A contemporary simple risk score for prediction of contrast-associated acute kidney injury after percutaneous coronary intervention: derivation and validation from an observational registry.

BACKGROUND: Contrast-associated acute kidney injury can occur after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Prediction of the contrast-associated acute kidney injury risk is important for a tailored prevention and mitigation strategy. We sought to develop a simple risk score to estimate contrast-associated acute kidney injury risk based on a large contemporary PCI cohort. METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing PCI at a large tertiary care centre between Jan 1, 2012, and Dec 31, 2020, with available creatinine measurements both before and within 48 h after the procedure, were included; only patients on chronic dialysis were excluded. Patients treated between 2012 and 2017 comprised the derivation cohort and those treated between 2018 and 2020 formed the validation cohort. The primary endpoint was contrast-associated acute kidney injury, defined according to the Acute Kidney Injury Network. Independent predictors of contrast-associated acute kidney injury were derived from multivariate logistic regression analysis. Model 1 included only pre-procedural variables, whereas Model 2 also included procedural variables. A weighted integer score based on the effect estimate of each independent variable was used to calculate the final risk score for each patient. The impact of contrast-associated acute kidney injury on 1-year deaths was also evaluated. FINDINGS: 32 378 PCI procedures were performed and screened for inclusion in the present analysis. After the exclusion of patients without paired creatinine measurements, patients on chronic dialysis, and multiple procedures, 14 616 patients were included in the derivation cohort (mean age 66·2 years, 29·2% female) and 5606 were included in the validation cohort (mean age 67·0 years, 26·4% female). Contrast-associated acute kidney injury occurred in 860 (4·3%) patients. Independent predictors of contrast-associated acute kidney injury included in Model 1 were: clinical presentation, estimated glomerular filtration rate, left ventricular ejection fraction, diabetes, haemoglobin, basal glucose, congestive heart failure, and age. Additional independent predictors in Model 2 were: contrast volume, peri-procedural bleeding, no flow or slow flow post procedure, and complex PCI anatomy. The occurrence of contrast-associated acute kidney injury in the derivation cohort increased gradually from the lowest to the highest of the four risk score groups in both models (2·3% to 34·9% in Model 1, and 2·0% to 38·8% in Model 2). Inclusion of procedural variables in the model only slightly improved the discrimination of the risk score (C-statistic in the derivation cohort: 0·72 for Model 1 and 0·74 for model 2; in the validation cohort: 0·84 for Model 1 and 0·86 for Model 2). The risk of 1-year deaths significantly increased in patients with contrast-associated acute kidney injury (10·2% vs 2·5%; adjusted hazard ratio 1·76, 95% CI 1·31-2·36; p=0·0002), which was mainly due to excess 30-day deaths. INTERPRETATION: A contemporary simple risk score based on readily available variables from patients undergoing PCI can accurately discriminate the risk of contrast-associated acute kidney injury, the occurrence of which is strongly associated with subsequent death. FUNDING: None.

Performance of the academic research consortium high-bleeding risk criteria in patients undergoing PCI for acute myocardial infarction.

Patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are at increased risk for thrombotic and bleeding complications compared to patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). The academic research consortium (ARC) recently suggested a set of criteria to identify patients at high bleeding risk (HBR). We sought to evaluate the performance of the ARC-HBR criteria among patients undergoing PCI according to clinical presentation. We included all consecutive patients undergoing PCI at a tertiary-care center. Patients were deemed at HBR if they fulfilled ≥ 1 major or ≥ 2 minor ARC-HBR criteria. The primary bleeding endpoint was a composite of in-hospital or post-discharge bleeding at 1-year follow-up. Secondary outcomes included all-cause death and myocardial infarction. Out of 6068 patients, 1391 (22.9 %) presented with AMI and were more often at HBR than those with CCS (46.9 % vs. 43.0 %, p = 0.01). HBR patients had a higher risk for the primary bleeding endpoint than non-HBR, irrespective of the clinical indication for PCI (AMI: 19.5 % vs. 5.5 %; HR 3.86, 95 % CI 2.63-5.69; CCS: 6.8 % vs. 2.6 %; HR 2.65, 95 % CI 1.92-3.68; p-interaction = 0.11). Secondary outcomes followed a similar trend. After multivariable adjustment, AMI presentation remained significantly associated with increased risk for bleeding at 1 year (HR 1.64, 95 % CI 1.13-2.38, p = 0.01). The ARC-HBR criterion associated with the highest bleeding risk was severe/end-stage chronic kidney disease in AMI and moderate/severe anemia in CCS. The ARC-HBR framework successfully identified AMI and CCS patients with increased risk for bleeding complications at 1 year post-PCI. Figure prepared with BioRender.

Impact of target vessel choice on outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with a prior coronary artery bypass graft.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate and compare characteristics and clinical outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) among target vessel types in patients with a prior coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. BACKGROUND: Patients with a prior CABG often require repeat revascularization with PCI. Graft PCI has been associated with worse outcomes compared to native vessel PCI, yet the optimal PCI strategy in prior CABG patients remains unknown. METHODS: We stratified prior CABG patients who underwent PCI at a tertiary-care center between 2009 and 2017 by target vessel type: native vessel, venous graft, and arterial graft. The primary outcome of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) was a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, or target vessel revascularization up to 1 year post-PCI. RESULTS: Prior CABG patients (n = 3983) represented 19.5% of all PCI interventions during the study period. PCI was most frequently performed on native vessels (n = 2928, 73.5%) followed by venous (n = 883, 22.2%) and arterial grafts (n = 172, 4.3%). Procedural success and complications were similar among the groups; however, slow- and no-reflow phenomenon was more common in venous graft PCI compared to native vessel PCI (OR 4.78; 95% CI 2.56-8.95; p < 0.001). At 1 year, there were no significant differences in MACE or in its individual components. CONCLUSIONS: Target vessel choice did not appear to affect MACE at 1 year in a large cohort of patients with prior CABG undergoing PCI. Whether PCI of surgical grafts versus native arteries truly results in similar outcomes warrants further investigation in randomized controlled trials.

One-year clinical outcome of biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stent in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction: Insight from the ULISSE registry.

BACKGROUND: The ULISSE registry has demonstrated the real-world performance of the Ultimaster biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stent (BP-SES) in a large cohort of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, including a large proportion of patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: We performed a subgroup analysis of the ULISSE registry in AMI patients and compared the outcomes of this vulnerable cohort with that of patients presenting without AMI (non-AMI). The primary end point was the incidence of 1-year target lesion failure (TLF), a composite of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction (TV-MI), and clinically indicated target lesion revascularization (TLR). RESULTS: Of 1,660 patients included in the ULISSE registry, 381(23%) presented with AMI, 207(54.3%) non-ST elevation myocardial infarction, and 174(45.7%) ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Compared with non-AMI patients, those with AMI were more frequently female and smokers, with lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis. At 1 year, TLF rate was significantly higher in AMI than non-AMI patients (7.9 vs. 4.1%; HR 1.98, CI 95% 1.22-3.23; p = .005) driven by higher rate of cardiac death (4.0 vs. 1.1%; HR 3.59, CI 95% 1.64-7.88; p = .01) and TV-MI (2.8 vs 0.9%; HR 2.99,CI 95% 1.22-7.37; p = .01), without differences in TLR rate (4.3 vs. 2.9%,HR 0.66, CI95% 0.35-1.25; p = .2). At multivariate Cox regression analysis, eGFR <40 mL/min (HR: 2.868) and LVEF <40% (HR: 2.394) were the only independent predictors of TLF. CONCLUSIONS: In AMI patients, Ultimaster BP-SES implantation was associated with higher rate of TLF and definite stent thrombosis compared with non-AMI patients. The high incidence of adverse events was mainly driven by the unfavorable baseline risk profile.

Update on long-term cardiovascular risk after pre-eclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION: There is a need for further studies on the cardiovascular risk of women experiencing pre-eclampsia (PE). PURPOSE: To update the literature regarding the association between a history of PE and subsequent cardiovascular diseases, including cardiovascular death, coronary heart diseases, heart failure, and stroke, focusing on the trend in the effect size (ES) estimates over time. METHODS AND RESULTS: Following PRISMA guidelines, from inception to May 2023, we performed a systematic review of PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and EMBASE. Randomized, cohort, or case-control studies in English were included if fulfiling the following criteria:(i) The association between PE and subsequent cardiovascular disease was adjusted for clinically relevant variables, (ii) the presence of a control group, and (iii) at least 1 year of follow-up. Pooled adjusted ESs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used as effect estimates and calculated with a random-effect model. Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. PE was associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular death (ES 2.08, 95% CI 1.70-2.54, I2 56%, P < 0.00001), coronary artery diseases (ES 2.04, 95% CI 1.76-2.38, I2 87%, P < 0.00001), heart failure (ES 2.47, 95% CI 1.89-3.22, I2 83%, P < 0.00001), and stroke (ES 1.75, 95% CI 1.52-2.02, I2 72%, P < 0.00001) after adjusting for potential confounders. This risk is evident in the first 1-to-3 years of follow-up and remains significant until 39 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to women who experienced a normal pregnancy, those suffering from PE have about double the risk of lifetime cardiovascular disease.

Bileaflet Tethering With Preserved LV Geometry and Function: An Unusual Mechanism of Functional Mitral Regurgitation.

An 81-year-old woman presented with acute pulmonary edema. Echocardiography revealed severe functional mitral regurgitation, the mechanism of which was unusual. An atypical bileaflet tethering caused by disharmonic annular remodeling, concomitant aortic dilatation, and reduced aorto-mitral angle without left ventricular dysfunction or dilatation was found. A transcatheter edge-to-edge repair was nonetheless successfully performed.

Evolution of drug-eluting coronary stents: a back-and-forth journey from the bench to bedside.

Coronary stents have revolutionized the treatment of coronary artery disease. Compared with balloon angioplasty, bare-metal stents (BMSs) effectively prevented abrupt vessel closure but were limited by in-stent restenosis (ISR) due to smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia. The first-generation drug-eluting stent (DES), with its antiproliferative drug coating, offered substantial advantages over BMSs as it mitigated the risk of ISR. Nonetheless, they had several design limitations that increased the risk of late stent thrombosis. Significant advances in stent design, including thinner struts, enhanced polymers' formulation, and more potent antiproliferative agents, have led to the introduction of new-generation DES with a superior safety profile. Cardiologists have over 20 different DES types to choose from, each with its unique features and characteristics. This review highlights the evolution of stent design and summarizes the clinical data on the different stent types. We conclude by discussing the clinical implications of stent design in high-risk subsets of patients.

New Criteria to Identify Patients at Higher Risk for Cardiovascular Complications After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

A universal definition to identify patients at higher risk of complications after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is lacking. We aimed to validate a recently developed score to identify patients at increased risk of all-cause death after PCI. All consecutive patients from a large PCI registry not presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction or cardiogenic shock were included. Each patient was assigned a score obtained by summing the points associated with the following variables: age >80 years (3 points), dialysis (6 points), left ventricular ejection fraction <30% (2 points), and multivessel PCI (2 points). Patients were stratified in 3 groups: low risk (score 0), intermediate risk (score 2 to 3), or high risk (score ≥4). The primary outcome was all-cause death, and the secondary outcomes were major adverse cardiovascular events and major bleeding. Events were assessed at 1 year after PCI. Between January 2014 and December 2019, 12,689 patients underwent PCI. Compared with the 9,884 patients at low risk, those at intermediate and high risk had a fourfold (hazard ratio 3.99, 95% confidence interval 2.95 to 5.38) and ninefold (hazard ratio 9.55, 95% confidence interval 6.89 to 13.2) higher hazard for all-cause death at 1 year, respectively. The score had a good predictive value for all-cause death at 1 year (area under the curve 0.70). The risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and major bleeding increased consistently from the low- to the high-risk group. In conclusion, in patients who underwent PCI for stable ischemic heart disease or non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome, a score based on 4 variables well predicted the risk of all-cause death at 1 year.

Prognostic value of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein among chronic kidney disease patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: Data on the prognostic value of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are limited. METHODS: Patients undergoing PCI at a tertiary center from January 2012 to December 2019 were included. CKD was defined as a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 mL/min/1.73m2 and elevated hs-CRP was defined as >3 mg/L. Acute myocardial infarction (MI), acute heart failure, neoplastic disease, patients undergoing hemodialysis, or hs-CRP >10 mg/L were exclusion criteria. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiac events (MACE), a composite of all-cause death, MI, and target vessel revascularization at 1-year after PCI. RESULTS: Out of 12,410 patients, 3029 (24.4 %) had CKD. Elevated hs-CRP levels were found in 31.8 % of CKD and 25.8 % of no-CKD patients. At 1 year, MACE occurred in 87 (11.0 %) CKD patients with elevated hs-CRP and 163 (9.5 %) with low hs-CRP (adj. HR 1.26, 95 % CI 0.94-1.68); among no-CKD patients, in 200 (10 %) and 470 (8.1 %), respectively (adj. HR 1.21, 95 % CI 1.00-1.45). Hs-CRP was associated with an increased risk of all-cause death in both CKD (Adj. HR 1.92, 95 % CI 1.07-3.44) and no-CKD patients (adj. HR 3.02, 95 % CI 1.74-5.22). There was no interaction between hs-CRP and CKD status. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients undergoing PCI without acute MI, elevated hs-CRP values were not associated with a higher risk of MACE at 1 year, but with increased mortality hazards consistently in patients with or without CKD.

One-Month Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Chronic and Acute Coronary Syndromes Treated With Bioresorbable Polymer Everolimus-Eluting Stents.

There is a paucity of data regarding the safety of a 1-month dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients at high bleeding risk (HBR) presenting with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). We aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of patients at HBR with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) or ACS treated with PCI using bioresorbable polymer everolimus-eluting stent (BP-EES) followed by 1-month DAPT. Patients at HBR who underwent PCI with BP-EES were prospectively enrolled in 10 Italian centers. All patients were treated with 1-month DAPT. In case of need for anticoagulation, patients received an oral anticoagulant in addition to a P2Y12 inhibitor for 1 month, followed by oral anticoagulation only after that. The primary end point was a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, or definite/probable stent thrombosis at 12 months. Overall, 263 patients (59.4%) with CCS and 180 patients (40.6%) with ACS were enrolled. No significant difference was evident between patients with CCS and ACS for the primary end point (4.3% vs 5.6%, respectively, p = 0.497) and for each isolated component. The risk for Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) type 1 to 5 or type 3 to 5 bleedings was also similar between patients with CCS and ACS (4.3% vs 5.2%, p = 0.677, and 1.6% vs 2.9%, p = 0.351, respectively). In conclusion, among HBR patients with ACS who underwent PCI with BP-EES, a 1-month DAPT strategy is associated with a similar risk of ischemic and bleeding events compared with those with CCS.

The mega COMBO collaboration: An individual patient data pooled analysis of patients undergoing PCI with COMBO stent.

BACKGROUND: COMBO (OrbusNeich Medical, Hong Kong) is a dual-therapy coronary stent featuring sirolimus as antiproliferative drug and an anti-CD34+ antibody coating to attract endothelial progenitor cells favoring rapid stent re-endothelization. The Mega COMBO collaboration aimed to evaluate the performance of the COMBO stent in a large contemporary cohort of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: Patient-level data of subjects undergoing PCI with the COMBO stent from the REMEDEE-Trial, REMEDEE-OCT, HARMONEE, REDUCE, SORT OUT X, REMEDEE-Registry and MASCOT studies were pooled together. The primary endpoint was 1-year target lesion failure (TLF), a composite of cardiovascular death, target vessel myocardial infarction (TV-MI) or clinically driven target lesion revascularization (CD-TLR). Secondary outcomes were the individual components of the primary endpoint and stent thrombosis (ST). Endpoints were evaluated against performance goals based on the EAPCI (the European Association of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention) recommendations for new drug-eluting stents. RESULTS: A total of 6753 patients (mean age 63.7 ± 11.4 years, 23% women) were included. At 1-year follow-up, TLF occurred in 303 (4.6%) patients. The rates of cardiovascular death, TV-MI, and CD-TLR were 1.3%, 1.8%, and 2.5%, respectively. The rate of definite/probable ST was 0.73%, early ST (<1 month) was 0.48%, while late ST (1-12 months) was 0.26%. The performance goals were met for all of the evaluated endpoints. CONCLUSIONS: This large patient-level pooled analysis provides a comprehensive outline of the performance of the dual-therapy COMBO stent. The low rates of primary and secondary endpoints suggest that this stent technology may be a good alternative to other contemporary drug eluting coronary stent platforms.

Prognostic Value of Baseline Inflammation in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of data on the prognostic value of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels in diabetic and nondiabetic patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: All patients with known baseline hsCRP undergoing PCI at a single tertiary care centre from 2010 to 2017 were included. High hsCRP was defined as > 3 mg/L. Known causes of elevated hsCRP levels and hsCRP > 10 mg/L represented exclusion criteria. The 1-year primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), and target-vessel revascularisation (TVR). RESULTS: Among a total of 11,979 patients included, high hsCRP levels were observed in 24.7% of patients without diabetes and 29.8% of patients with diabetes (P < 0.001). Both diabetics and nondiabetics with high hsCRP levels had increased rates of MACE compared with their counterparts with low hsCRP (diabetics: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.58, 95% CI 1.27-1.96; nondiabetics: aHR 1.45, 95% CI 1.13-1.86; P interaction = 0.981) primarily driven by increased rates all-cause deaths (diabetics: aHR 2.32, 95% CI 1.42-3.80; nondiabetics: aHR 3.14, 95% CI 1.74-5.65; P interaction = 0.415). Although high hsCRP levels were associated with increased rates of TVR (aHR 1.35, 95% CI 1.04-1.75) and MI (aHR 1.86, 95% CI 1.18-2.93) only in patients with diabetes, no significant interactions were observed between inflammation and diabetes (P interaction = 0.749 and 0.602, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing PCI with high levels of hsCRP, defined as > 3 mg/L, have worse ischemic outcomes regardless of diabetes status.

Effect of Chronic Kidney Disease on 5-Year Outcome in Patients With Heart Failure and Secondary Mitral Regurgitation Undergoing Percutaneous MitraClip Insertion.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is strongly related to outcomes in cardiovascular diseases. Limited data are available regarding the independent prognostic role of CKD after transcatheter mitral valve repair with MitraClip. We sought to evaluate the real impact of CKD in a large series of patients with heart failure (HF) and secondary mitral regurgitation (SMR) who underwent MitraClip treatment. The study included 565 patients with severe SMR from a multicenter international registry. Patients were stratified into 3 groups according to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) assessment before MitraClip implantation: normal eGFR (≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2) (n = 196), mild-to-moderate CKD (30 to 59 ml/min/1.73 m2) (n = 267), and severe CKD (<30 ml/min/1.73 m2) (n = 102). The primary end point was a composite of overall death and the first rehospitalization for HF, the secondary end points were overall death, cardiac death, and first rehospitalization for HF. CKD was present in about 2/3 of patients. At 5-year Kaplan-Meier analysis, primary clinical end point occurred in 60% of patients with normal eGFR, compared with 73% cases in patients with mild-to-moderate CKD and 91% in patients with severe CKD (p <0.001). Long-term overall death rate significantly decreased with increasing eGFR, and cardiac death and rehospitalization for HF rates. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified severe CKD as the strongest independent predictor of adverse outcome (hazard ratio 2.136, 95% confidence interval 1.164 to 3.918, p = 0.014). In conclusion, CKD affected about 2/3 of patients who underwent MitraClip treatment for severe SMR, and it was a strong and independent predictor of 5-year adverse outcomes.

MitraClip Treatment for Severe Mitral Regurgitation Due to Chordae Rupture Following Impella CP Support in a Patient With Severe Aortic Stenosis.

We report the case of an 85-year-old man with severe aortic stenosis who underwent high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention with Impella CP support. Unfortunately, the device caused mitral chordae tendineae rupture leading to severe mitral regurgitation. The patient underwent a staged fully percutaneous treatment with transcatheter aortic valve replacement followed by elective Mitraclip therapy. Echocardiographic monitoring is of paramount importance during Impella insertion and removal in order to avoid and deal with mitral damage. Mitraclip therapy is a feasible rescue therapy for severe mitral regurgitation due to chordae rupture in patients at high risk for surgery.

One-year clinical outcome and predictors of ischemic and hemorrhagic events after percutaneous coronary intervention in elderly and very elderly patients.

BACKGROUND: Elderly constitute a high-risk subset of patients but are under-represented in clinical revascularization trials. Our aim was to investigate clinical outcomes and prognosis predictors after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in this population. METHODS: Unrestricted consecutive patients with ≥75 years who underwent PCI from 2012 to 2015 were enrolled. The primary ischemic endpoint was the composite of 1-year myocardial infarction, definite/probable stent thrombosis and target vessel revascularization. The primary bleeding endpoint was defined according to the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) classification as BARC ≥ 2. RESULTS: We enrolled 708 patients (mean age 80 ± 4): 14% were very elderly patients (≥85 years), 27% of patients were diabetic, 23% had chronic kidney disease (CKD), 17% atrial fibrillation and 37% presented acute coronary syndrome. The primary ischemic endpoint was reported in 67 patients (12%): 29 had myocardial infarction (5%), 25 had definite/probable stent thrombosis (4.4%) and 44 had target vessel revascularization (8%). BARC ≥ 2 bleeding was reported in 43 patients (8%). No differences were found in terms of both ischemic and bleeding events between patients with <85 and ≥85 years. Three-vessel disease and use of bare metal stent were independent predictors of the primary ischemic endpoint. Triple antithrombotic therapy and CKD were the only independent predictors of BARC ≥ 2 bleedings. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, elderly patients reported reassuring efficacy and safety outcomes after PCI, even if ischemic and bleeding events were frequent. Three-vessel disease and the use of bare metal stent were the only predictors of primary ischemic endpoint. Triple antithrombotic therapy and CKD were the only predictors of BARC ≥ 2 bleedings.

Types of myocardial injury and mid-term outcomes in patients with COVID-19.

AIMS: To evaluate the acute and chronic patterns of myocardial injury among patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), and their mid-term outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 who had a hospital encounter within the Mount Sinai Health System (New York City) between 27 February 2020 and 15 October 2020 were evaluated for inclusion. Troponin levels assessed between 72 h before and 48 h after the COVID-19 diagnosis were used to stratify the study population by the presence of acute and chronic myocardial injury, as defined by the Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. Among 4695 patients, those with chronic myocardial injury (n = 319, 6.8%) had more comorbidities, including chronic kidney disease and heart failure, while acute myocardial injury (n = 1168, 24.9%) was more associated with increased levels of inflammatory markers. Both types of myocardial injury were strongly associated with impaired survival at 6 months [chronic: hazard ratio (HR) 4.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.44-5.06; acute: HR 4.72, 95% CI 4.14-5.36], even after excluding events occurring in the first 30 days (chronic: HR 3.97, 95% CI 2.15-7.33; acute: HR 4.13, 95% CI 2.75-6.21). The mortality risk was not significantly different in patients with acute as compared with chronic myocardial injury (HR 1.13, 95% CI 0.94-1.36), except for a worse prognostic impact of acute myocardial injury in patients <65 years of age (P-interaction = 0.043) and in those without coronary artery disease (P-interaction = 0.041). CONCLUSION: Chronic and acute myocardial injury represent two distinctive patterns of cardiac involvement among COVID-19 patients. While both types of myocardial injury are associated with impaired survival at 6 months, mortality rates peak in the early phase of the infection but remain elevated even beyond 30 days during the convalescent phase.

Unplanned Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization After TAVR: A Multicenter International Registry.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate the incidence and causes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) at different time periods following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). BACKGROUND: Coronary artery disease (CAD) and aortic stenosis frequently coexist, but the optimal management of CAD following TAVR remains incompletely elucidated. METHODS: Patients undergoing unplanned PCI after TAVR were retrospectively included in an international multicenter registry. RESULTS: Between July 2008 and March 2019, a total of 133 patients (0.9%; from a total cohort of 15,325) underwent unplanned PCI after TAVR (36.1% after balloon-expandable bioprosthesis, 63.9% after self-expandable bioprosthesis). The median time to PCI was 191 days (interquartile range: 59 to 480 days). The daily incidence of PCI was highest during the first week after TAVR and then declined over time. Overall, the majority of patients underwent PCI due to an acute coronary syndrome, and specifically 32.3% had non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, 15.4% had unstable angina, 9.8% had ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, and 2.2% had cardiac arrest. However, chronic coronary syndromes are the main indication beyond 2 years. PCI success was reported in almost all cases (96.6%), with no significant differences between patients treated with balloon-expandable and self-expandable bioprostheses (100% vs. 94.9%; p = 0.150). CONCLUSIONS: Unplanned PCI after TAVR is rare, with an incidence declining over time after TAVR. The main indication to PCI is acute coronary syndrome in the first 2 years after TAVR, and thereafter chronic coronary syndromes become prevalent. Unplanned PCIs are frequently successfully performed after TAVR, with no apparent differences between balloon-expandable and self-expandable bioprostheses. (Revascularization After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation [REVIVAL]; NCT03283501).

Prognostic Value of Pre-operative Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Secondary Mitral Regurgitation Undergoing MitraClip Implantation.

Limited data are available regarding the independent prognostic role of preoperative atrial fibrillation (AF) after transcatheter mitral valve repair with MitraClip. We sought to evaluate the impact of preoperative AF in patients with heart failure (HF) and concomitant secondary mitral regurgitation (MR) after MitraClip treatment. The study included 605 patients with significant secondary MR from a multicenter international registry. Patients were stratified into 2 groups according to the presence or absence of preoperative AF. Primary end point was 5-year overall death, secondary end points were 5-year cardiac death and first re-hospitalization for HF. To account for baseline differences, patients were propensity score matched 1:1. The overall prevalence of preoperative AF was 44%. At 5-year Kaplan-Meier analysis, compared with patients without AF, those with AF had significantly more adverse events in term of overall death (67% vs 43%; HR 1.84, log-rank p <0.001) and cardiac death (56% vs 29%; HR 2.11, log-rank p <0.001) and re-hospitalization for HF (63% vs 52%; HR 1.33, log-rank p = 0.048). Multivariate analysis identified AF as independent predictor of worse outcome in term of primary end point (HR 1.729, 95% C.I. 1.060 to 2.821; p = 0.028). After propensity score matching, patients with AF had higher rates of death and cardiac mortality but similar rates of re-hospitalization for HF. In conclusion, in patients with HF undergoing MitraClip treatment for secondary MR, preoperative AF is common and an unfavourable predictor of 5-year death and cardiac death. However, AF did not affect the frequency of re-hospitalization for HF.