Brazilian cohort study of risk factors associated with unsuccessful outcomes of drug resistant tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: Treatment outcomes were evaluated of a cohort of new pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) cases that were rifampicin resistant, multidrug-resistant, or extensively resistant during 2013 and 2014 in Brazil. The objective of this study is to identify factors associated with unfavorable treatment outcomes for drug-resistant TB cases. METHODS: The Brazilian Special Tuberculosis Treatment Information System (SITE-TB) was the main data source. The independent variables were classified into four blocks (block I: individual characteristics; block II: clinical characteristics and proposed treatment; block III: treatment follow-up characteristics; and block IV: TB history). The category of successful therapeutic outcome was compared with lost to follow-up, failure, and death. Considering the multiple outcomes as the dependent variable, the odds ratios (OR) and its respective 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated by multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: After applying the exclusion criteria, 980 (98.8%) individuals were included in the study. Of these, 621 (63.4%) had successful treatment, 163 (16.6%) lost to follow-up, 76 (7.8%) failed, and 120 (12.2%) died. Important factors associated with lost to follow-up in the final model included use of illicit drugs (OR = 2.5 95% CI: 1.57-3.82). Outcome failure was associated with having disease in both lungs (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.09-3.62) and using more than one or not using injectable medication (OR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.05-7.69). Major factors for the death outcome were at least 60 years old (OR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.90-6.03) and HIV positive (OR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.45-4.83). CONCLUSIONS: The factors associated with unfavorable treatment outcomes were different. Some of these factors are specific to each outcome, which reflects the complexity of providing care to these individuals.

Inequalities in socioeconomic status and race and the odds of undergoing a mammogram in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Access to mammograms, in common with other diagnostic procedures, is strongly conditioned by socioeconomic disparities. Which aspects of inequality affect the odds of undergoing a mammogram, and whether they are the same in different localities, are relevant issues related to the success of health policies. METHODS: This study analyzed data from the 2008 PNAD - Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (11.607 million women 40 years of age or older), on having had at least one mammogram over life for women 40 years of age or older in each of Brazil's nine Metropolitan Regions (MR), according to socioeconomic position. The effects of income, schooling, health insurance and race in the different regions were investigated using multivariate logistical regression for each region individually, and for all MRs combined. The age-adjusted odds of a woman having had a mammogram according to race and stratified by two income strata (and two schooling strata) were also analyzed. RESULTS: Having a higher income increases four to seven times a woman's odds of having had at least one mammogram in all MRs except Curitiba. For schooling, the gradient, though less steep, is favorable to women with more years of study. Having health insurance increases two to three times the odds in all MRs. Multivariate analysis did not show differences due to race (except for the Fortaleza MR), but the stratified analysis by income and schooling shows effects of race in most MRs, with greater differences for women with higher socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that income and schooling, as well as having health insurance, are still important determinants of inequality in health service use in Brazil. Additionally, race also contributes to the odds of having had a mammogram. The point is not to isolate the effect of each factor, but to evaluate how their interrelations may exacerbate differences, generating patterns of cumulative adversity, a theme that is still little explored in Brazil. This is much more important when we consider that race has only recently started be included in analyses of health outcomes in Brazil.

[Social determinants and self-reported tuberculosis: National Research by Household Sample, metropolitan areas, Brazil]. / Determinantes sociais e autorrelato de tuberculose nas regiões metropolitanas conforme a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios, Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between individual demographic and socioeconomic variables and the incidence of self-reported tuberculosis in Brazil. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used data from the health supplement of the 2008 National Research by Household Sample (PNAD) for Brazil's metropolitan areas. An analysis was done of the association between demographic, social, and health service use variables and the odds of having been diagnosed with tuberculosis, according to data from PNAD. Socioeconomic status was assessed based on per capita household income, educational attainment, race, and number of persons per bedroom. Having a place of reference for health care and having health insurance were used as proxy for access to health care, and having been to a doctor in the previous 12 months was used as a variable of health service use. Due to the complex sample design of PNAD, logistic regression was used, taking into account the design effect. RESULTS: The odds of being diagnosed with tuberculosis increased with age and were greater among men. Within the nine metropolitan areas, the effect of income was observed starting at half the minimum wage, with odds decreasing as income increased. Not having seen a doctor in the previous year and having finished high school reduced the odds of reporting tuberculosis by 60%. CONCLUSIONS: Improving the living conditions of vulnerable population segments and facilitating their access to diagnosis should be primary strategies for controlling tuberculosis.

Trends in prevalence of gastroschisis in Brazil from 2007 to 2020: A national population-based cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Gastroschisis is a congenital abnormality of the abdominal wall which worldwide prevalence is increasing with time. Up to now, young maternal age is the main factor associated with gastroschisis. Brazil has a great proportion of adolescent mothers. OBJECTIVES: To estimate prevalence of gastroschisis in Brazil, explore the effect of very young maternal age, and analyze regional distribution and time trends. METHODS: Cross-sectional population-based study using data from official national information systems from 2007 to 2020, covering 9,831 gastroschisis cases. Low maternal age was assessed as risk factor through odds ratio. Prevalence time trends by maternal age and geographic area were analyzed using joinpoint regression. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of gastroschisis in Brazil was 2.47 per 10,000 births. From first to last biennium, there was a 23% relative increase. Last biennium prevalence was higher in the Central-west region and lower in the Northeast. Compared to mothers of 20-34 years old (YO), the odds-ratio for prevalence and 95% confidence intervals for gastroschisis were, as follows: (a) 10-14 YO-4.9 (4.3,5.5); (b) 15-19 YO-3.6 (3.5,3.8); and (c) 35-49 YO-0.3 (95% CI 0.3, 0.4). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of gastroschisis in Brazil relatively increased 23% from 2007 to 2020. This happened in all maternal age groups. Differences between regions may be associated to data quality. Young mothers had a higher prevalence of gastroschisis and still higher for those under 15 YO. Mother age over 34 YO was a protective factor.

[Evolution of the completeness and consistency of the gastroschisis registry in the Brazilian Live Birth Information System, from 2005 to 2020]. / Evolução da completude e consistência do registro de gastrosquise no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos no Brasil, de 2005 a 2020.

This study aimed to evaluate the evolution of the completeness and consistency of the gastroschisis registry in the Brazilian Live Birth Information System (SINASC). It is a time-series study on the completeness of the variable "occurrence of congenital anomaly" and the consistency of gastroschisis diagnosis in SINASC, in biennia from 2005 to 2020, for federative units, region, and Brazil. The consistency was estimated by the ratio between deaths from gastroschisis registered in the Brazilian Mortality Information System (SIM) and the total number of cases recorded in SINASC. Temporal trend was analyzed by joinpoint regression. In the period, 46,574,995 live births and 10,024 cases of gastroschisis were recorded. A total of 5,632 infant deaths due to gastroschisis were identified. The percentage of incompleteness decreased from 6.52% to 1.87%, with an annual percentage variation (APV) of -14.5%, and completeness reached excellence (≤ 5% of incompleteness), except in the Central-West Region. Case/death ratios above 1 were found in the North and Northeast regions and in some federative units in the Central-West, but there was a decrease, approaching the mortality found in studies in the South and Southeast regions. Its reduction was more pronounced until 2009-2010 (APV = -10.7%) and smaller later (APV = -4.4%). The quality of the gastroschisis registry reflects regional differences in the overall quality of SINASC, constituting as a marker for malformations that require complex neonatal care.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a evolução da completude e da consistência do registro de gastrosquise no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) no Brasil. Trata-se de estudo de série temporal sobre a completude da variável "ocorrência de anomalia congênita" e a consistência do diagnóstico de gastrosquise no SINASC, nos biênios entre 2005 e 2020, para Unidades da Federação, região e Brasil. A consistência foi estimada pela razão entre óbitos por gastrosquise registrados no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e o total de casos registrados no SINASC. A tendência temporal foi analisada por regressão joinpoint. No período, havia registro de 46.574.995 nascidos vivos e 10.024 casos de gastrosquise entre eles. Identificamos 5.632 óbitos infantis por gastrosquise. O percentual de incompletude diminuiu de 6,52% para 1,87%, com variação percentual anual (VPA) de -14,5%, e a completude atingiu a excelência (≤ 5% de incompletude), exceto no Centro-oeste do país. Razão óbito/caso acima de 1 foi encontrada nas regiões Norte e Nordeste e em alguns estados do Centro-oeste, mas houve diminuição, aproximando-se da mortalidade encontrada em estudos no Sul e Sudeste. Sua redução foi mais acentuada até 2009-2010 (VPA = -10,7%) e menor posteriormente (VPA = -4,4%). A qualidade do registro de gastrosquise reflete as diferenças regionais da qualidade geral do SINASC, configurando-se uma condição marcadora para malformações que demandam atenção neonatal complexa.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la evolución de la completitud y consistencia del registro de la gastrosquisis en el Sistema de Información de los Nacidos Vivos (SINASC) en Brasil. Se trata de un estudio de serie temporal sobre la completitud de la variable "aparición de anomalía congénita" y la consistencia del diagnóstico de gastrosquisis en el SINASC, en los bienios entre 2005 y 2020, en estados, regiones y Brasil. La consistencia se estimó por la razón entre las defunciones por gastrosquisis registradas en el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad (SIM) y el total de casos inscritos en el SINASC. La tendencia temporal se analizó mediante regresión joinpoint. Durante el período, hubo 46.574.995 nacidos vivos y 10.024 casos de gastrosquisis entre ellos. Identificamos 5.632 muertes infantiles por gastrosquisis. El porcentaje de incompletitud disminuyó de 6,52% a 1,87%, con una variación porcentual anual (VPA) de -14,5%, y la completitud alcanzó la excelencia (≤ 5% de incompletitud), excepto en la región Centro-oeste del país. Se encontró una relación defunciones/caso superior a 1 en las regiones Norte y Nordeste y en algunos estados del Centro-oeste, pero hubo una disminución, acercándose a la mortalidad encontrada en estudios en el Sur y Sudeste. Su reducción fue más pronunciada hasta 2009-2010 (VPA = -10,7%) y después menor (VPA = -4,4%). La calidad del registro de gastrosquisis refleja diferencias regionales relacionadas con la calidad general del SINASC, configurando una condición manifiesta de malformaciones que demandan cuidados neonatales complejos.

The effect modification of occupational social class in the association between sex and type 2 diabetes: results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

We evaluated data from 14,156 baseline participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) collected from 2008 to 2010, to analyze the effect modification of occupational social class on the association between sex and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. The crude and age-adjusted prevalence, according to sex and occupational social class, were estimated using generalized linear models with binomial distribution and logarithmic link function. This model was also used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR), adjusting for age group, race/skin color, and maternal education. The effect modification was measured in the multiplicative and additive scales. Males had higher crude and age-adjusted prevalence in all occupational social class strata. As occupational social class increases, the prevalence among males and females decreases. The PR of males to females decreased according to occupational class: 66% (PR = 1.66; 95%CI: 1.44; 1.90), 39% (PR = 1.39; 95%CI: 1.02; 1.89), and 28% (PR = 1.28; 95%CI: 0.94; 1.75) in the high, middle, and low occupational social classes, respectively. We found an inverse effect of the occupational social class on the association between sex and type 2 diabetes on the multiplicative scale, suggesting that it acts as an effect modifier.

Unexpected slowdown in the decline of tuberculosis mortality rates in Brazil from 1997 to 2017: an ecological study.

BACKGROUND: Brazil is a signatory to the World Health Organization End TB Strategy and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. This study aims to characterize tuberculosis (TB) deaths and TB mortality rates in Brazil for the period 1997-2017. METHODS: We performed an ecological study based on information for TB deaths between 1997 and 2017 extracted from the Mortality Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Data included gender, age group and geographic regions. The trends in mortality rates were estimated using Joinpoint regression analysis, which identifies years in which there is a change in slope of the time series by the Monte Carlo permutation. RESULTS: Between 1997 and 2017 there were 104 172 recorded TB deaths in Brazil and the mortality rates were higher for men and the elderly. The age-adjusted mortality rate decreased from 4.2 per 100 000 in 1997 to 3.0 per 100 000 in 2003 to 2.0 per 100 000 in 2017. The average percentage reduction from 1997 to 2003 was 6.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] -7.7 to -4.7) per year, while from 2003 to 2017 it was 3.0% (95% CI -3.4 to -2.5) per year, representing a slowdown in the rate of decline. CONCLUSION: The high number of deaths and the slowdown in the decline of mortality rates from TB in Brazil maintain the disease as an important public health concern and an obstacle to reaching goals set by international commitments.

[Adequacy of prenatal dental care: social and geographical inequalities in a metropolitan region of Brazil]. / Adequação da assistência odontológica pré-natal: desigualdades sociais e geográficas em uma região metropolitana do Brasil.

This study set out to analyze social and geographical inequalities in the adequacy of prenatal dental care in the Unified Health System (SUS) of the Greater Vitória Metropolitan Region, Espírito Santo, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 1209 postpartum women living in the region admitted to hospital at SUS facilities for childbirth between 2010 and 2011. Data were collected on prenatal medical-dental care, the impact of oral health on the quality of life of pregnant women (Oral Health Impact Profile-14), and predisposing characteristics. Prenatal care was adequate when care corresponded to the recommended treatment. The adequacy of dental care during prenatal care was analyzed using a multivariate logistic model. Oral health was found to have an impact on the quality of life of 102 (8.4%) pregnant women and the adequacy of dental care during prenatal care was only 15.4% (n=156). There was a greater chance of adequacy of prenatal dental care in Vitória (OR=2.44; IC=1.63-3.66), in regions covered by the family health strategy (OR=1.88; IC=1.22-2.89), and in areas with a higher proportion of pregnant women with access to quality prenatal care (OR=3.59; IC=1.64-7.84). Contextual inequalities were decisive for the inadequacy of dental care in prenatal care.

Objetivou-se analisar as desigualdades sociais e geográficas na adequação da assistência odontológica pré-natal no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) da Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil. Realizou-se um estudo seccional com 1.209 puérperas residentes na região, internadas no SUS para parto em 2010 e 2011. Coletaram-se dados sobre assistência médica-odontológica pré-natal, impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida (Oral Health Impact Profile-14) e características contextuais, predisponentes e capacitantes. A assistência odontológica pré-natal foi adequada quando o cuidado prestado correspondeu ao tratamento preconizado. Analisou-se a chance de adequação da assistência odontológica pré-natal por meio de modelo logístico multivariado. Verificou-se que a saúde bucal impactou a qualidade de vida de 102 (8,4%) gestantes e a adequação da assistência odontológica pré-natal foi apenas de 15,4% (n=156). Houve maior chance de adequação da assistência odontológica pré-natal em Vitória (OR=2,44; IC=1,63-3,66), na presença de Estratégia Saúde da Família (OR=1,88; IC=1,22-2,89) e de pré-natal de qualidade (OR=3,59; IC=1,64-7,84). As desigualdades contextuais foram determinantes para inadequação da assistência odontológica no pré-natal.

Is the number of previous hospitalizations associated with increased in-hospital mortality after hip fracture in a developing country?

PURPOSE: We aimed to examine whether the number of previous hospitalizations and the main diagnoses of those hospitalizations are associated with increased in-hospital hip fracture mortality for older people. That assessment is relevant because if those variables are shown to be associated with increased mortality, that finding could support their use as proxies for comorbidity burden for case-mix adjustment in statistical models seeking to compare the performance of hospitals regarding hip fracture mortality in settings with limited hospital information systems. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study of all public hospital admissions for older adults with hip fractures in the city of Rio de Janeiro between 2010 and 2011, we used data from the Hospital Admission Information System database to examine the association between in-hospital mortality and the number of hospitalizations in the previous two years and their main diagnoses through logistic regression. RESULTS: Among 1938 patients included in the study there were 103 (5.3%) in-hospital deaths. Although the presence of hospitalization episodes within the two years preceding the index hip fracture was associated with increased mortality (OR: 1.78, 95%CI: 1.07 to 2.97) we did not find evidence of a gradient of increased mortality with a growing number of previous hospitalizations. Additionally, several diseases recorded as main diagnoses of previous hospitalizations were not associated with increased mortality rates, as was expected based on existing knowledge on risk factors for decreased survival in older adults with hip fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that, in settings where local hospital information systems have limited access to secondary diagnoses, the use of the number of previous hospitalizations or the main diagnoses associated with those hospitalizations as proxies for the profile of comorbidities of older adults with hip fractures may not be an effective way to adjust for case-mix when comparing in-hospital mortality rates among hospitals.

Social and geographical inequalities in the performance of prenatal care in a metropolitan area of Brazil. / Desigualdades sociais e geográficas no desempenho da assistência pré-natal de uma Região Metropolitana do Brasil.

This study analyzed the social and geographical inequalities in the performance of prenatal medical care in the Unified Health System (SUS) in the Metropolitan Region of Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 1,209 puerperae living in this region, admitted for childbirth from 2010 to 2011. Data about prenatal care and contextual, enabling, and social characteristics were collected, following the Andersen's Behavioral Model. The performance of prenatal care was classified into five levels, including information on the number of prenatal visits, initial and repetitive examinations, tetanus vaccination, gestational risk management, and participation in educational activities. The likelihood of different levels of prenatal care performance was analyzed using a multivariate multinomial model, according to maternal social variables. High prenatal coverage (98%) and 4.4% care adequacy were identified. The likelihood of access to prenatal care was increased by enabling, contextual, and social factors. The relationship between prenatal care quality and pregnant women's social and geographical conditions must be considered in the organization of services to achieve equity and reduce maternal and perinatal morbimortality.

Analysis of the application of a deterministic routine for identifying multiple pregnancies on SINASC, Brazil. / Análise da aplicação de uma rotina determinística para a identificação de gestações múltiplas no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the application of a deterministic routine for identifying multiple pregnancies on the Brazilian Live Birth Information System (SINASC). METHODS: SINASC data deduplication and linkage with the mortality database (fetal deaths) for Rio de Janeiro state for the period 2007-2008; we used a deterministic routine, using a key based on SINASC maternal and birth information, complemented by manual review. RESULTS: of the 433,874 SINASC records, 9,036 (2.1%) were classified as multiple pregnancy newborns; after implementing the routine, we reclassified 385 records as twins, and 286 as singletons; accuracy of multiple pregnancy information on the SINASC database was high (sensitivity=95.8%; specificity=99.9%); applying the routine without the manual review process increased sensitivity by 4.2%, with no significant change of specificity. CONCLUSION: despite the accuracy of information regarding multiple pregnancy held on SINASC, we suggest the use of this routine as an option for improving classification of twins.

[Gaps in drug-resistant tuberculosis surveillance: probabilistic database linkage in Brazil]. / Lacunas na vigilância da tuberculose drogarresistente: relacionando sistemas de informação do Brasil.

The study aimed to assess the coverage and reliability of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) case closure in the Information System on Special Treatments for Tuberculosis (SITE-TB in Portuguese) in Brazil from 2013 to 2016, based on probabilistic linkage with the Information System on Diseases of Notification (SINAN), Laboratory Environment Manager (GAL), and Mortality Information System (SIM). The study population consisted of DR-TB cases that initiated treatment from 2013 to 2016 in Brazil. Linkage with SINAN assessed the coverage and estimated underreporting of DR-TB cases. The capture-recapture method was applied, using the Chapman estimator. Linkage with GAL identified cases diagnosed by the laboratory that had not been reported to SITE-TB. Linkage with SIM assessed the reliability of case closure by death in SITE-TB, using the kappa coefficient. We estimated a population of 2,945 (95%CI: 2,365-3,602) new cases of DR-TB with the Chapman estimator. We located 1,626 individuals in the GAL database that had not been reported to SITE-TB, even with laboratory confirmation of drug resistance. PABAK (prevalance and bias adjusted kappa) of 0.86 (95%CI: 0.85-0.87) was classified as excellent for the agreement in death as the outcome between the SITE-TB and SIM databases. The results pointed to persistent gaps related to diagnosis and treatment of DR-TB in Brazil. Underreporting of DR-TB cases in the SITE-TB database poses a challenge for TB control. Identification of these individuals and early start of treatment should be prioritized in health services.

Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN): main features of tuberculosis notification and data analysis. / Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan): principais características da notificação e da análise de dados relacionada à tuberculose.

The Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) enables knowledge of the profile of people with active tuberculosis (TB) in a country of continental dimensions such as Brazil. Available in all Brazilian municipalities and states, the system enables continuous consolidation of data, evaluation and monitoring of actions related to TB control in the country. The purpose of this paper is to present the specificities of SINAN-Net related to TB, including the follow-up screen, the record linkage and the follow-up report. Additionally, we describe the main variables and indicators and the challenges and limitations of the system.

O Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) possibilita conhecer o perfil das pessoas com tuberculose (TB) ativa em um país continental como o Brasil. Disponível em todos os municípios e estados, o sistema permite contínua consolidação dos dados, avaliação e monitoramento das ações relacionadas ao controle da doença no país. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar as especificidades do Sinan-Net referentes à TB, entre elas a tela de acompanhamento, a rotina de vinculação e o boletim de acompanhamento. Adicionalmente, são descritas as principais variáveis e indicadores, os desafios e limitações do sistema.

El Sistema de Información de Agravamientos de Notificación (Sinan) posibilita conocer el perfil de las personas con tuberculosis (TB) activa en un país continental como Brasil. Disponible en todos los municipios y estados, el sistema posibilita una continua consolidación de los datos, evaluación y monitoreo de las acciones relacionadas al control de la enfermedad en el país. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar las especificidades del Sinan-Net con relación a la TB, entre ellas la pantalla de acompañamiento, la rutina de vinculación y el boletín de acompañamiento. Adicionalmente, describimos las principales variables e indicadores y los desafíos y limitaciones del sistema.

COVID-19 epidemic in Brazil: Where are we at?

OBJETIVE: To analyze the trends of COVID-19 in Brazil in 2020 by Federal Units (FU). METHOD: Ecological time-series based on cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19 from March 11 to May 12. Joinpoint regression models were applied to identify points of inflection in COVID-19 trends, considering the days since the 50th confirmed case as time unit. RESULTS: Brazil reached its 50th confirmed case of COVID-19 in 11 March 2020 and, 63 days after that, on May 12, 177,589 cases had been confirmed. The trends for all regions and FU are upward. In the last segment, from the 31st to the 63rd day, Brazil presented a daily percentage change (DPC) of 7.3% (95%CI= 7.2;7.5). For the country the average daily percentage change (ADPC) was 14.2% (95%CI: 13.8;14.5). The highest ADPC values were found in the North, Northeast and Southeast regions. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, our results show that all FUs in Brazil present upward trends of COVID-19. In some FUs, the slowdown in DPC in the last segment must be considered with caution. Each FU is at a different stage of the pandemic and, therefore, non-pharmacological measures should be adopted accordingly.

Trend of incompleteness of vital statistics in the neonatal period, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1999-2014. / Tendência da incompletude das estatísticas vitais no período neonatal, estado do Rio de Janeiro, 1999-2014.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the incompleteness of variables retrieved from the Live Birth Information System (SINASC) and the Mortality Information System (SIM), in the State of Rio de Janeiro, in the time series 1999 to 2014. METHODS: this was a time series study of SINASC and SIM; the Romero & Cunha score was used to analyze incompleteness; Joinpoint regression was used to analyze temporal trend; in 2014, deaths were evaluated separately according to investigation. RESULTS: regarding SINASC variables, in 1999 marital status (37.40%), number of stillborn children (31.30%), and race/skin color (24.63%) had the highest incompleteness percentages; in 2014, no variable exceeded 5% incompleteness, except occupation; regarding SIM variables, in 1999 five variables exceeded 20%, and missing data for previous stillborn children was over 60%; in 2014, only one variable exceeded 20% incompleteness; investigated deaths had better completeness. CONCLUSION: both systems were found to have improved; the quality of SINASC completeness remained superior to that of SIM.

[Use of database linkage and scripting rules to upgrade variables in the Sinan-TB database]. / Uso de linkage entre diferentes bases de dados para qualificação de variáveis do Sinan-TB e a partir de regras de scripting.

Brazil's Information System on Diseases of Notification (Sinan) is the main tool used by tuberculosis (TB) control programs to assess control measures and TB incidence. This requires data from the system that are reliable and accurate, among other features. The study thus aimed to upgrade the entry variables, condition at closure, HIV testing, AIDS-related illness, and diabetes. Linkage was performed between the Sinan-TB database, the Mortality Information System (SIM), and the single AIDS database for the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Criteria for upgrading the variables were based on technical materials on TB and the Sinan database and were implemented in a script in Structured Query Language (SQL). There was a 115% increase in treatment dropout due to the decrease in transfers, records without closure, and patients closed due to cure in less than 150 days. There was a 2.4% increase in records with diseases associated with diabetes in the affirmative category after using data from the SIM. For the variables HIV testing and AIDS-associated illness, the increases were 5.3% and 8.7%, respectively, when the information in the AIDS database was considered. In conclusion, upgrading the Sinan-TB database through integration with other information systems improved the data's quality for decision-making on TB control.

O Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) é a principal ferramenta utilizada pelos programas de controle da tuberculose (TB), para avaliar as ações de controle e a taxa de incidência da doença. Para tal, faz-se necessário que os dados provenientes desse sistema sejam, dentre outros, confiáveis e acurados. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi qualificar as variáveis tipo de entrada, situação de encerramento, teste para HIV, agravo associado aids e diabetes. Foi realizado um linkage entre a base de dados do Sinan-TB, do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e a base única da aids do Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Os critérios para qualificação das variáveis estão fundamentados em materiais técnicos sobre a TB e sobre o Sinan, e foram implementados em um script em Structured Query Language (SQL). Observou-se um aumento de 115% do abandono de tratamento decorrente da diminuição das transferências, dos registros sem encerramento e de pacientes encerrados por cura com menos de 150 dias. Houve acréscimo de 2,4% de registros com agravo associado diabetes na categoria sim, após utilizada a informação contida no SIM. Para as variáveis teste para HIV e agravo associado à aids o acréscimo foi de 5,3% e 8,7%, respectivamente, com a consideração da informação contida na base da aids. Concluiu-se que a qualificação da base de dados do Sinan-TB, valendo-se da integração com outros sistemas de informação, aprimorou a qualidade da informação para a tomada de decisão para o controle da TB.

El Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación obligatoria (Sinan) es la principal herramienta utilizada por los programas de control de la tuberculosis (TB), para evaluar las acciones de control y la tasa de incidencia de la enfermedad. Para tal fin, es necesario que los datos provenientes de este sistema sean, entre otros aspectos, fiables y precisos. De esta forma, el objetivo de este estudio fue cualificar las variables: tipo de entrada, situación de cierre, test para VIH, enfermedad asociada al SIDA y diabetes. Se realizó una vinculación entre la base de datos del Sinan-TB, del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad (SIM) y la base única del SIDA del municipio de Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Los criterios para la cualificación de las variables están fundamentados en materiales técnicos sobre la TB y sobre el Sinan, y fueron implementados en un script con Structured Query Language (SQL). Se observó un aumento de un 115% en el abandono del tratamiento, a consecuencia de la disminución de transferencias, de los registros sin cierre y de pacientes internados por tratamiento menos de 150 días. Hubo un incremento de un 2,4% de los registros con enfermedad asociada a la diabetes en la categoría SIM, tras utilizar la información contenida en el SIM. Para las variables test del VIH y enfermedad asociada al SIDA el incremento fue de un 5,3% y un 8,7%, respectivamente, considerando la información contenida en la base de datos del SIDA. Se concluyó que la cualificación de la base de datos del Sinan-TB, valiéndose de la integración con otros sistemas de información, perfeccionó la calidad de la información en la toma de decisiones para el control de la TB.

Special Tuberculosis Treatment Information System (SITE-TB) in Brazil: background, description and perspectives. / Sistema de Informação de Tratamentos Especiais de Tuberculose (SITE-TB): histórico, descrição e perspectivas.

The Special Tuberculosis Treatment Information System (SITE-TB) arose mainly from the need to routinely monitor all persons with drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) in Brazil, as well as to qualify tuberculosis' drug control. Developed by the Professor Hélio Fraga Reference Center and the Management Sciences for Health/Brazil Project, this online system was implemented in 2013 in all Brazilian states. In addition to DR-TB, the system registers people with drug-sensitive tuberculosis with special regimen indications, and those with nontuberculous mycobacterial infections identified by differential diagnosis of tuberculosis. All confirmed tuberculosis cases should be notified on the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). In situations where treatment with special regimens is necessary, the case is closed on SINAN and notified on SITE-TB. Professionals from tuberculosis reference centers report and monitor these cases on the system, as well as manage tuberculosis' drugs.

O Sistema de Informação de Tratamentos Especiais de Tuberculose (SITE-TB) surgiu da necessidade principal de monitorar, rotineiramente, todas as pessoas com tuberculose drogarresistente (TBDR) no Brasil, e qualificar o controle dos fármacos antituberculose. Desenvolvido pelo Centro de Referência Professor Hélio Fraga e pelo projeto Management Sciences for Health/Brasil, esse sistema online foi implantado em 2013, em todas as Unidades da Federação. Além da TBDR, no SITE-TB são registradas pessoas com tuberculose sensível com indicação de esquema especial, e aquelas com micobacterioses não tuberculosas identificadas por diagnóstico diferencial de tuberculose. Toda pessoa com tuberculose confirmada deve ser notificada no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan). Em situações nas quais se faz necessário tratamento com esquema especial, o caso é encerrado no Sinan e notificado no SITE-TB. Profissionais das unidades de referência para tuberculose fazem a notificação e acompanhamento desses casos no sistema, assim como a gestão dos medicamentos.

El Sistema de Información de Tratamientos Especiales de Tuberculosis (SITE-TB) surgió principalmente de la necesidad de monitorear rutinariamente todas las personas con tuberculosis drogorresistente (TB-DR) en Brasil y cualificar el control de drogas antituberculosis. Desarrollado por el Centro de Referencia Profesor Hélio Fraga y el proyecto Management Sciences for Health/Brasil, este sistema online fue implantado en 2013 en todos los estados del país. Además de TB-DR, el SITE-TB registra personas con tuberculosis sensible con indicación de régimen especial, y aquellas con micobacteriosis no tuberculosas identificadas por diagnóstico diferencial de tuberculosis. Toda persona con tuberculosis confirmada debe ser notificada en el Sistema de Información de Agravamientos de Notificación (SINAN). Para situaciones en las que se hace necesario tratamiento con régimen especial, el caso se cierra en el SINAN y se notifica en el SITE-TB. Los profesionales de las unidades de referencia para TB son los que hacen la notificación y seguimiento de estos casos en el sistema, así como la gestión de las drogas antituberculosis.

The Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) for adjustment of hip fracture mortality in the elderly: analysis of the importance of recording secondary diagnoses.

This study evaluates the role of the number of secondary diagnoses for calculating the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) in risk adjustment of the 90-day mortality rate after hip fracture surgical repair. Comorbidities were selected by reviewing the medical records of 390 patients 50 years of age or older in a teaching hospital in Rio de Janeiro from 1995 to 2000. Logistic regression models were fitted including the variables age, sex, and CCI. The CCI was calculated based on: (1) all patients' comorbidities; (2) only the comorbidity with the highest weight; and (3) a single randomly selected comorbidity. There was a gradient in the prediction of the CCI mortality rate when all comorbidities were used (OR = 6.53; 95%CI: 2.27-18.77, for scores >or= 3). The predictive capacity of the CCI was observed even when it was calculated using only one comorbidity: with the highest weight (OR = 2.83; 95%CI: 1.11-7.22); and randomly selected (OR = 2.90; 95%CI: 1.07-7.81). Using all comorbidities for CCI calculation is important. Severity indices based on a single comorbidity can be useful for risk adjustment procedures.

The effect modification of occupational social class in the association between sex and type 2 diabetes: results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) / O efeito da modificação da classe social ocupacional na associação entre sexo e diabetes tipo 2: resultados do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto no Brasil (ELSA-Brasil) / El efecto del cambio de clase social ocupacional en la asociación entre sexo y diabetes tipo 2: resultados del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto en Brasil (ELSA-Brasil)

We evaluated data from 14,156 baseline participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) collected from 2008 to 2010, to analyze the effect modification of occupational social class on the association between sex and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. The crude and age-adjusted prevalence, according to sex and occupational social class, were estimated using generalized linear models with binomial distribution and logarithmic link function. This model was also used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR), adjusting for age group, race/skin color, and maternal education. The effect modification was measured in the multiplicative and additive scales. Males had higher crude and age-adjusted prevalence in all occupational social class strata. As occupational social class increases, the prevalence among males and females decreases. The PR of males to females decreased according to occupational class: 66% (PR = 1.66; 95%CI: 1.44; 1.90), 39% (PR = 1.39; 95%CI: 1.02; 1.89), and 28% (PR = 1.28; 95%CI: 0.94; 1.75) in the high, middle, and low occupational social classes, respectively. We found an inverse effect of the occupational social class on the association between sex and type 2 diabetes on the multiplicative scale, suggesting that it acts as an effect modifier.

Nós avaliamos dados de 14.156 participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto no Brasil (ELSA-Brasil) coletados entre 2008 e 2010 para analisar o efeito de modificação da classe social ocupacional na associação entre sexo e prevalência de diabetes tipo 2. A prevalência bruta e ajustada por idade, de acordo com sexo e classe social ocupacional, foram estimadas usando modelos lineares generalizados com distribuição binomial e função de ligação de logaritmo. Esse modelo também foi utilizado para estimar razões de prevalência (RP), ajustando para faixa etária, raça e escolaridade materna. Medimos a modificação do efeito nas escalas multiplicativa e aditiva. Os homens apresentaram prevalência bruta e ajustada por idade mais alta em todos os estratos de classe social ocupacional. À medida que a classe social ocupacional aumenta, há uma redução na prevalência entre homens e mulheres. A RP de homens para mulheres diminuiu de acordo com a classe ocupacional: foi de 66% (RP = 1,66; IC95%: 1,44; 1,90), 39% (RP = 1,39; IC95%: 1,02; 1,89) e 28% (RP = 1,28; IC95%: 0,94; 1,75) nas classes sociais ocupacionais alta, média e baixa, respectivamente. Houve um efeito inverso da classe social ocupacional na associação entre sexo e diabetes tipo 2 na escala multiplicativa, sugerindo que ela atua como um modificador de efeito.

Evaluamos datos de 14.156 participantes del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud de Adultos en Brasil (ELSA-Brasil) recopilados entre 2008 y 2010 para analizar el efecto del cambio de clase social ocupacional en la asociación entre género y prevalencia de diabetes tipo 2. La prevalencia bruta y ajustada por edad según el sexo y la clase social ocupacional se estimaron utilizando modelos lineales generalizados con distribución binomial y función de enlace logarítmico. Este modelo también se utilizó para estimar las razones de prevalencia (RP) ajustando por grupo de edad, raza y educación materna. Medimos la modificación del efecto en las escalas multiplicativa y aditiva. Los hombres tuvieron mayor prevalencia bruta y ajustada por edad en todos los estratos de clase social ocupacional. A medida que aumenta la clase social ocupacional, se reduce la prevalencia entre hombres y mujeres. La RP de hombres a mujeres disminuyó de acuerdo con la clase ocupacional: fue del 66% (RP = 1,66; IC95%: 1,44; 1,90), 39% (RP = 1,39; IC95%: 1,02; 1,89) y 28% (RP = 1,28; IC95%: 0,94; 1,75) en las clases sociales ocupacionales alta, media y baja, respectivamente. Hubo un efecto inverso de la clase social ocupacional en la asociación entre el sexo y la diabetes tipo 2 en la escala multiplicativa, lo que sugiere que actúa como un modificador del efecto.