Autoimmune disease and sickle cell anaemia: 'Intersecting pathways and differential diagnosis'.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited disorder, which occurs due to a single gene mutation. It has multisystemic manifestations, affecting millions of people worldwide. The effect of SCD on joints and musculature can overlap with clinical features of autoimmune disease (AD). It is therefore difficult for clinical haematologists and physicians treating SCD patients to discriminate between these two conditions clinically. A delay in diagnosis leads to untreated symptoms and treatment differs considerably. An accurate knowledge of clinical findings and laboratory results of AD and SCD can help physicians avoid this. In the review that follows, we examine the existing literature on SCD and AD, and describe the features that may distinguish SCD and autoimmune disease such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. We aim to guide clinical haematologists and physicians towards a more rapid diagnosis of AD in sickle cell anaemia patients, by correct interpretation of the clinical assessment and commonly available diagnostics.

Efficacy of allogeneic cord blood platelet gel on wounds of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa patients after pseudosyndactyly surgery.

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the formation of blisters and wounds in skin and mucous membranes; it is classified into four types and has various methods of treatment. Management of previous wounds and prevention of formation of new lesions are the most important strategies in the course of therapy to improve patient's quality of life; lack of wound management can lead to further complications such as infection. The current study investigated the therapeutic effects of allogeneic platelet gel (prepared from umbilical cord blood) in a group of children diagnosed with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) eligible for surgical correction of pseudosyndactyly in the hand. The post-surgical clinical outcome in this group was compared with the clinical outcomes of DEB patients receiving the standard treatment (paraffin gauze wound dressing and topical antibiotics) after corrective surgery. The current study results showed an increase in the rate of recovery and promotion of tissue granulation, complete wound healing, and a decrease in pain level and treatment period. The application of cord blood platelet gel topical dressing was not a conventional method of treatment in patients with DEB wounds and blisters. However, the current study results demonstrated that this gel dressing could effectively accelerate epithelialization and healing of the wounds and decrease patients' pain and post-surgical recovery period, which altogether leads to improvements in patients' overall quality of life.

KMT2D mutations and TP53 disruptions are poor prognostic biomarkers in mantle cell lymphoma receiving high-dose therapy: a FIL study.

In recent years, the outcome of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) has improved, especially in younger patients, receiving cytarabine-containing chemoimmunotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation. Nevertheless, a proportion of MCL patients still experience early failure. To identify biomarkers anticipating failure of intensive chemotherapy in MCL, we performed target resequencing and DNA profiling of purified tumor samples collected from patients enrolled in the prospective FIL-MCL0208 phase 3 trial (high-dose chemoimmunotherapy followed by autologous transplantation and randomized lenalidomide maintenance). Mutations of KMT2D and disruption of TP53 by deletion or mutation associated with an increased risk of progression and death, both in univariate and multivariate analysis. By adding KMT2D mutations and TP53 disruption to the MIPI-c backbone, we derived a new prognostic index, the "MIPI-genetic" ("MIPI- g"). The "MIPI-g" improved the model discrimination ability compared to the MIPI-c alone, defining three risk groups: i) low-risk patients (4-year progression free survival and overall survival of 72.0% and 94.5%); ii) inter-mediate-risk patients (4-year progression free survival and overall survival of 42.2% and 65.8%) and iii) high-risk patients (4-year progression free survival and overall survival of 11.5% and 44.9%). Our results: i) confirm that TP53 disruption identifies a high-risk population characterized by poor sensitivity to conventional or intensified chemotherapy; ii) provide the pivotal evidence that patients harboring KMT2D mutations share the same poor outcome as patients harboring TP53 disruption; and iii) allow to develop a tool for the identification of high-risk MCL patients for whom novel therapeutic strategies need to be investigated. (Trial registered at clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02354313).

Insight into the complex pathophysiology of sickle cell anaemia and possible treatment.

Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is the consequence of abnormal haemoglobin production due to an inherited point mutation in the ß-globin gene. The resulting haemoglobin tetramer is poorly soluble when deoxygenated, and when this is prolonged, intracellular gelation of sickle haemoglobin occurs, followed by haemoglobin polymerisation. If many cycles of sickling and unsickling occur, the red cell membrane will be disrupted leading to haemolysis and vaso-occlusive events. Recent studies have also shown that leucocyte adhesion molecules and nitric oxide (NO) depletion are involved in endothelial damage. New insights in SCA pathophysiology and vascular biology have shown that cell-derived microparticle (MP) generation is also involved in the vaso-occlusion. Endothelial damage is perpetuated by impaired production or increased consumption of protective modulators such as protein C, protein S and NO. New therapeutic interventions should address these aspects of SCA pathogenesis. To date, the only US-FDA-approved therapy to prevent painful vaso-occulsive episodes is hydroxyurea that reduces haemoglobin polymerisation in sickle cells by increasing the production of foetal haemoglobin and L-glutamine. However, several new drugs have been tested in the last years in randomised clinical trials. We here report an update on the current status of knowledge on SCA.

A B-cell receptor-related gene signature predicts survival in mantle cell lymphoma: results from the Fondazione Italiana Linfomi MCL-0208 trial.

Mantle cell lymphoma patients have variable clinical courses, ranging from indolent cases that do not require immediate treatment to aggressive, rapidly progressing diseases. Thus, diagnostic tools capable of stratifying patients according to their risk of relapse and death are needed. This study included 83 samples from the Fondazione Italiana Linfomi MCL-0208 clinical trial. Through gene expression profiling and quantitative real-time PCR we analyzed 46 peripheral blood and 43 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded lymph node samples. A prediction model to classify patients was developed. By analyzing the transcriptome of 27 peripheral blood samples, two subgroups characterized by a differential expression of genes from the B-cell receptor pathway (B-cell receptorlow and B-cell receptorhigh) were identified. The prediction model based on the quantitative real-time PCR values of six representative genes (AKT3, BCL2, BTK, CD79B, PIK3CD, and SYK), was used to classify the 83 cases (43 B-cell receptorlow and 40 B-cell receptorhigh). The B-cell receptorhigh signature associated with shorter progression-free survival (P=0.0074), selected the mantle cell lymphoma subgroup with the shortest progression-free survival and overall survival (P=0.0014 and P=0.029, respectively) in combination with high (>30%) Ki-67 staining, and was an independent predictor of short progression- free survival along with the Mantle Cell Lymphoma International Prognostic Index-combined score. Moreover, the clinical impact of the 6- gene signature related to the B-cell receptor pathway identified a mantle cell lymphoma subset with shorter progression-free survival intervals also in an external independent mantle cell lymphoma cohort homogenously treated with different schedules. In conclusion, this 6-gene signature associates with a poor clinical response in the context of the MCL- 0208 clinical trial. (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: 02354313).

Impressive tissue regeneration of severe oral mucositis post stem cell transplantation using cord blood platelet gel.

BACKGROUND: Platelet gel from cord blood (CBPG) is a recently developed blood component for topical use. We report a case of life-threatening mucositis after high-dose chemotherapy with fotemustine and cytarabine that was successfully treated with CBPG. CASE REPORT: A patient with non-Hodgkin lymphoma who was undergoing autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation developed severe oral and esophageal mucositis with severe bacterial sepsis and cytomegalovirus infection, causing prolonged neutropenia. CBPG was topically administered daily to the oral cavity. The CBPG was partially reabsorbed and partially swallowed. RESULTS: After 8 consecutive days of administration, the patient's oral mucosa markedly improved, showing restitutio ad integrum, and the patient's clinical status progressively improved. No side effects were seen after CBPG application. CONCLUSION: This case supports the need to conduct controlled studies comparing the efficacy of autologous and allogeneic platelet gel from adult and umbilical cord blood for the topical treatment of severe oral mucositis occurring after high-dose chemotherapy.

New insights into sinusoidal obstruction syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Entry criteria included patients who developed sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) at a single centre from January 2000 to December 2011. Patients who underwent haemopoietic stem cell transplantation or actinomicyn-based chemotherapy for nephroblastoma were selected. The study group comprised five patients with SOS who were compared with a control group of seven patients without SOS. AIM: To study the relationships between endothelial extracellular vesicles (EV) and plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1(PAI-1) to assess their modification in the early phase of SOS. METHODS: Consecutive blood samples were tested for cell-derived EV, PAI-1 and coagulation parameters. Any statistically significant correlation between all datasets was searched. RESULTS: Antithrombin level and platelet count were statistically significantly reduced in SOS patients, suggesting a consumption status. PAI-1:Ag and PAI-1:act showed an inverse relationship with platelet counts (coef. -0.034, SE = 0.016; P = 0.041 and -0.052, SE = 0.019; P = 0.011 respectively). During follow up, PAI-1:Ag was inversely related to EV CD144+ (coef. -0.261, SE = 0.094; P = 0.007) and antithrombin (coef -0.509, SE = 0.175; P = 0.005). PAI-1:act showed an inverse association with EV CD144+ (coef.-0.251, SE = 0.121; P = 0.043), EV CD31+/CD41+ (coef. -0.004, SE = 0.002; P = 0.026) and antithrombin (coef. -0.470, SE = 0.220; P = 0.038). EV generated by rupture of gap junctions (EV CD144+) were increased in SOS patients and also showed a change over time. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the existence of an ongoing procoagulant and hypofibrinolytic status in SOS, indicating a possible role for anticoagulant therapy. Moreover, these findings suggest a role for EV CD 144+, either alone or in combination with PAI-1, as a new biomarker for SOS.

Transfusion-associated circulatory overload in Ireland: a review of cases reported to the National Haemovigilance Office 2000 to 2010.

BACKGROUND: Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) is an increasingly reported condition but symptoms and signs are still unrecognized. We present a review of the incidence and clinical features of TACO reported to the National Haemovigilance Office at the Irish Blood Transfusion Service. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Between 2000 and 2010, a total of 1071 cases of serious transfusion-related reactions were reported, of which 221 (21%) cases were TACO. RESULTS: A total of 2,000,684 blood components were issued, with a TACO incidence of one in 9177. The TACO incidence per red blood cells, plasma, and platelet components issued was one in 8000, one in 16,000, and one in 57,884, respectively. The majority of cases (68%, n = 151) were elderly patients, while no sex difference was seen. Twenty-eight (13%) patients experienced severe morbidity; 31 (14%) deaths were reported, of which five (2%) were considered due to TACO and the other deaths considered due to and underlying conditions, which in most cases were cardiovascular (76%). An increased risk of mortality was found in patients on diuretics either before transfusion as part of their routine therapy or given as pretransfusion medication (odds ratio, 2.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-6.01). In 19 (21%) cases, TACO reaction was due to human error. CONCLUSIONS: The strong association between TACO and human errors supports the role of hemovigilance and of adequate transfusion medicine teaching for preventing morbidity and mortality associated with TACO.

Complex karyotype, older age, and reduced first-line dose intensity determine poor survival in core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia patients with long-term follow-up.

Approximately 40% of patients affected by core binding factor (CBF) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) ultimately die from the disease. Few prognostic markers have been identified. We reviewed 192 patients with CBF AML, treated with curative intent (age, 15-79 years) in 11 Italian institutions. Overall, 10-year overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and event-free survival were 63.9%, 54.8%, and 49.9%, respectively; patients with the t(8;21) and inv(16) chromosomal rearrangements exhibited significant differences at diagnosis. Despite similar high complete remission (CR) rate, patients with inv(16) experienced superior DFS and a high chance of achieving a second CR, often leading to prolonged OS also after relapse. We found that a complex karyotype (i.e., ≥4 cytogenetic anomalies) affected survival, even if only in univariate analysis; the KIT D816 mutation predicted worse prognosis, but only in patients with the t(8;21) rearrangement, whereas FLT3 mutations had no prognostic impact. We then observed increasingly better survival with more intense first-line therapy, in some high-risk patients including autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In multivariate analysis, age, severe thrombocytopenia, elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels, and failure to achieve CR after induction independently predicted longer OS, whereas complex karyotype predicted shorter OS only in univariate analysis. The achievement of minimal residual disease negativity predicted better OS and DFS. Long-term survival was observed also in a minority of elderly patients who received intensive consolidation. All considered, we identified among CBF AML patients a subgroup with poorer prognosis who might benefit from more intense first-line treatment.

Platelet Pathogen Reduction Technology-Should We Stay or Should We Go ?

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has significantly challenged blood transfusion services (BTS) for providing blood products and for keeping blood supplies available. The possibility that a similar pandemic event may occur again has induced researchers and transfusionists to investigate the adoption of new tools to prevent and reduce these risks. Similarly, increased donor travelling and globalization, with consequent donor deferral and donor pool reduction, have contributed to raising awareness on this topic. Although recent studies have validated the use of pathogen reduction technology (PRT) for the control of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTI) this method is not a standard of care despite increasing adoption. We present a critical commentary on the role of PRT for platelets and on associated problems for blood transfusion services (BTS). The balance of the cost effectiveness of adopting PRT is also discussed.

Liver Disease and Sickle Cell Disease: Auto-Immune Hepatitis more than a Coincidence; A Systematic Review of the Literature.

In patients with SCD, chronic liver damage is a common manifestation. More than 50% of SCD patients have elevated liver enzymes. Common underlying aetiologies include sickle cell hepatic crisis, viral hepatitis, sickle cell intrahepatic cholestasis and hepatic sequestration in the acute setting, and cholelithiasis and iron overload in the chronic setting. Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare disease that appears to occur more commonly in the sickle cell disease (SCD) population than in the general population. There are many schools of thought as to why this is the case, including the phosphatidylserine hypothesis, the heme inflammatory hypothesis, the complement generation hypothesis, and the transfusion alloimmunization hypothesis. Due to the natural history of the two illnesses, SCD is almost always diagnosed first in cases of dual pathology. Symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue, and abdominal pain are common in SCD, as are abnormal liver function tests (LFTs). These abnormalities, attributed to the other more frequent liver involvements in SCD, can lead to delays in AIH diagnosis in this population. Corticosteroids, sometimes with other immunosuppressive agents, such as azathioprine, are the cornerstone of acute AIH treatment. However, corticosteroid use in the SCD population has been shown to carry an increased risk of vaso-occlusive crises, providing a treatment dilemma. The following is a review of AIH in the SCD population, where we explore the pathophysiology behind the association between the two disorders, discuss an approach to investigating abnormal LFTs in SCD, and examine treatment options in this population with co-existing diseases.

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease of donor origin, following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a patient with blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm.

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is an extremely rare condition that originates from dendritic cells. We report on the first case of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-driven post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) of donor origin in a BPDC patient post-allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Flow cytometry study identified a cell population CD4+/CD56+/CD45RA+/CD123+/TCL1+ suggestive of BPDCN diagnosis, which was confirmed by a lymph node biopsy (cells positive for BCL11a, BDCA-2, CD2AP, CD123, TCL1 and S100). Cytogenetic analysis revealed a complex karyotype: (19 metaphase) 47,XX,t(1;6)(q21;q2?5),-13 + 2mar[11]/47, XX, +21 [3]/46,XX [5]. The patient was started on acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) induction schedule, and subsequently an allogeneic HSCT was performed. On day +36 post-HSCT, bone marrow biopsy/aspirate showed complete morphological remission, and chimerism study showed 100% donor chimera. However, on day +37, the patient was found to have enlarged cervical and supraclavicular lymphoadenopathy, splenomegaly and raised lactic dehydrogenase. EBV-DNA copies in blood were elevated, consistent with a lytic cycle. A lymph node biopsy showed EBV encoded RNA and large atypical B cells (CD45dim-, CD4+/CD56+, monoclonal for k-chain, CD19+/CD20+/CD21+/CD22+/CD38+/CD43+/CD79ß-/CD5-/CD10-), consistent with PTLD monomorphic type. Chimerism study showed that PTLD was of donor origin. This case together with the recent literature findings on BPDCN and PTLD are discussed.

Bendamustine with or without rituximab for the treatment of heavily pretreated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients : A multicenter retrospective study on behalf of the Italian Lymphoma Foundation (FIL).

Bendamustine is an alkylating agent with a nitrogen mustard group and a purine-like benzimidazole group. The aim of this study was to collect all the Italian experiences with this drug in order to evaluate the results in term of response to therapy and toxicities. We analyzed lymphoma patients treated in 24 Italian haematological centres with bendamustine alone or in combination with anti-CD20 antibody. One hundred seventy-five relapsed or refractory lymphoma patients were enrolled. The median age was 69 years (range 26-87). Seventy-nine patients were relapsed, 35 were refractory and 61 presented a progressive disease after partial response. The diagnoses were 60 indolent non-follicular lymphomas, 34 diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, 48 follicular lymphomas, 30 mantle cell lymphomas and three peripheral T-cell lymphomas. All patients were evaluable for response: 52 (29%) with complete remission, 72 (43%) with partial response with an overall response rate of 71%, and 51 non-responders. With a median observation period of 10 months (1-43), 70% of patients are alive. In summary, this retrospective study shows that treatment with bendamustine alone or in combination with rituximab is a safe and effective regimen in a subset of multi-resistant patients.

Quality of life in elderly patients with essential thrombocythaemia. An Italian multicentre study.

Essential thrombocythaemia (ET) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by elevated platelet counts and increased incidence of thrombosis and haemorrhage. Median age at diagnosis is 65-70 years. Life expectancy is similar to that of the healthy population. Symptoms and complications may affect quality of life (QoL); in particular, in elderly patients ET may represent an additional burden. We performed a survey in 494 elderly ET patients to evaluate patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Comorbidities were present in 305 (62%) patients. Factorial analysis based on survey items representing psychological aspects of daily life identified an "attitude domain" with four clusters of patients: (A) very pessimistic (n = 99), (B) pessimistic (n = 101), (C) optimistic (n = 90), and (D) very optimistic (n = 107). Patients in cluster A had more comorbidities (p = 0.003) while patients in cluster D required fewer medical visits and were less disturbed by medications (p < 0.0001). Independent factors predicting Short-Form Health Survey, version 2 physical QoL were grade of optimism (p < 0.0001), gender (p = 0.007), and Charlson comorbidity index (p < 0.0001)). Grade of optimism and disturbances related to medication predicted mental QOL (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, physicians should take into consideration PROs, as "attitude" is associated with physical and mental QoL. Treatment should be tailored to patients' needs according to comorbidities, lifestyle, and psychological conditions.

Treatment of DIHS/DRESS syndrome with combined N-acetylcysteine, prednisone and valganciclovir--a hypothesis.

BACKGROUND: Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DIHS/DRESS) is a rare and severe adverse drug reaction with an associated mortality of 10-20%. Clinical worsening despite discontinuation of the culprit drug is considered a characteristic feature of DIHS/DRESS. Besides the early recognition of the syndrome and discontinuation of its causative drug, the mainstay of treatment is systemic corticosteroids. Nevertheless, treatment of severe DIHS/DRESS is not well defined, as corticosteroids may sometimes not be effective, and decreasing the dose may be associated with flaring of the disease. CASE REPORT: A 38-year-old woman with high fever, malaise, abdominal pain, rash, and elevated liver enzymes received immediate high-dose N-acetylcysteine, because acetaminophen hepatotoxicity was suspected. N-acetylcysteine administration was associated with a significant clinical improvement. However, within the next week DIHS/DRESS syndrome was diagnosed, which explained all the symptoms, and which was subsequently treated with prednisone and valganciclovir. CONCLUSIONS: New options necessary to improve treatment of severe DIHD/DRESS have to consider its sequential pathogenetic mechanisms. N-acetylcysteine might neutralize the drug-derived reactive metabolites, which are responsible for protein adduct formation and specific T cell stimulation, and replete the glutathione stores that counterbalance oxidative stress. Prednisone might inhibit lymphoproliferation and valganciclovir might prevent complications related to HHV-6 reactivation. We therefore propose the unprecedented combination of N-acetylcysteine, prednisone and valganciclovir as a treatment option for DIHS/DRESS.

Utility of serum indices in a particular case of serum protein electrophoresis.

Screening and measurement of monoclonal (M) proteins are commonly performed using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The identification of M-protein or monoclonal component (CM) is an essential requirement for diagnosis and monitoring of monoclonal gammopathies. The detection of CM has been largely improved by CZE. Capillary electrophoresis estimates CM more accurately, because absence of variation due to different dye binding affinities of proteins as instead seen with agarose gel electrophoresis. However, interferences can be present in CZE. This occurs because all substances absorbing at 200 nm can be identified. Recognition and handling of specimens exhibiting such interferences is essential to ensure accurate diagnostic and patient safety. We herein report on an unusual case of serum protein electrophoresis, to highlight that laboratory staff must be aware of and familiarise with the information provided by laboratory instruments. For example, in the case of serum indices, about specimen quality.

Contribution of natural killer cells in innate immunity against colorectal cancer.

Natural killer cells are members of the innate immune system and promote cytotoxic activity against tumor or infected cells independently from MHC recognition. NK cells are modulated by the expression of activator/inhibitory receptors. The ratio of this activator/inhibitory receptors is responsible for the cytotoxic activity of NK cells toward the target cells. Owing to the potent anti-tumor properties of NK cells, they are considered as interesting approach in tumor treatment. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of death in the world and the incidence is about 2 million new cases per year. Metastatic CRC is accompanied by a poor prognosis with less than three years of overall survival. Chemotherapy and surgery are the most adopted treatments. Besides, targeted therapy and immune checkpoint blockade are novel approach to CRC treatment. In these patients, circulating NK cells are a prognostic marker. The main target of CRC immune cell therapy is to improve the tumor cell's recognition and elimination by immune cells. Adaptive NK cell therapy is the milestone to achieve the purpose. Allogeneic NK cell therapy has been widely investigated within clinical trials. In this review, we focus on the NK related approaches including CAR NK cells, cell-based vaccines, monoclonal antibodies and immunomodulatory drugs against CRC tumoral cells.