Measurement properties of the Regular Physical Exercise Adherence Scale (REPEAS) in individuals with chronic pain.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the measurement properties of the Regular Physical Exercise Adherence Scale (REPEAS) in Brazilians with chronic pain. METHODS: Cross-sectional and longitudinal design (washout period for reliability). The study was conducted in two Brazilian states, Maranhão and São Paulo, and included Brazilian adults, irregular exercisers, former exercisers or non-exercise practitioners, aged 18 to 59 years and with chronic pain. The instruments used in this study were: the REPEAS, the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire (BHPAQ), the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ), and the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire for general pain (RMDQ-g). The evaluation focused on structural validity, construct validity, reliability (with standard error of measurement and minimum detectable change), internal consistency, and floor and ceiling effects. RESULTS: The two-dimensional structure was tested through confirmatory factor analysis, which resulted in adequate fit indeces: chi-square values/degrees of freedom = 1.541, Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.966, comparative fit index = 0.974, root mean square error of approximation = 0.074, and standardized root mean square residual = 0.068. Additionally, satisfactory factor loadings (> 0.40) were obtained. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency were adequate for the environmental factors domain (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.79, Cronbach's alpha = 0.88) and the personal factors domain (ICC = 0.97, Cronbach's alpha = 0.93). In hypothesis testing for construct validity, we observed a significant correlation with magnitude below 0.30 of the environmental factors domain of the REPEAS with RMDQ-g, PSEQ and sport domain of the BHPAQ. For the personal factors domain, we observed a significant correlation with a magnitude of 0.30 to 0.50 with RMDQ-g, PSEQ, and sport domain of the BHPAQ, and below 0.30 with leisure domain of the BHPAQ. No floor or ceiling effects were found for the REPEAS domains. CONCLUSION: The REPEAS is a valid instrument with a two-dimensional internal structure consisting of 12 items. It has a reliable construct and is suitable for use in the clinical and epidemiological context for adults with chronic pain in Brazil.

The best internal structure of the Diabetes Quality of Life Measure (DQOL) in Brazilian patients.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is considered a chronic disease with numerous secondary complications that negatively affect the quality of life of patients. However, the specific, known and validated instruments for Brazilian Portuguese are too extensive, which often makes their use infeasible. OBJECTIVE: To validate the internal structure of the Brazilian version of the Diabetes Quality of Life (DQOL) measure. METHODOLOGY: Patients with DM type 1 or 2, between the ages of 18 and 76, were evaluated between April 2022 and May 2022. The survey was conducted online using the Google Forms platform. The original DQOL contains 46 multiple-choice questions organized into four domains. For structural validity, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed using RStudio software (Boston, MA, USA) with the packages lavaan and semPlot. RESULTS: A total of 354 subjects were evaluated. The 3-domain, 24-item version of the DQOL was the most adequate, with acceptable values for all fit indices (chi-square/GL < 3, TLI and CFI > 0.90, and RMSEA and SRMR < 0.08). CONCLUSION: The structure with three domains and 24 items is the most appropriate based on factor analysis. The Brazilian version of the DQOL with a structure of 3 domains and 24 items has adequate measurement properties that support its use in the clinical and scientific context in patients with DM.

Effects of insoles adapted in flip-flop sandals in patients with persistent plantar heel pain: A sham-controlled randomised trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of custom-made insoles adapted to flip-flops on pain intensity, foot function, and functional walking ability in individuals with persistent plantar heel pain in the short and medium term. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Flip-flop sandals in patients with persistent plantar heel pain. MAIN MEASURES: Participants (n = 80) were assessed at baseline, six and 12 weeks after the intervention, and 4 weeks post-intervention. RESULTS: For the primary outcomes, after 6 weeks of intervention, no between-group difference was observed in the intensity of morning pain or pain with walking, mean difference = -0.4 (95% confidence intervals = -1.5 to 0.8). Similarly, after 12 weeks of intervention, no between-group difference was observed in the intensity of morning pain or pain with walking, mean difference = -0.7 (95% confidence intervals = -1.9 to 0.6). Finally, at 4 weeks after the end of the intervention, there was no between-group difference in morning pain or pain on walking, mean difference = 0.01 (95% confidence intervals = -1.4 to 1.4). All differences and confidence intervals were smaller than the minimum clinically important difference for pain (2 points). There were no differences between the groups for the secondary outcomes. In addition, the mean differences were smaller than the minimum clinically important differences for pain intensity, foot function and functional walking ability. CONCLUSION: Custom-made insoles fitted to flip-flops did not differ from flip-flops with sham insoles in improving pain intensity, foot function and functional walking ability in people with persistent heel pain.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT04784598). Data of registration: 2023-01-20.

Applied physiology: gut microbiota and antimicrobial therapy.

The gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining human health and in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Antibiotics are among the most commonly prescribed drugs and have a significant impact on the structure and function of the gut microbiota. The understanding that a healthy gut microbiota prevents the development of many diseases has also led to its consideration as a potential therapeutic target. At the same time, any factor that alters the gut microbiota becomes important in this approach. Exercise and antibacterial therapy have a direct effect on the microbiota. The review reflects the current state of publications on the mechanisms of intestinal bacterial involvement in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases. The physiological mechanisms of the influence of physical activity on the composition of the gut microbiota are considered. The mechanisms of the common interface between exercise and antibacterial therapy will be considered using the example of several socially important diseases. The aim of the study is to show the physiological relationship between the effects of exercise and antibiotics on the gut microbiota.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the 10-item spine functional index (SFI-10) in the Brazilians with musculoskeletal spine disorders.

PURPOSE: To translate and cross-culturally adapt the Spine Functional Index (SFI) into Brazilian Portuguese (SFI-Br) in individuals with musculoskeletal spine disorders. METHODS: Participants (n=194) answered the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire for General Pain (RMDQ-g), and SFI-25 incorporating the SFI-10. Structural validity, from confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), used comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and chi-square/degrees of freedom (DF). The best structure was considered from the lower values of the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Construct and criterion validity used Spearman's correlation coefficient (rho). Internal consistency used Cronbach's alpha, reliability used intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1), with ceiling and floor effects determined. Error used the standard error of the measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change, 90% level (MDC90). RESULTS: Adequate fit indices demonstrated an unequivocal one-factor structure only for the SFI-10 (chi-square/DF <3.00, CFI and TLI >0.90, RMSEA <0.08). The SFI-10-Br correlation was high with the SFI-Br (rho=0.914, p<0.001), moderate for the RMDQ-g (rho=-0.78), SF-36 functional capacity domain (rho=0.718) and NPRS (rho=-0.526); and adequate for the remaining SF-36 domains (rho>0.30). Test-retest reliability (ICC2,1=0.826) and internal consistency (alpha=0.864) were high. No ceiling or floor effects were observed, and error was satisfactory (SEM=9.08%, MDC90=25.15%). CONCLUSION: The SFI Brazilian version was successfully produced with the 10-item version showing an unequivocal one-factor structure, high construct and criterion validity, reliability, internal consistency, and satisfactory error. Further research on responsiveness is required.

Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia in chronic neck pain patients (TSK-neck): structural and construct validity and reliability in a Brazilian population.

BACKGROUND: To date, there are no studies in the literature that define the internal structure of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) in patients with chronic neck pain based on factorial analysis. As such, we aimed to verify and identify the best structure of the Brazilian version of the TSK in patients with chronic neck pain. METHODS: We included Brazilian participants aged ≥18 years, both sexes, with self-reported neck pain for more than 3 months and pain intensity ≥3 on the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). Dimensionality and number of TSK items were assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). We tested the following internal structures: structure 1 (1 domain and 17 items), structure 2 (1 domain and 11 items), structure 3 (2 domains and 11 items), and structure 4 (2 domains and 9 items). We used the Pain-Related Catastrophizing Thoughts Scale (PCTS) and the NPRS for construct validity. In addition, we assessed test-retest reliability for the seven-day interval using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1), Cronbach's alpha to assess internal consistency, and ceiling and floor effects. RESULTS: The study sample included of 335 patients. Most were women (77.6%), young adults (~ 34 years), single (48.4%), with complete primary education (57.3%), physically inactive (66.6%), with a mean pain duration of 46 months and a mean pain intensity of ~ 5 points on the NPRS. Redundancy was found in the following items: item 1 with item 2 (modification indices = 21.419) and item 13 with item 15 (modification indices = 13.641). Subsequently, based on these paired analyses, the items with the lowest factor loadings (items 2 and 15) were excluded. As such, TSK structure 4 was composed of two domains ("somatic focus" and "activity avoidance") and 9 items, which showed adequate fit indices and lower AIC and SABIC values. We observed significant values (p < 0.05) with a correlation magnitude greater than 0.142 to 0.657 between the two domains of the TSK-neck and the other instruments (PCTS and NPRS). We found excellent reliability (ICC2,1 ≥ 0.96) and adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha ≥0.98) of the TSK-neck. Finally, ceiling and floor effects were not observed. CONCLUSION: The TSK-neck structure with two domains (somatic focus and activity avoidance) and nine items is the most appropriate for patients with chronic neck pain.

Anterior Knee Pain Scale (AKPS): structural and criterion validity in Brazilian population with patellofemoral pain.

PURPOSE: To identify the best internal structure of the Brazilian version of the Anterior Knee Pain Scale (AKPS), comparing different instrument structures (structural validity) and correlating the scores of the versions (criterion validity). METHODS: We included Brazilian volunteers, aged ≥ 18 years, with patellofemoral pain (PFP) for at least 3 months. We used the confirmatory factor analysis and considered the following fit indices: chi-square/degrees of freedom (DF), comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). We considered the structure with the lowest values of the Akaike information criterion (AIC), sample size adjusted Bayesian information criterion (SABIC), and assessed criterion validity using Pearson correlation coefficient (r) to correlate the long and short versions. RESULTS: The study included 101 participants, mostly women (65.3%), young adults (~ 31 years old), overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m2), incomplete higher education (37.6%), and physically active (64.4%). The original 1-domain, 13-item structure showed adequate fit indices (chi-square/GL < 3.00, TLI and CFI > 0.90, and RMSEA < 0, 08). However, items 11 and 12 had a factorial load of less than 0.23. Therefore, we excluded items 11 and 12 and found adequate fit indices (chi-square/GL < 3.00, TLI and CFI > 0.90, and RMSEA < 0, 08) and lower AIC and SABIC values. We observed a correlation coefficient above the acceptable cutoff of 0.70 (r = 0.966, p-value < 0.001) between the versions. CONCLUSION: The 11-item AKPS (without items 11 and 12) is the version with the most adequate internal structure and correlates satisfactorily with the long version of the instrument.

Ten-Item Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS-10): Instrument Reduction Based on Brazilian Patients With Lower Limb Dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE: To propose a short version of the lower extremity functional scale (LEFS), to compare our short version with the different structures proposed for the LEFS by the specialized literature, and to verify the criterion validity of the best structure of the LEFS identified in our study. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study. SETTING: Physiotherapy clinics. PARTICIPANTS: We included 140 patients with lower limb dysfunction (N=140). INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), χ2/degree of freedom (DF), comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), standardized root mean squared residual (SRMR), Akaike information criterion (AIC), and Bayesian information criterion (BIC). The method of reducing the number of items of the LEFS considered the modification indices and factor loadings. RESULTS: The body site most affected by pain was the knee (71.4%), and the most common diagnoses were knee osteoarthritis (55%) and anterior knee pain (11.4%). LEFS reduction generated a 1-dimensional structure of the LEFS with 10 items (LEFS-10). When compared with other structures, the LEFS-10 presented the best fit indices (χ2/DF=1.88, CFI=0.975, TLI=0.968, RMSEA=0.079, and SRMR=0.058) and the lowest values of AIC (3287.063) and BIC (3345.896). LEFS-10 presents a high correlation (Spearman's correlation coefficient [ρ]=0.911, P<.001) with the 20-item LEFS. CONCLUSION: LEFS-10 is the proposal for a short version of the instrument with the most adequate internal structure, in addition to being satisfactorily correlated with the longer version of the instrument.

Social variables for replication of studies using mean scores of social support, self-care, and fibromyalgia knowledge: a cross-sectional study.

To investigate biopsychosocial variables that contribute to explaining social support, self-care, and fibromyalgia knowledge in patients with fibromyalgia. A cross-sectional study. We built ten models of predictive variables (schooling, ethnicity, associated diseases, body regions affected by pain, employment status, monthly income, marital status, health level, medication, sports activities, interpersonal relationships, nutrition level, widespread pain, symptom severity, cohabitation, dependent people, number of children, social support, self-care, and fibromyalgia knowledge) and individually tested their explanatory performance to predict mean scores on the Fibromyalgia Knowledge Questionnaire (FKQ), Medical Outcomes Study's Social Support Scale (MOS-SSS), and Appraisal of Self-Care Agency Scale-Revised (ASAS-R). We used analysis of variance to verify the association among all variables of mathematically adjusted models (F-value ≥ 2.20) and we reported only models corrected with p < 0.05 and R2 > 0.20. One hundred and ninety people with fibromyalgia (aged 42.3 ± 9.7 years) participated in the study. Our results show that the variables schooling, ethnicity, body regions affected by pain, frequency of sports activities, dependent people, number of children, widespread pain, social support, and self-care determine 27% of the mean FKQ scores. Marital status, self-care, and fibromyalgia knowledge determine 22% of mean MOS-SSS scores. Schooling, ethnicity, employment status, frequency of sports activities, nutrition level, cohabitation, number of children, social support, and fibromyalgia knowledge determine 30% of the mean ASAS-R scores. Studies using mean scores of social support, self-care, and fibromyalgia knowledge should collect and analyze the social variables described in the present study.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders in vulnerable populations: what are the most common body parts affected?

BACKGROUND: Studies investigating vulnerable populations have shown that work-related musculoskeletal disorders have a negative impact on quality of life. However, no study has examined the body regions commonly affected by work-related musculoskeletal disorders in vulnerable populations. OBJECTIVE: To describe the body regions commonly affected by work-related musculoskeletal disorders in vulnerable populations. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. We used the ABEP questionnaire, the World Health Organization Quality of Life, the Nordic Musculoskeletal Disorders Questionnaire, the Perceived Stress Scale, and a self-report questionnaire to determine morning-evening in human circadian rhythms (chronotype assessment). To reduce the possibility of information bias, we provided prior training in the use of the instruments and created an electronic database that was filled out in duplicate (in cases of disagreement, a third researcher was consulted). We tested the normality of the data using the Shapiro-Wilk test. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 132 participants, but there was a sample loss of 41.6% (final sample n = 77). We observed the predominance of those who worked from 6 to 8 h/day, rest of 1 h during the working day, from 1 to 10 years of service and only 1 employment relationship. Regarding the quality of life, we observed a worse result in the domain related to the environment, as well as a stress level of 15.43 (± 7.52) with a maximum of 30. Finally, we observed the presence of pain self-reported by the artisanal fishermen in several regions of the body, lumbar being the most mentioned. CONCLUSION: The neck, shoulders, arms, elbows, forearms, wrists, back, lumbar spine, and lower limbs are the most common parts of the body affected by work-related musculoskeletal disorders in artisanal fishermen.

Regular Physical Exercise Adherence Scale (REPEAS): a new instrument to measure environmental and personal barriers to adherence to regular physical exercise.

OBJECTIVE: To create, develop, and validate a scale that identifies the environmental and personal barriers that make it difficult to adhere to the practice of physical exercise on a regular basis in a population of Brazilian adults. METHODS: We include adult individuals, aged 18-59 years, practitioners or former practitioners of physical exercise, with Brazilian Portuguese as their mother tongue. In the development and validation phases of the process, 6 specialists in the field of the health assessed the content validity: firstly, the specialists were asked to freely list the questions they would ask to investigate the barriers to adherence to regulating physical activity. Secondly, after compiling all the suggestions listed and eliminating suggestions with similar content, the items suggested in the first round were sent to the specialists so that an evaluation of all questions using a 5-point Likert scale and the content validity coefficient was calculated. We then evaluated the structural validity, construct validity, reliability, internal consistency, and ceiling and floor effects of the Regular Physical Exercise Adherence Scale (REPEAS). RESULTS: Sixteen items were proposed to measure the factors that make it difficult to adhere to the regular practice of physical exercise. The internal structure of the REPEAS initially tested was based on the theoretical proposal of creating the instrument with two domains. After the structural analysis, we used the modification indices to identify the redundant items of the instrument. Consequently, the final version of the REPEAS after factor analysis had 12 items. Thus, the structure with 2 domains and 12 items presented adequate fit indices. With regard to construct validity, the REPEAS scores were compared in two distinct groups: irregular practitioners/ex-practitioners versus regular practitioners of physical exercise, in which a significant difference could be observed between groups (p < 0.001) for both the domains. Acceptable reliability was observed for the environment and personal domains, with ICC values of 0.86 and 0.94, in the same order. For internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha value was 0.908 (environmental domain) and 0.915 (personal domain), these values being adequate for the REPEAS. CONCLUSION: The REPEAS is a scale with a valid two-dimensional internal structure, consisting of 12 items, reliable and with a valid construct, which supports its use in the clinical, epidemiological, and research contexts in Brazil.

The best structure of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for patients with chronic low back pain has two domains and nine items.

PURPOSE: To identify the best internal structure of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia in chronic low back pain patients. DESIGN: Questionnaire validation study was designed for this study. SETTING: This study was conducted in physical therapy facility. SUBJECTS: Respondents reporting chronic low back pain (≥3 points on the 11-point Numerical Pain Rating Scale). MAIN MEASURES: We included participants of both sexes, with a self-report of low back pain ≥3 months and with pain intensity ≥3 on the 11-point Numerical Pain Rating Scale; participants also answered the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire and the Pain-Related Catastrophizing Thoughts Scale for low back pain disability and catastrophizing, respectively. The dimensionality and number of items of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia were evaluated using the confirmatory factor analysis. Criterion validity was assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient using the original version of the 17-item Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia as the gold standard. RESULTS: A total of 122 participants were included, with mean values of low back pain duration ≥48 months, pain intensity >5 and disability >8. Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia structure with two domains and nine items was the most suitable, with adequate values in all fit indices (Chi-square/degree of freedom <3, Comparative Fit Index and Tucker-Lewis Index >0.90, and root mean square error of approximation <0.08) and lower Akaike information criterion and Bayesian information criterion values. We observed a high correlation between the 17-item Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia and the activity avoidance domain (rho = 0.850, P < 0.001) and somatic focus domain (rho = 0.792, P < 0.001) of the nine-item Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia. CONCLUSION: Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia structure with two domains (activity avoidance and somatic focus) and nine items is the most suitable for patients with chronic low back pain.

Do the instruments used to assess fibromyalgia symptoms according to American College of Rheumatology criteria generate similar scores in other chronic musculoskeletal pain?

BACKGROUND: As with fibromyalgia, several musculoskeletal disorders are characterized by chronic pain, raising a clinical question - do the instruments used to assess fibromyalgia symptoms according to ACR criteria (ACR criteria) generate similar scores in other chronic musculoskeletal pain? OBJECTIVE: To compare the symptoms among fibromyalgia and other chronic musculoskeletal pain. Additionally, we also compared the most researched outcomes in fibromyalgia (i.e., present pain at rest and after movement; fatigue; pain severity and impact; function, global impact, and fibromyalgia symptom). METHODS: A cross-sectional study. Participants over 18 years old were included if they presented report of chronic musculoskeletal pain (≥ 3 months) and after that, they were divided into two groups (fibromyalgia and chronic pain). They answered the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire-Revised (FIQ-R), Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) for pain and fatigue, WPI, and SSS. RESULTS: A total of 166 participants were included in this study into two independent groups (chronic pain, n = 83; fibromyalgia, n = 83). We observed significant differences (p < 0.05) and large effect sizes (Cohen's d, ≥ 0.7) in clinical outcomes comparisons between groups (i.e., widespread pain; symptom severity; present pain at rest and after movement; fatigue; pain severity and impact; function, global impact, and fibromyalgia symptoms). CONCLUSION: Fibromyalgia patients (2016 ACR criteria) compared to other chronic musculoskeletal pain patients have higher levels of pain (at rest or after movement) and fatigue, greater impairment in both functionality and global impact, and worse symptoms. Therefore, the WPI and SSS instruments should be used exclusively to assess fibromyalgia symptoms.

Effects of progressive intensity resistance training on the impact of fibromyalgia: protocol for a blinded randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia guidelines indicate that exercise is critical in the management of fibromyalgia, and there is evidence that patients with fibromyalgia can perform resistance training at moderate and high intensities. However, despite the biological plausibility that progression of intensity provides greater benefit to individuals, no studies have compared different intensities (progressive versus constant intensities) of the same exercise in this population. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of 24 sessions of resistance training (progressive vs. constant intensity) on impact of fibromyalgia, sleep quality, anxiety, depression, pain, walking ability, and musculoskeletal capacity. METHODS: A protocol for a blinded randomized controlled trial. The sample will be randomized into three groups: group 1 (progressive intensity, experimental), group 2 (constant intensity, control A), and group 3 (walking, control B). Group 1 will perform resistance training at moderate intensity (50% of maximum dynamic strength), previously determined by the 1 repetition maximum (1-RM) test in the proposed exercises. The strength of each individual will be reassessed every 4 weeks (by 1-RM) and the intensity of each exercise will be positively adjusted by 20% of the value observed in kg (i.e., first month 50%; second month 70%; third month 90% of the maximum dynamic strength). Group 2 will perform the same procedure, but the intensity will be maintained at 50% of the maximum dynamic strength throughout the treatment (i.e., constant intensity from the first to the third month). Group 3 will perform a 40-minute treadmill walk at low intensity, defined by a walking speed corresponding to 60-70% of the maximum heart rate, which we will control with a heart rate monitor. All groups will receive a 45-minute pain education session prior to the exercise program, covering the pathophysiologic mechanisms of chronic pain, strategies for coping with pain, avoiding hypervigilance, and deconstructing beliefs and myths about chronic pain. DISCUSSION: The results of the present study may help health care professionals adjust the intensity of resistance training and thus plan the most effective intervention (progressive or constant intensity) to reduce the impact of fibromyalgia on patients' lives. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC) ID: RBR-9pbq9fg, date of registration: October 06, 2022.

Short-term heart rate variability at rest in individuals with temporomandibular disorder: a comparative analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Compare heart rate variability (HRV) indices in participants with and without myogenic temporomandibular disorder (TMD). Secondarily, we correlated HRV indices with pain and quality of life variables. METHODS: This is a comparative observational cross-sectional study. Individuals of both genders with and without a history of TMD were included. Short-term heart rate variability was assessed using a Polar V800. Central sensitization was assessed using the Central Sensitization Inventory. Pain through the numeric pain scale and the impact of oral health on quality of life using the OHIP-14 questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 80 participants were enrolled in the study: most individuals included in both groups were young adults, women and slightly overweight. We observed a decrease in HRV in the TMD group (p < 0.01) when compared to the control group. In addition, we observed a greater impact of oral health on quality of life, central sensitization in addition to high resting pain scores (p < 0.01). We observed significant correlation between the LF index of HRV and the FAI score (r = 0.311; p = 0.05). The NPS, CSI and OHIP-14 scores did not correlate with any of the HRV indices (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The short-term HRV in individuals with TMD is significantly lower when compared to a control group. Furthermore, there seems to be a relationship between the severity of the dysfunction and the HRV variables. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Using portable and low-cost devices, the HRV can be easily collected and analyzed, without the need for an arsenal of equipment such as the conventional electrocardiogram. This measure can contribute to the therapy adopted and identify individuals prone to unfavorable outcomes involving ANS modulation.

Physical inactivity level and lipid profile in traditional communities in the Legal Amazon: a cross-sectional study : Physical inactivity level in the Legal Amazon.

BACKGROUND: The practice of regular physical activity can alter the lipid profile in populations according to diverse demographic characteristics. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of physical inactivity with the lipid profile among vulnerable populations. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 349 vulnerable individuals from Tocantins state, northern Brazil. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire 7 Day short form was used to measure self-reported physical activity levels. Venous blood samples were drawn to evaluate lipid profile. Logistic regression adjusted by the socioeconomic variables was used to analyse the effects of physical inactivity on the lipidic profile. The level of significance was 5% and Stata® (StataCorp, LC) version 11 was used. RESULTS: We observe an inverse relationship between physical inactivity and HDL-C-that is, those who were sedentary or below the WHO Recommendations for physical activity were at 2.6 greater odds (IC95% 1.21, 5.67; p = 0.015) of having a lower HDL compared with those meeting or exceeding WHO physical activity recommendations. CONCLUSION: On the vulnerable populations studied, the insufficiently active or sedentary individuals (called the physical inactivity individuals) have more risk of the altered HDL-C.

Measurement properties of the Brazilian version of the Copenhagen Neck Functional Disability Scale in patients with chronic neck pain.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the measurement properties of the Brazilian version of the Copenhagen Neck Functional Disability Scale (CNFDS) in patients with chronic neck pain. METHODS: One hundred and five patients were included in the study. The structural validity of the CNFDS was assessed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis with the following fit indices: chi-square divided by degrees of freedom (chi-square/df), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), comparative fit index (CFI), and Tucker-Lewis index (TLI). To test the construct validity, the CNFDS score was correlated with the Numerical Pain Rating Scale, the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, the Pain-Related Catastrophizing Thoughts Scale, and Neck Disability Index (NDI). A subsample of 43 patients filled the CNFDS at two different times, and test-retest reliability was measured using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimum detectable change (MDC). The internal consistency of the CNFDS was analyzed by Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: CNFDS presented a unidimensional structure, with goodness of fit indices: chi-square/df = 1.37, CFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.059. The CNFDS showed satisfactory results of reliability (ICC = 0.93) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.84). The SEM was 1.72 and the MDC was 4.76. The CNFDS showed a high correlation with the NDI (rho = 0.718) and a low correlation with the other instruments. There were no floor and ceiling effects. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian version of the CNFDS with a one-dimensional structure and 15 items has adequate measurement properties.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and analysis of the measurement properties of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the spinal cord injury pain instrument.

STUDY DESIGN: A questionnaire validity study. OBJECTIVES: To perform the translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and analysis of the measurement properties of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Spinal Cord Injury Pain Instrument (SCIPI) for the screening of neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury. SETTING: Neurorehabilitation hospital in north-eastern Brazil. METHODS: We performed the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the SCIPI. The pre-final version was applied in 10 patients with spinal cord injury sequelae and pain report. The final version of the SCIPI was applied to 100 patients. The measurement properties evaluated were structural validity, test-retest reliability, internal consistency, construct validity, and diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS: None of the items in the pre-final version of the SCIPI had any comprehension problems. The one-dimensional structure of the final version of the SCIPI was adequate. There were significant correlations between the SCIPI and the Douleur Neuropathique 4 (rho = 0.546), as well as adequate test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.89, kappa ≥ 0.79), internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha ≥ 0.76), and diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve = 0.860). CONCLUSION: The Brazilian version of the SCIPI presents measurement properties that are suitable for measuring neuropathic pain related to spinal cord injury.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the Athlete Fear Avoidance Questionnaire (AFAQ) into Brazilian Portuguese.

BACKGROUND: Psychological factors play an important role in the adequate return of an athlete to sport. Our aim was to perform the translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the Athlete Fear Avoidance Questionnaire (AFAQ) into Brazilian Portuguese. METHODS: We performed the translation and cross-cultural adaptation and evaluated the structural validity, construct validity, and test-retest reliability. In addition to the AFAQ, we used the Numerical Pain Scale (NPS), Pain-Related Catastrophizing Thoughts Scale (PCTS), Self-Estimated Functional Inability because of Pain Questionnaire for athletes (SEFIP-sport), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). We used the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to analyze the internal structure of the AFAQ. We used the Spearman's correlation coefficient (rho) to determine the magnitude of correlation between the AFAQ and the other instruments. We evaluated the test-retest reliability and internal consistency by means of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's alpha, respectively. RESULTS: No adaptation was necessary to produce the AFAQ version in Brazilian Portuguese. We included 160 participants in the study. We identified the one-dimensionality of the AFAQ through the EFA with the implementation of parallel analysis (KMO = 0.83, p < 0.001 in Bartlett's Sphericity test). In construct validity, the magnitudes of correlation between the AFAQ and the other instruments ranged from 0.257 to 0.548. We identified adequate reliability (ICC = 0.85) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.90). CONCLUSION: The Brazilian version of the AFAQ with one domain and 10 items has adequate measurement properties in injured professional and recreational athletes.

Construct validity and reliability of the 2-Minute Step Test (2MST) in individuals with low back pain.

BACKGROUND: Functional tests are important clinical tools, since they are non-invasive methods, with simple applicability, and low cost. However, there are few tests adapted for individuals with chronic low back pain. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the test-retest and inter-rater reliability of the 2-Minute Step Test in individuals with chronic low back pain and to correlate the test score with measures of pain and physical activity. METHODS: We included patients aged between 18 and 45 years, of both sexes, and with low back pain. The interval between the test and retest was 7 days. We analyzed the data via intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), confidence interval at 95%, standard error of measurement, and minimum detectable change for reliability. We used the Spearman's correlation coefficient to verify the correlation between 2-Minute Step Test and measures of pain and physical activity (Numerical Pain Scale, Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, Pain-Related Catastrophizing Thoughts Scale, Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, and Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire). RESULTS: Sample is composed of 37 individuals, most of them female, with overweight and low back pain > 60 months. 2-Minute Step Test showed excellent test-retest (ICC = 0.903) and inter-rater (ICC = 0.925) reliability. Sport domain of the Baecke showed a significant correlation with the 2-Minute Step Test (rho = 0.444). CONCLUSION: 2-Minute Step Test is a reliable measure to measure the functional capacity of patients with chronic low back pain considering different times and examiners, as well as being positively correlated with sports practice.