Recommendations by the Scientific Department of Neuroimmunology of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology (DCNI/ABN) and the Brazilian Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunological Diseases (BCTRIMS) on vaccination in general and specifically against SARS-CoV-2 for patients with demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system.

The Scientific Department of Neuroimmunology of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology (DCNI/ABN) and Brazilian Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunological Diseases (BCTRIMS) provide recommendations in this document for vaccination of the population with demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) against infections in general and against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19. We emphasize the seriousness of the current situation in view of the spread of COVID-19 in our country. Therefore, reference guides on vaccination for clinicians, patients, and public health authorities are particularly important to prevent some infectious diseases. The DCNI/ABN and BCTRIMS recommend that patients with CNS demyelinating diseases (e.g., MS and NMOSD) be continually monitored for updates to their vaccination schedule, especially at the beginning or before a change in treatment with a disease modifying drug (DMD). It is also important to note that vaccines are safe, and physicians should encourage their use in all patients. Clearly, special care should be taken when live attenuated viruses are involved. Finally, it is important for physicians to verify which DMD the patient is receiving and when the last dose was taken, as each drug may affect the induction of immune response differently.

Clinical Features of COVID-19 on Patients With Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical features and disease outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). METHODS: The Neuroimmunology Brazilian Study Group has set up the report of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV2) cases in patients with NMOSD (pwNMOSD) using a designed web-based case report form. All neuroimmunology outpatient centers and individual neurologists were invited to register their patients across the country. Data collected between March 19 and July 25, 2020, were uploaded at the REDONE.br platform. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) NMOSD diagnosis according to the 2015 International Panel Criteria and (2) confirmed SARS-CoV2 infection (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or serology) or clinical suspicion of COVID-19, diagnosed according to Center for Disease Control / Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CDC/CSTE) case definition. Demographic and NMOSD-related clinical data, comorbidities, disease-modifying therapy (DMT), COVID-19 clinical features, and severity were described. RESULTS: Among the 2,061 pwNMOSD followed up by Brazilian neurologists involved on the registry of COVID-19 in pwNMOSD at the REDONE.br platform, 34 patients (29 women) aged 37 years (range 8-77), with disease onset at 31 years (range 4-69) and disease duration of 6 years (range 0.2-20.5), developed COVID-19 (18 confirmed and 16 probable cases). Most patients exhibited mild disease, being treated at home (77%); 4 patients required admission at intensive care units (severe cases); and 1 patient died. Five of 34 (15%) presented neurologic manifestations (relapse or pseudoexacerbation) during or after SARS-CoV2 infection. DISCUSSION: Most NMOSD patients with COVID-19 presented mild disease forms. However, pwNMOSD had much higher odds of hospitalization and intensive care unit admission comparing with the general Brazilian population. The frequency of death was not clearly different. NMOSD disability, DMT type, and comorbidities were not associated with COVID-19 outcome. SARS-CoV2 infection was demonstrated as a risk factor for NMOSD relapses. Collaborative studies using shared NMOSD data are needed to suitably define factors related to COVID-19 severity and neurologic manifestations.

Recommendations by the Scientific Department of Neuroimmunology of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology (DCNI/ABN) and the Brazilian Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunological Diseases (BCTRIMS) on vaccination in general and specifically against SARS-CoV-2 for patients with demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system / Recomendações do Departamento Científico de Neuroimunologia da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia (DCNI/ABN) e do Comitê Brasileiro de Tratamento e Pesquisa em Esclerose Múltipla e Doenças Neuroimunológicas (BCTRIMS) sobre vacinação em geral e contra a SARS-CoV-2 para pacientes com doenças desmielinizantes do sistema nervoso central

ABSTRACT The Scientific Department of Neuroimmunology of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology (DCNI/ABN) and Brazilian Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunological Diseases (BCTRIMS) provide recommendations in this document for vaccination of the population with demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) against infections in general and against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19. We emphasize the seriousness of the current situation in view of the spread of COVID-19 in our country. Therefore, reference guides on vaccination for clinicians, patients, and public health authorities are particularly important to prevent some infectious diseases. The DCNI/ABN and BCTRIMS recommend that patients with CNS demyelinating diseases (e.g., MS and NMOSD) be continually monitored for updates to their vaccination schedule, especially at the beginning or before a change in treatment with a disease modifying drug (DMD). It is also important to note that vaccines are safe, and physicians should encourage their use in all patients. Clearly, special care should be taken when live attenuated viruses are involved. Finally, it is important for physicians to verify which DMD the patient is receiving and when the last dose was taken, as each drug may affect the induction of immune response differently.

RESUMO O DC de Neuroimunologia da ABN e o BCTRIMS trazem, nesse documento, as recomendações sobre vacinação da população com doenças desmielinizantes do sistema nervoso central (SNC) contra infecções em geral e contra o coronavírus da síndrome respiratória aguda grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causador da COVID-19. Destaca-se a gravidade do atual momento frente ao avanço da COVID-19 em nosso País, o que torna mais evidente e importante a criação de guia de referência para orientação aos médicos, pacientes e autoridades de saúde pública quanto à vacinação, meio efetivo e seguro no controle de determinadas doenças infecciosa. O DCNI/ABN e o BCTRIMS recomendam que os pacientes com doenças desmielinizantes do SNC (ex., EM e NMOSD) sejam constantemente monitorados, quanto a atualização do seu calendário vacinal, especialmente, no início ou antes da mudança do tratamento com uma droga modificadora de doença (DMD). É importante também salientar que as vacinas são seguras e os médicos devem estimular o seu uso em todos os pacientes. Evidentemente, deve ser dada especial atenção às vacinas com vírus vivos atenuados. Por fim, é importante que os médicos verifiquem qual DMD o paciente está em uso e quando foi feita a sua última dose, pois cada fármaco pode interagir de forma diferente com a indução da resposta imune.

Prevalence of presenile dementia in a tertiary outpatient clinic.

There are very few reports about prevalence of presenile dementia in Brazil. We reviewed files of patients evaluated with early onset of cognitive impairment in our institution. Among 141 patients (61% males) there was no difference between gender by age at onset or at first evaluation. We have observed an increasing number of patients after 50 years. The most frequent causes were: vascular dementia (36.9%), Alzheimer's disease (20.3%) and traumatic brain injury (9.2%). There was difference among dementia type by age of onset and first evaluation, educational level and length of dementia. These results may be compared with those from other neurologic services in order to replicate or confirm these results.

Prevalence of presenile dementia in a tertiary outpatient clinic

Em nosso meio há raros estudos que verifiquem quais as causas mais prevalentes de demência pré-senil. Avaliamos retrospectivamente os prontuários de pacientes com início precoce de alterações cognitivas, ambulatório de Neurologia da Cognição do Hospital Santa Marcelina. Entre os 141 sujeitos (61% de homens) não houve diferença quanto às idades de início e à primeira consulta e escolaridade entre os sexos. Observamos aumento no número de demência após os 50 anos. A causa mais freqüente foi vascular (36,9%), seguida por doença de Alzheimer (20,3%) e secundária a trauma cranio encefálico (9,2%). Houve diferença entre os tipos de demência quanto à idade na primeira consulta e idade de início, escolaridade e duração do quadro. Ao contrário de outros estudos o diagnóstico mais freqüente foi demência vascular. Novos estudos em nosso meio deverão ser realizados para avaliar este achado nas demências de início precoce.

Doença cerebrovascular e neurocisticercose / Cerebrovascular disease and neurocysticercosis

Apresentamos três casos de arterite do sistema nervoso central associada a neurocisticercose. No primeiro caso, relatamos a ocorrência de arterite bilateral das artérias cerebrais médias em um paciente de 36 anos, com quadro de hemiparesia direita e afasia. A ressonância nuclear do encéfalo evidenciou cisto racemoso parietal direito e infarto temporal esquerdo. O estudo angiográfico mostrou oclusäo total da artéria cerebral média esquerda e oclusäo subtotal da artéria cerebral média direita. No segundo caso demonstramos a ocorrência de vasculite de pequenos vasos em um paciente de 42 anos, com quadro de cefaléia, crises convulsivas, afasia e déficit motor. A tomografia de crânio revelou calcificaçöes intraparenquimatosas e área isquêmica temporal esquerda. O estudo angiográfico cerebral revelou-se normal. O terceiro caso trata de uma paciente de 53 anos de idade com história pregressa de seis episódios de acidente vascular cerebral e quadro atual de distúrbio do comportamento e convulsöes. A tomografia e ressonância nuclear magnética de crânio revelaram múltiplos infartos lacunares e cistos cisternais. A angiografia cerebral mostrou arterite de vasos intracranianos tanto do sistema carotídeo como vértebro-basilar. Nos três casos o estudo quimiocitológico do líquor mostrou pleocitose linfomonocitária e reaçäo imunológica (ELISA) para cisticercose positiva

Síndrome de Miller Fisher e neurite óptica: relato de caso / Miller Fisher syndrome and optic neuritis: case report

Descreve-se um caso de síndrome de Miller Fisher associada a neuropatia óptica desmielinizante bilateral, confirmada pelo exame de potencial evocado visual, sugerindo possível comprometimento do sistema nervoso central nessa síndrome

O eletroencefalograma (EEG) na confusäo mental / Encephalography (EEG) IN MENTAL CONFUSION

Foi avaliada a importância do EEG em 167 pacientes internados que apresentaram quadro confusional "sensu latu" decorrente de diferentes causas, tanto primárias neurológicas como sistêmica; houve predomínio em idosos (118 pacientes acima de 60 anos - 70.66 por cento), com 49 pacientes (29.34 por cento) abaixo de 60 anos. A importância dos achados do EEG foi classificada: grupo 1 EEG com menor importância (valor informativo); grupo 2 EEG com importância média; grupo 3 EEG com importância máxima, determinando mudanças de conduta clínica. As principais condiçöes encontradas no grupo 3 foram : crises näo convulsivas subentrantes, clinicamente näo diagnosticadas antes do EEG; EEG normal, sugerindo prevalência de distúrbios psíquicos; atividade delta polimorfa, localizada em hemisfério cerebral esquerdo, correlacionada com afasia; distúrbio generalizado por ondas lentas. A incidência destas alteraçöes variou de acordo com a idade, com o EEG se mostrando mais importante nos pacientes mais jovens, e essencial na avaliaçäo do quadro confusional