RESUMO
Menopause is a normal physiological process accompanied by changes in various physiological states. The incidence of vascular calcification (VC) increases each year after menopause and is closely related to osteoporosis (OP). Although many studies have investigated the links between VC and OP, the interaction mechanism of the two under conditions of estrogen loss remains unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are involved in epigenetic modification, play a critical role in estrogen-mediated mineralization. In the past several decades, miRNAs have been identified as biomarkers or therapeutic targets in diseases. Thus, we hypothesize that these small molecules can provide new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize the close interactions between VC and OP and the role of miRNAs in their interplay.
Assuntos
MicroRNAs , Pós-Menopausa , Calcificação Vascular , Humanos , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Feminino , Calcificação Vascular/genética , Calcificação Vascular/metabolismo , Pós-Menopausa/genética , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/genética , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/metabolismo , Estrogênios/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Osteoporose/genética , Osteoporose/metabolismo , Epigênese GenéticaRESUMO
Many bufonidae species distributed in Asia are inhabited in a variety of environments. However, there are few studies focusing on the speciation of Asia Bufonidae. In this study, we reconstruct the phylogeny tree of Asia Bufonidae with timescale in BEAST based on a multiple sequence alignment of 12S gene and 16S gene sequences from 13 Bufonidae species and whole mtDNA from five Bufonidae species. The results show that the bufonids split into two major clades. In general, there are two lineages mainly distributed on different sides of the Himalayas. According to the divergence time and distribution of the two lineages, we imply that the differentiation of Bufonidea may be closely linked to the uplift of QTP and consequent monsoon climate.
Assuntos
Bufonidae/genética , Genoma Mitocondrial , Filogenia , Animais , Ásia , RNA Ribossômico/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Alinhamento de Sequência , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Emberiza elegans is a common bunting with very wide geographical distribution. In this paper, the complete mitochondrial genome of E. elegans (16,779 bp in length) was analyzed for building the database. The results showed that it contained 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes and one control region. The base composition of mtDNA was A (29.4%), G (14.7%), C (32.7%), and T (23.2%), therefore, the percentage of A and T (52.6%) was slightly higher than G and C (47.4%). All the genes in E. elegans were distributed on the H-strand, except for the ND6 subunit gene and ten tRNA genes which were encoded on the L-strand.
Assuntos
DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Genoma Mitocondrial/genética , Passeriformes/genética , Animais , Composição de Bases/genética , Genes Mitocondriais/genética , Passeriformes/classificação , RNA Ribossômico/genética , RNA de Transferência/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Crested Bunting (Melophus lathami) is the single species of the Melophus, which was mainly distributed to the south of Asia. The complete sequence of the mitochondrial DNA of M. lathami (16,799bp in length) have been obtained, which consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA), and one control region (D-loop). The nucleotide composition was 30.1% A, 33.0% C, 14.3% G, and 22.6% T. Besides, the phylogenetic tree based on 12S and 16S rRNA was divided into three clades. M. lathami was determined in the second lineage.