Combined nanofiltration and advanced oxidation processes with bifunctional carbon nanomembranes.

Wastewater reclamation is becoming a top global interest as population growth and rapid industrialization pose a major challenge that requires development of sustainable cost-effective technologies and strategies for wastewater treatment. Carbon nanomembranes (CNMs)-synthetic 2D carbon sheets-can be tailored chemically with specific surface functions and/or physically with nanopores of well-defined size as a strategy for multifunctional membrane design. Here, we explore a bifunctional design for combined secondary wastewater effluent treatment with dual action of membrane separation and advanced oxidation processes (AOP), exploiting dissolved oxygen. The bifunctional membrane consists of a CNM layer on top of a commercial ultrafiltration membrane (Microlon™) and a spray-coated reduced graphene oxide (rGO) thin film as the bottom layer. The CNM/support/rGO membrane was characterized by helium ion and atomic force microscopy, FTIR, XPS with a four-point conductivity probe, cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic measurements, and impedance spectroscopy. Combined treatment of water by nanofiltration and AOP was demonstrated, employing a unique three electrode-dead end filtration setup that enables concurrent application of potential and pressure on the integrated membrane. For the model organic compound methylene blue, oxidation (by the Fenton reaction) was evaluated using UV-vis (610 nm). The rejection rate and permeability provided by the CNM layer were evaluated by dissolving polyethylene glycol (400 and 1000 Da) in the feed solution and applying pressure up to 1.5 bar. This demonstration of combined membrane separation and AOP using an integrated membrane opens up a new strategy for wastewater treatment.

Unraveling the Role of Fluorinated Alkyl Carbonate Additives in Improving Cathode Performance in Sodium-Ion Batteries.

A key issue in the development of sustainable Na-ion batteries (NIBs) is the stability of the electrolyte solution and its ability to form effective passivation layers on both cathode and anode. In this regard, the use of fluorine-based additives is considered a promising direction for improving electrode performance. Fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and trans-difluoroethylene carbonate (DFEC) were demonstrated as additives or cosolvents that form effective passivating surface films in Li-ion batteries. Their effect is evaluated for the first time with cathodes in NIBs. By application of systematic electrochemical and postmortem investigations, the role of fluorinated additives in the good performance of Na0.44MnO2 (NMO) cathodes was deciphered. Despite the significant improvement in the performance of Li-ion cells enabled by the use of FEC and FEC + DFEC, the highest stability for NIBs was observed when only FEC was used as an additive. Mechanistic insights and analytical characterizations were carried out to shed light on the inferior effect of FEC + DFEC in NIBs, in contrast to its positive effect on the stability of Li-ion batteries.

Sustainable existence of solid mercury (Hg) nanoparticles at room temperature and their applications.

Although liquid mercury (Hg) has been known since antiquity, the formation of stable solid nano forms of Hg at room temperature has not been reported so far. Here, for the first time, we report a simple sonochemical route to obtain solid mercury nanoparticles, stabilized by reduced graphene oxide at ambient conditions. The as-formed solid Hg nanoparticles were found to exhibit remarkable rhombohedral morphology and crystallinity at room temperature. Extensive characterization using various physicochemical techniques revealed the unique properties of the solid nanoparticles of Hg compared to its bulk liquid metal phase. Furthermore, the solid nature of the Hg nanoparticles was studied electrochemically, revealing distinctive properties. We believe that solid Hg nanoparticles have the potential for important applications in the fields of electroanalytical chemistry and electrocatalysis.

Horizons for Li-Ion Batteries Relevant to Electro-Mobility: High-Specific-Energy Cathodes and Chemically Active Separators.

Li-ion batteries (LIBs) today face the challenge of application in electrified vehicles (xEVs) which require increased energy density, improved abuse tolerance, prolonged life, and low cost. LIB technology can significantly advance through more realistic approaches such as: i) stable high-specific-energy cathodes based on Li1+ x Niy Coz Mnw O2 (NCM) compounds with either Ni-rich (x = 0, y → 1), or Li- and Mn-rich (0.1 < x < 0.2, w > 0.5) compositions, and ii) chemically active separators and binders that mitigate battery performance degradation. While the stability of such cathode materials during cell operation tends to decrease with increasing specific capacity, active material doping and coatings, together with carefully designed cell-formation protocols, can enable both high specific capacities and good long-term stability. It has also been shown that major LIB capacity fading mechanisms can be reduced by multifunctional separators and binders that trap transition metal ions and/or scavenge acid species. Here, recent progress on improving Ni-rich and Mn-rich NCM cathode materials is reviewed, as well as in the search for inexpensive, multifunctional, chemically active separators. A realistic overview regarding some of the most promising approaches to improving the performance of rechargeable batteries for xEV applications is also presented.

Remarkably Improved Electrochemical Performance of Li- and Mn-Rich Cathodes upon Substitution of Mn with Ni.

Li- and Mn-rich transition-metal oxides of layered structure are promising cathodes for Li-ion batteries because of their high capacity values, ≥250 mAh g-1. These cathodes suffer from capacity fading and discharge voltage decay upon prolonged cycling to potential higher than 4.5 V. Most of these Li- and Mn-rich cathodes contain Ni in a 2+ oxidation state. The fine details of the composition of these materials may be critically important in determining their performance. In the present study, we used Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 as the reference cathode composition in which Mn ions are substituted by Ni ions so that their average oxidation state in Li1.2Ni0.27Mn0.4Co0.13O2 could change from 2+ to 3+. Upon substitution of Mn with Ni, the specific capacity decreases but, in turn, an impressive stability was gained, about 95% capacity retention after 150 cycles, compared to 77% capacity retention for Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 cathodes when cycled at a C/5 rate. Also, a higher average discharge voltage of 3.7 V is obtained for Li1.2Ni0.27Mn0.4Co0.13O2 cathodes, which decreases to 3.5 V after 150 cycles, while the voltage fading of cathodes comprising the reference material is more pronounced. The Li1.2Ni0.27Mn0.4Co0.13O2 cathodes also demonstrate higher rate capability compared to the reference Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 cathodes. These results clearly indicate the importance of the fine composition of cathode materials containing the five elements Li, Mn, Ni, Co, and O. The present study should encourage rigorous optimization efforts related to the fine composition of these cathode materials, before external means such as doping and coating are applied.