DLL4/Notch3/WNT5B axis mediates bidirectional prometastatic crosstalk between melanoma and lymphatic endothelial cells.

Despite strong indications that interactions between melanoma and lymphatic vessels actively promote melanoma progression, the molecular mechanisms are not yet completely understood. To characterize molecular factors of this crosstalk, we established human primary lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) cocultures with human melanoma cell lines. Here, we show that coculture with melanoma cells induced transcriptomic changes in LECs and led to multiple changes in their function. WNT5B, a paracrine signaling molecule upregulated in melanoma cells upon LEC interaction, was found to contribute to the functional changes in LECs. Moreover, WNT5B transcription was regulated by Notch3 in melanoma cells following the coculture with LECs, and Notch3 and WNT5B were coexpressed in melanoma patient primary tumor and metastasis samples. Moreover, melanoma cells derived from LEC coculture escaped efficiently from the primary site to the proximal tumor-draining lymph nodes, which was impaired upon WNT5B depletion. This supported the role of WNT5B in promoting the metastatic potential of melanoma cells through its effects on LECs. Finally, DLL4, a Notch ligand expressed in LECs, was identified as an upstream inducer of the Notch3/WNT5B axis in melanoma. This study elucidated WNT5B as a key molecular factor mediating bidirectional crosstalk between melanoma cells and lymphatic endothelium and promoting melanoma metastasis.

Lymphangiogenesis requires Ang2/Tie/PI3K signaling for VEGFR3 cell-surface expression.

Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) induces lymphangiogenesis via VEGF receptor 3 (VEGFR3), which is encoded by the most frequently mutated gene in human primary lymphedema. Angiopoietins (Angs) and their Tie receptors regulate lymphatic vessel development, and mutations of the ANGPT2 gene were recently found in human primary lymphedema. However, the mechanistic basis of Ang2 activity in lymphangiogenesis is not fully understood. Here, we used gene deletion, blocking Abs, transgene induction, and gene transfer to study how Ang2, its Tie2 receptor, and Tie1 regulate lymphatic vessels. We discovered that VEGF-C-induced Ang2 secretion from lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) was involved in full Akt activation downstream of phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K). Neonatal deletion of genes encoding the Tie receptors or Ang2 in LECs, or administration of an Ang2-blocking Ab decreased VEGFR3 presentation on LECs and inhibited lymphangiogenesis. A similar effect was observed in LECs upon deletion of the PI3K catalytic p110α subunit or with small-molecule inhibition of a constitutively active PI3K located downstream of Ang2. Deletion of Tie receptors or blockade of Ang2 decreased VEGF-C-induced lymphangiogenesis also in adult mice. Our results reveal an important crosstalk between the VEGF-C and Ang signaling pathways and suggest new avenues for therapeutic manipulation of lymphangiogenesis by targeting Ang2/Tie/PI3K signaling.

Differential phosphorylation determines the repressor and activator potencies of GLI1 proteins and their efficiency in modulating the HPV life cycle.

The Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signalling pathway plays multiple roles during embryonic development and under pathological conditions. Although the core components of the Shh pathway are conserved, the regulation of signal transduction varies significantly among species and cell types. Protein kinases Ulk3 and Pka are involved in the Shh pathway as modulators of the activities of Gli transcription factors, which are the nuclear mediators of the signal. Here, we investigate the regulation and activities of two GLI1 isoforms, full-length GLI1 (GLI1FL) and GLI1ΔN. The latter protein lacks the first 128 amino acids including the conserved phosphorylation cluster and the binding motif for SUFU, the key regulator of GLI activity. Both GLI1 isoforms are co-expressed in all human cell lines analysed and possess similar DNA binding activity. ULK3 potentiates the transcriptional activity of both GLI1 proteins, whereas PKA inhibits the activity of GLI1ΔN, but not GLI1FL. In addition to its well-established role as a transcriptional activator, GLI1FL acts as a repressor by inhibiting transcription from the early promoters of human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV18). Additionally, compared to GLI1ΔN, GLI1FL is a more potent suppressor of replication of several HPV types. Altogether, our data show that the N-terminal part of GLI1FL is crucial for the realization of its full potential as a transcriptional regulator.

Antibody and genetic testing in coeliac disease.

The description of a range of antibodies associated with coeliac disease has been an important development in the ability to test for this common and treatable condition non-invasively. However, the detection of these antibodies remains unstandardised and the appreciation of the clinical utility of each is evolving. In view of the advances in the diagnosis and understanding of coeliac disease, we discuss: (1) the relative advantages, disadvantages and comparative diagnostic utility of the different antibody tests including the confounding effect of selective IgA deficiency; (2) various technical aspects of these tests; (3) HLA-DQ typing as a supplementary tool to antibody testing; (4) areas of controversy resulting from insufficient or conflicting published data; and (5) potential testing strategies.

An economic evaluation of plasma production via erythroplasmapheresis and whole blood collection.

This paper presents cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) of plasma collection via two alternative methods: whole blood collection (WBC) and erythroplasmapheresis collection (EPC). The objective of the study is to provide an answer to the question 'What is the least-cost method of plasma production'. This question is answered, both from the viewpoint of the blood collection agency (using financial CEA) and from that of 'society' as a whole (using economic CEA). We employ detailed financial data and economic survey data for collections made by a blood collection agency and to WBC and EPC donors in Brisbane, Australia. The results indicate that, despite the superior yield provided by EPC, WBC is actually more cost-effective. This result is robust to thorough sensitivity analysis and arises regardless of whether an economic or financial perspective is taken. We conclude that, ceteris paribus, the cost of recruiting new plasma donors would need to be quite substantial for marginal investments in EPC to be considered cost-effective.

Purification, characterization and plasma half-life of PEGylated soluble recombinant non-HA-binding CD44.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to increase the serum half-life of recombinant CD44 hyaluronan (HA) binding domain by PEGylation. We have previously found that recombinant soluble CD44 HA binding domain (CD44HABD) and its non-HA-binding triple mutant CD44HABD(R41AY78SY79S) (CD44-3MUT) inhibits angiogenesis and subcutaneous tumor growth. However, this ~12 kDa recombinant protein displays a high serum clearance rate. METHODS: Here, we report the purification of monomeric CD44-3MUT from urea solubilized inclusion bodies using weak anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. To increase the serum residence time of CD44-3MUT we PEGylated the resulting protein using 20 kDa methoxy-PEG-propionaldehyde. RESULTS: PEGylation of CD44-3MUT prolonged its in vivo serum half-life about 70-fold from 0.03 to 1.8 hours. Along with extended plasma residence time, PEGylation also increased the systemic exposure. By cell impedance assay we confirmed that PEGylated CD44-3MUT maintained its in vitro function. The results from the impedance assay additionally demonstrate that the CD44-3MUT effect on endothelial cells is mediated by vimentin. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, we have developed a purification protocol for large-scale production of CD44-3MUT and generated a PEGylated form of CD44-3MUT. HA binding domain of CD44(CD44HABD) and its modified non-HA binding form (CD44-3MUT) inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo without disturbing HA-binding functions. CD44-3MUT has been PEGylated for use as a new type of anti-angiogenic human drug. PEGylation of CD44-3MUT improved pharmacokinetic properties but retains its functional activity.

Soluble CD44 interacts with intermediate filament protein vimentin on endothelial cell surface.

CD44 is a cell surface glycoprotein that functions as hyaluronan receptor. Mouse and human serum contain substantial amounts of soluble CD44, generated either by shedding or alternative splicing. During inflammation and in cancer patients serum levels of soluble CD44 are significantly increased. Experimentally, soluble CD44 overexpression blocks cancer cell adhesion to HA. We have previously found that recombinant CD44 hyaluronan binding domain (CD44HABD) and its non-HA-binding mutant inhibited tumor xenograft growth, angiogenesis, and endothelial cell proliferation. These data suggested an additional target other than HA for CD44HABD. By using non-HA-binding CD44HABD Arg41Ala, Arg78Ser, and Tyr79Ser-triple mutant (CD443MUT) we have identified intermediate filament protein vimentin as a novel interaction partner of CD44. We found that vimentin is expressed on the cell surface of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Endogenous CD44 and vimentin coprecipitate from HUVECs, and when overexpressed in vimentin-negative MCF-7 cells. By using deletion mutants, we found that CD44HABD and CD443MUT bind vimentin N-terminal head domain. CD443MUT binds vimentin in solution with a Kd in range of 12-37 nM, and immobilised vimentin with Kd of 74 nM. CD443MUT binds to HUVEC and recombinant vimentin displaces CD443MUT from its binding sites. CD44HABD and CD443MUT were internalized by wild-type endothelial cells, but not by lung endothelial cells isolated from vimentin knock-out mice. Together, these data suggest that vimentin provides a specific binding site for soluble CD44 on endothelial cells.