Cobalt-Catalyzed Bis-Borylation of Quinolines: The Importance of the Cobalt Triplet State.

We report herein a mild stereo- and regioselective dearomatization of quinolines using the simple low valent HCo(N2 )(PPh3 )3 complex that exhibits labile ligands. Conditions to form selectively, at room temperature, high-valued 1,4-bis-borylated tetrahydroquinolines from simple starting heteroaromatic compounds have been developed. The efficient and selective functionalization of a large scope of quinolines bearing various electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents is presented, as well as the post-modification of the resulting C-B bond. NMR and labelling studies are consistent with a cascade mechanism pathway, starting from an in situ generated paramagnetic bis-quinoline cobalt(I) hydride complex. A first quinoline dearomatization followed by a cobalt(I)-catalyzed Markovnikov hydroboration of the remaining double bond allows the introduction of the boronic ester group only at C4 position. DFT calculations particularly highlight the importance of the cobalt triplet state throughout the reaction pathway, and bring some rationalization for the observed C4 selective borylation.

Iron and cobalt catalysis: new perspectives in synthetic radical chemistry.

This review deals with some key synthetic developments based on the use of iron or cobalt complexes to promote radical reactivity which have been devised over the last decades. We have more particularly focused on reactions for which the impact of this chemistry has yielded greener alternatives to existing processes and also on new transformations, notably hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) triggered processes, which can be promoted through the use of metallic complexes. Preliminary synthetic developments based on the use of photoactive iron and cobalt complexes are also covered.

Phosphonate-Mediated Immobilization of Rhodium/Bipyridine Hydrogenation Catalysts.

RhL2 complexes of phosphonate-derivatized 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) ligands L were immobilized on titanium oxide particles generated in situ. Depending on the structure of the bipy ligand-number of tethers (1 or 2) to which the phosphonate end groups are attached and their location on the 2,2'-bipyridine backbone (4,4'-, 5,5'-, or 6,6'-positions)-the resulting supported catalysts showed comparable chemoselectivity but different kinetics for the hydrogenation of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one under hydrogen pressure. Characterization of the six supported catalysts suggested that the intrinsic geometry of each of the phosphonate-derivatized 2,2'-bipyridines leads to supported catalysts with different microstructures and different arrangements of the RhL2 species at the surface of the solid, which thereby affect their reactivity.

C-H activation/functionalization catalyzed by simple, well-defined low-valent cobalt complexes.

A facile C-H activation and functionalization of aromatic imines is presented using low-valent cobalt catalysts. Using Co(PMe3)4 as catalyst we have developed an efficient and simple protocol for the C-H/hydroarylation of alkynes with an anti selectivity. Deuterium-labeling experiments, DFT calculations coupled with the use of a well-defined catalyst have for the first time shed light on the elusive black box of cobalt catalyzed C-H functionalization.

Catalytic version of enediyne cobalt-mediated cycloaddition and selective access to unusual bicyclic trienes.

Go cyclic! The use of [Co(H)(PMe3)4] as a cobalt catalyst allows the previously unattainable catalytic version of the cobalt-mediated cycloaddition of enediynes without the requirement of thermal or light activation (see scheme). The importance of a chelating group on the substrate that can selectively direct the reaction pathway toward the classical polycyclic 1,3-cyclohexadienes or a new family of bicyclic trienes is also demonstrated.

Hydrido-Cobalt Complexes for the Chemo- and Regioselective 1,2-Silylative Dearomatization of N-Heteroarenes.

We describe an efficient regio- and chemoselective dearomatization of N-heteroarenes using hydrido-cobalt catalysts. Reactions were performed under mild conditions on a wide range of N-heteroarenes leading exclusively to the silyl-1,2-dihydroheteroarene. Various quinolines and pyridines bearing electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents are compatible with this methodology. DFT calculations, NMR spectroscopic studies, and X-ray diffraction analysis underlined the importance of a second silane for the final step of the reaction.

Engineering of a phosphorylatable tag for specific protein binding on zirconium phosphonate based microarrays.

A phosphorylatable tag was designed and fused at the C-terminal end of proteins, which allowed efficient and oriented immobilization of capture proteins on glass substrates coated with a zirconium phosphonate monolayer. The concept is demonstrated using Nanofitin directed against lysozyme. This peptide tag (DSDSSSEDE) contains four serines in an acidic environment, which favored its in vitro phosphorylation by casein kinase II. The resulting phosphate cluster at the C-terminal end of the protein provided a specific, irreversible, and multipoint attachment to the zirconium surface. In a microarray format, the high surface coverage led to high fluorescence signal after incubation with Alexa Fluor 647 labeled lysozyme. The detection sensitivity of the microarray for the labeled target was below 50 pM, owing to the exceptionally low background staining, which resulted in high fluorescence signal to noise ratios. The performance of this new anchoring strategy using a zirconium phosphonate modified surface compares favorably with that of other types of microarray substrates, such as nitrocellulose-based or epoxide slides, which bind proteins in a nonoriented way.

The five shades of oleylamine in a morphological transition of cobalt nanospheres to nanorods.

Understanding of cobalt nanorods' (Co NRs) formation still remains challenging when it comes to enhancing their anisotropic properties applicable in magnetic or catalytic areas. Herein, we propose a mechanism for the morphological transition from spherical cobalt nanoparticles (NPs) to Co NRs over time (9 h) in a mixture of [CoCl(PPh3)3] and oleylamine (OAm). In the literature, we described how spherical Co NPs are synthesized via a disproportionation process. Based on in situ and pseudo in situ observations, two steps of this unique mechanism are characterized first by the dissolution of the spheres and then the regrowth in rods' shape in the presence of an OAm template. Furthermore, ex situ experiments show that these steps are the result of interdependent reactions occurring between Co NPs, cobalt(ii) and OAm. The latter plays numerous roles in this synthesis: as a surfactant, a disproportionation promoter, and a hydrogen source allowing the reduction of cobalt(ii) complexes; its ammonium salt derivative is involved in oxidative etching of Co NPs and it promotes the anisotropic growth in NRs. These coupling actions of reduction and etching generate two cobalt reservoirs of nuclei under thermodynamic conditions.

Bisphosphonate adaptors for specific protein binding on zirconium phosphonate-based microarrays.

Two bisphosphonate adaptors were designed to immobilize histidine-tagged proteins onto glass substrates coated with a zirconium phosphonate monolayer, allowing efficient and oriented immobilization of capture proteins, affitins directed to lysozyme, on a microarray format. These bifunctional adaptors contain two phosphonic acid anchors at one extremity and either one nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) or two NTA groups at the other. The phosphonate groups provide a stable bond to the zirconium interface by multipoint attachment and allow high density of surface coverage of the linkers as revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Reversible high-density capture of histidine-tagged proteins is shown by real-time surface plasmon resonance enhanced ellipsometry and in a microarray format using fluorescence detection of AlexaFluor 647-labeled target protein. The detection sensitivity of the microarray for the target protein was below 1 nM, despite the monolayer arrangement of the probes, due to very low background staining, which allows high fluorescent signal-to-noise ratio. The performance of these Ni-NTA-modified zirconium phosphonate coated slides compared favorably to other types of microarray substrates, including slides with a nitrocellulose-based matrix, epoxide slides, and epoxide slides functionalized with Ni-NTA groups. This immobilization strategy has a large potential to fix any histidine-tagged proteins on zirconium or titanium ion surfaces.

Towards zirconium phosphonate-based microarrays for probing DNA-protein interactions: critical influence of the location of the probe anchoring groups.

Terminal phosphate groups on double-stranded DNA probes bind strongly to glass substrates coated with a zirconium phosphonate monolayer, and probes immobilized in this way as microarrays can be used to detect protein targets. The sensitivity of the microarray was shown to be enhanced by the use of a polyguanine segment ((G)n , n > or = 5) as a spacer between the phosphate linker and the protein interaction domain. More importantly, the presence of phosphate linkers on both ends of the dsDNA probes leads to significant enhancement of target capture. The relevant characteristics of the different probes when bound to the surface were determined, by the original use of a combination of surface characterization techniques (XPS, AFM, and Sarfus). In this context, the location of the phosphate linkers in the duplex probes was found to result in different probe surface coverage and presentation on the surface, which affect subsequent interactions with the target protein.

XPS investigation of DNA binding to zirconium-phosphonate surfaces.

The surface coverage of phosphorylated oligonucleotides immobilized on a zirconium-phosphonate surface was analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). By quantifying the intensity of the N 1s signal originating from the oligonucleotide and the Zr 3d peak from the metal-phosphonate surface, the surface coverage of the oligonucleotide could be calculated with a modified substrate-overlayer model. We found relatively low surface coverages indicating that once covalently bound via the terminal phosphate the polymer chain further physisorbs to the surface limiting the adsorption of additional molecules.

Niobium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Addition of O-H and N-H Bonds to Alkenes: A Tool for Hydrofunctionalization.

A convenient, versatile, and easy to handle intramolecular hydrofunctionalization of alkenes (C-O and C-N bonds formation) is reported using a novel niobium-based catalytic system. This atom economic and eco-friendly methodology provides an additional synthetic tool for the straightforward formation of valuable building blocks enabling molecular complexity. Various pyran, furan, pyrrolidine, piperidine, lactone, and lactam derivatives as well as spirocyclic compounds are produced in high yields and selectivities.

C2-Alkylation and Alkenylation of Indoles Catalyzed by a Low-Valent Cobalt Complex in the Absence of Reductant.

Herein an extremely versatile, well-defined, low-valent cobalt catalyst [Co(PMe3)4] capable of intermolecular and intramolecular imine-directed C2-alkylation and alkenylation of indoles is reported. The reaction proceeds in the absence of reducing agents or additives, affording a range of substituted indoles and dihydropyrroloindoles in high yields and regioselectivities. With the aid of deuterium labeling studies and DFT (Density Functional Theory) calculations, a mechanism is proposed that is based on a Ligand-to-Ligand Hydrogen Transfer pathway.

Regio- and Stereoselective Hydrosilylation of Unsymmetrical Alkynes Catalyzed by a Well-Defined, Low-Valent Cobalt Catalyst.

Herein, the use of a well-defined low-valent cobalt(I) catalyst [HCo(PMe3)4] capable of performing the highly regio- and stereoselective hydrosilylation of internal alkynes is reported. The reaction can be applied to a variety of hydrosilanes, symmetrical and unsymmetrical alkynes, giving in many cases a single hydrosilylation isomer. Experimental and theoretical studies suggest the key step to be a hydro-cobaltation and that the reaction proceeds through a classical Chalk-Harrod mechanism.

Mild niobium-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of sila-triynes: easy access to polysubstituted benzosilacyclobutenes.

A new and efficient synthesis of highly sensitive benzosilacyclobutenes has been developed. For the first time, these compounds can be synthesized in very high yields by a mild, unprecedented intramolecular niobium-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of easily accessible tetrasubstituted sila-triynes. An easy access to highly functionalized benzosilacyclobutenes enlarging the number of potential applications in organic and material chemistry is described.

Cobalt(I)-mediated [2 + 2 + 2] cyclization of allenediynes toward a diastereoselective approach to 11-aryl steroid skeletons.

[reaction: see text] An 11-aryl steroid skeleton has been built in one step with a simultaneous introduction of the substituents at both C11 and C10 in 48% overall yield from a trans-allenediyne, whereas a formal Alder ene reaction leading to a bicyclic yne-trienic compound becomes the major process from the cis-allenediyne.

Totally chemo- and regioselective cobalt(I)-mediated formal intermolecular cyclotrimerization of alkynes.

[reaction: see text] The first examples of totally chemo- and regioselective formal intermolecular cobalt(I)-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cyclizations of three different alkynes are reported. The use of disposable silylated tethers in the sequence cyclization followed by the displacement of the silicon group led to polysubstituted arenes as a unique cycloadduct in high yields.

New and efficient procedure for the preparation of unsymmetrical silaketals.

[reaction: see text] A new and efficient procedure for the preparation of unsymmetrical silaketals via a three-step protocol without isolation of the intermediates is presented. The unsymmetrical silyl ethers and silanes can also be readily obtained via this sequence of reactions.

New efficient construction of the ABC core of the taxoids via a sequence of consecutive cobalt(I)-mediated [2 + 2 + 2] and [4 + 2] cyclizations.

[reaction: see text] A new and efficient sequence of two consecutive cyclizations, a cobalt(I)-mediated [2 + 2 + 2] cyclotrimerization and a Diels-Alder reaction, is proposed to allow the formation of the ABC core of the taxoids in 65% overall yield, starting from an acyclic polyunsaturated precursor.