetic backgrounds of all wild-release individuals in China are not explicit. Herein, we reported four living wild-type complete mitochondrial genomes of this species. The gene order and contents are identical to those found in typical vertebrates. Thirteen protein-coding genes (PCGs) of 7 A. davidianus (4 from this study, 3 retrieved from GenBank) and 11 other closely species retrieved from GenBank were used to reconstruct phylogenetic tree. The Maximum likelihood (ML) topology shown that the clade of CGS has two subclades with a high support (100%). This study provides partial fundamental information for further exploring the true genetic background of whole population of A. davidianus.
RESUMO
The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of Achalinus rufescens was determined by using a PCR-based method. The total length of mitogenome is 17,339 bp and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 ribosome RNA genes and 2 control regions (D-loop). All the protein-coding genes of A. rufescens were distributed on the H-strand, except for the ND6 subunit gene and eight tRNA genes which were encoded on the L-strand. The phylogenetic tree of A. rufescens and 11 other closely species was built. The DNA data presented here will be useful to study the evolutionary relationships and genetic diversity of A. rufescens.
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The total length of mitogenome of Copsychus saularis is 16 827 bp and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes and one D-loop. The phylogenetic tree of C. saularis and 13 other species belonging to Passeriformes was built.
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The total length of mitochondrial genome of Lanius schach is 16 820 bp and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and 1 D-loop. The phylogenetic tree of L. schach and 12 other closely species belonging to order Passeriformes was built.
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The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of Eurasian blackbird, Turdus merula was determined by shotgun sequencing. The total length of mitogenome is 16 730 bp, and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 ribosome RNA genes and 1 control region (D-loop). All the protein-coding genes in T. merula were distributed on the H-strand, except for the ND6 subunit gene and eight tRNA genes which were encoded on the L-strand. The gene order and contents in the T. merula mitogenome is identical to that found in typical vertebrates. The phylogenetic tree of T. merula and 13 other species belonging to order Passeriformes was built. The DNA data presented here will be useful to study the evolutionary relationships and genetic diversity of T. merula.
Assuntos
Genoma Mitocondrial , Aves Canoras/genética , Animais , Proteínas Aviárias/química , Proteínas Aviárias/genética , Proteínas Aviárias/metabolismo , Composição de Bases , DNA Mitocondrial/química , DNA Mitocondrial/isolamento & purificação , DNA Mitocondrial/metabolismo , Proteínas de Peixes/química , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Proteínas de Peixes/metabolismo , NADH Desidrogenase/química , NADH Desidrogenase/genética , NADH Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Fases de Leitura Aberta/genética , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico/química , RNA Ribossômico/genética , RNA de Transferência/química , RNA de Transferência/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Aves Canoras/classificaçãoRESUMO
The Xianggelila hot-spring snake, Thermophis shangrila (Reptilia, Colubridae), is a species of family Colubridae, which is seen only in Shangri-La, Northern Yunnan, China. Herein, the complete mitochondrial genome of this species has been reported. The total length of the genome was 17,327 bp, and composed of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and 2 control regions. The total base composition was 32.7% for A, 23.7% for T, 13.5% for G and 32.7% for C. The phylogenetic tree with 13 protein-coding genes of T. shangrila together with 12 other closely related species belonging to the family Colubridae was reconstructed.
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The Xizang hot-spring snake, Thermophis baileyi (Reptilia, Colubridae), is a relict species of the family Colubridae, which is known only from Tibet, China. In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome of this species. The total length of the genome is 17,385 bp, and comprises 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and 2 control regions. The total base composition is 32.5% for A, 23.8% for T, 13.5% for G, and 30.2% for C. The phylogenetic tree with 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) of T. baileyi together with 12 other closely related species belonging to the family Colubridae was built, in order to prove the validity of the mitogenome of T. baileyi.