Synthesis of Ring-Fused, N-Substituted 4-Quinolinones Using pKa-Guided, Base-Promoted Annulations with Isatoic Anhydrides: Total Synthesis of Penicinotam.

An anionic annulation strategy employing isatoic anhydrides and a wide assortment of enolizable partners was developed to afford over 80 novel ring-fused, N-substituted 4-quinolinones, an underrepresented privileged template. Multiple factors governing the efficiency of the transformation were determined, resulting in a reliable and tunable synthetic platform applicable for a broad range of substrates with variable deprotonation susceptibility, such as tetramic and tetronic acids, cyclic 1,3-diketones, and cycloalkanones. Application to the synthesis of bioactive, pyrrolizine-fused 4-quinolinone, penicinotam 3, resulted in the most brief and highest yielding total synthesis of the alkaloid in three steps and a 36% overall yield.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of palmyrolide A macrocycles as sodium channel blockers towards neuroprotection.

Palmyrolide A is a neuroprotective macrolide isolated by Gerwick and coworkers in 2010. This natural product is known to suppress neuronal spontaneous calcium ion oscillations through its voltage-gated sodium channel blocking ability which is of significant interest in CNS drug discovery. Herein, we give a detailed account on total synthesis of (+)-palmyrolide A and synthesis of a focused library of macrocycles around the scaffold, followed by their biological evaluation. Use of the chiral pool approach, Zhu's oxidative homologation, access to unnatural cis-palmyrolide A, preparation of 18 new analogues and identification of macrolides with improved sodium channel blocking activity are the important features of the present paper. As a measure of potency as voltage-gated sodium channel blockers, all the synthesized analogues were profiled for their ability to inhibit the veratridine-stimulated Na(+) influx in murine primary neuronal cultures. Four macrocycles were found to be more potent or comparable to that of the natural product (-)-palmyrolide A. The most potent compound from this series 20 was structurally simplified and readily accessible in good quantities for further biological profiling.

Directing the Stereoselectivity of the Claisen Rearrangement to Form Cyclic Ketones with Full Substitution at the α-Positions.

We report an enantioselective synthesis of cyclic ketones with full substitutions at the α-positions in a highly diastereoselective manner. Our method is achieved by subjecting substrate motifs in 2-allyloxyenones to chiral organomagnesium reagents, which trigger the Claisen rearrangement upon direct 1,2-carbonyl addition. The observed diastereoselectivity of the allyl migration is proposed to originate from the intramolecular chelation of the magnesium alkoxide to the allyloxy moiety.

Copper(I)-Catalyzed Synthesis of Unsymmetrical All-Carbon Bis-Quaternary Centers at the Opposing α-Carbons of Cyclohexanones.

We describe a new synthetic reaction that generates all-carbon bis-quaternary centers at the opposing side of α-carbons in cyclohexanone with four different substituents in a controlled manner. Catalyzed by Cu(MeCN)4BF4 salt, this chemistry is proposed to proceed via an intermediacy of unsymmetrical O-allyl oxyallyl cations, which undergo a sequence of regioselective nucleophilic addition with substituted indoles and diastereoselective Claisen rearrangement in a single synthetic operation. The stereochemical outcome of the products features the cis diastereorelationship between the two aryl groups at the α,α'-positions.

Recent Advancements in Pyrrole Synthesis.

This review article features selected examples on the synthesis of functionalized pyrroles that were reported between 2014 and 2019. Pyrrole is an important nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocycle that can be found in numerous compounds of biological and material significance. Given its vast importance, pyrrole continues to be an attractive target for the development of new synthetic reactions. The contents of this article are organized by the starting materials, which can be broadly classified into four different types: substrates bearing π-systems, substrates bearing carbonyl and other polar groups, and substrates bearing heterocyclic motifs. Brief discussions on plausible reaction mechanisms for most transformations are also presented.

Nitrosporeusine analogue ameliorates Chandipura virus induced inflammatory response in CNS via NFκb inactivation in microglia.

Chandipura Virus (CHPV), a negative-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Rhabdoviridae family, has been previously reported to bring neuronal apoptosis by activating several factors leading to neurodegeneration. Following virus infection of the central nervous system, microglia, the ontogenetic and functional equivalents of macrophages in somatic tissues gets activated and starts secreting chemokines, thereby recruiting peripheral leukocytes into the brain parenchyma. In the present study, we have systemically examined the effect of CHPV on microglia and the activation of cellular signalling pathways leading to chemokine expression upon CHPV infection. Protein and mRNA expression profiles of chemokine genes revealed that CHPV infection strongly induces the expression of CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and CC chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) in microglia. CHPV infection triggered the activation of signalling pathways mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases, including p38, JNK 1 and 2, and nuclear factor κB (NF-kappaB). CHPV-induced expression of CXCL10 and CCL5 was achieved by the activation of p38 and NF-kappaB pathways. Considering the important role of inflammation in neurodegeneration, we have targeted NF-kappaB using a newly synthesised natural product nitrosporeusine analogue and showed incapability of microglial supernatant of inducing apoptosis in neurons after treatment.

Identification of new anti-inflammatory agents based on nitrosporeusine natural products of marine origin.

Nitrosporeusines A and B are two recently isolated marine natural products with novel skeleton and exceptional biological profile. Interesting antiviral activity of nitrosporeusines and promising potential in curing various diseases, evident from positive data from various animal models, led us to investigate their anti-inflammatory potential. Accordingly, we planned and synthesized nitrosporeusines A and B in racemic as well as enantiopure forms. The natural product synthesis was followed by preparation of several analogues, and all the synthesized compounds were evaluated for in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory potential. Among them, compounds 25, 29 and 40 significantly reduced levels of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, these compounds suppressed several pro-inflammatory mediators including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and thereby can be emerged as potent anti-inflammatory compounds. Furthermore, all possible isomers of lead compound 25 were synthesized, characterized and profiled in same set of assays and found that one of the enantiomer (-)-25a was superior among them.

Synthesis of palmyrolide A and its cis-isomer and mechanistic insight into trans-cis isomerisation of the enamide macrocycle.

Concise and protecting-group free synthesis of ent-palmyrolide A and (-)-cis-palmyrolide A were achieved starting from commercially available (S)-citronellal. The key fragment of palmyrolide A, "(5S,7S)-7-hydroxy-5,8,8-trimethylnonanamide", which makes up the most challenging part of the target molecule, was prepared in just three steps. A plausible mechanism for the trans-cis isomerization of the double bond in the macrocycle has been investigated.