[Inflammatory nature of colon diverticula].

On the basis of morphological and immunological study of biopsies of the colon in patients with diverticulosis was revealed that microscopic inflammation of the mouth of the diverticulum is characterized by several features that include excessive proliferation of the epithelium, the predominance of macrophage reaction in the development of the immune response, increased cell adhesion and unusual ratio between the expression of cytokines and other regulatory molecules. Changes in the structure of the formed diverticula tissue are associated with dysregulation of many processes of tissue metabolism and morphogenesis. These include the dysregulation of cell renewal of the epithelium (increased level of proliferation of epithelial cells and inhibition of apoptosis), degradation of extracellular matrix components, moderate vascular reaction. All these processes take place on the background a particular form of immune protection and adaptation mechanisms.

[Clinical and morphological variants of diverticular disease in colon].

Our own results of two-stage research are presented in the article. The first stage contains the retrospective analysis of 3682 X-ray examining of large bowel which were conducted in 2002-2004 to define the structure of colon disease and to determine gender differences. The second stage is prospective research which took place from 2003 to 2012 and 486 patients with diverticular disease were regularly observed. Following parameters were estimated: dynamics of complaints, life quality, clinical symptoms. Multiple X-ray and endoscopic examining were done with estimation of quantity and size of diverticula, changes of colon mucosa, comparison of X-ray and endoscopic methods in prognosis of complications. Two basic clinical morphological variants of diverticular disease (DD) of colon are made out as a result of our research. There are IBD-like and DD with ischemic component. The variants differ by pain characteristics, presence of accompanying diseases, life quality parameters and description of colon mucosa morphological research. We suppose that different ethiopathogenetic factors of development of both variants mentioned above influence the disease prognosis and selection of treatment.

Regeneration of colorectal epithelium in diverticulosis.

Excessive poorly differentiated epitheliocytes were detected in the crypts and subepithelial regions of the colorectal mucosa during the regeneration process in the majority of patients with diverticular disease. The compensatory reaction of the sigmoid mucosa decreased, which was seen from rarely detected cryptic hyperplasia. Disorders in the epitheliocyte proliferation and differentiation were paralleled by changes in tissue levels of proinflammatory cytokines (elevation of TNF-α and IFN-γ and reduction of IL-1ß and IL-8) and increase of IL-4, regulating lymphocyte activation.

[Structural changes of esophageal mucosa at metabolic syndrome].

In metabolic syndrome including the connection with gastro-esophageal rephlux it was detected some equal dystrophic changes in esophageal mucosa. These changes are: horny epithelium, destruction in epithelial-stromal interactions, a special form of papilla, some spherical structures with dystrophic epithelial cells and groups of epitheliocytes with nuclear absence. These changes occurred against a background of NO increased level.

[Response of immunocompetent cells and structural changes of colon mucosa in patients with diverticulum disease].

It was established the activisation of macrophages and plasma cells with raise their adhesion in diverticular disease. The express of immune response depends on unit or plural diverticuls. Epithelial cells proliferation is on the increase in the cript and mouth region of diverticul. The small undifferential epithelial cells migrated from depth to top of cripts. These cells formed some fields of cells connected by means of branches. Therefore the chronic inflammation and local disturbance of epithelium regeneration were established in diverticular disease.

[Specific immune response in diagnosis of celiac disease with chronic diarrhea].

High concentration of Ab Gl, Ab tTG, Ab Em and Ab Rt and increased amount of immunocompetent cells in the SIM in coeliac disease is an index of the developing specific immune response to gliadin and tissue antigens. High specificity and sensitivity of Ab tTG and Ab Em were determined in celiac disease.

[The role of the serotoninergic system in the pathogenesis of experimental ulcerous colitis].

Ulcerous colitis was modeled in a rat experiment by introducing picrylsulfonic acid. The role of serotoninergic structures in the pathogenesis of ulcerous colitis was studied by preliminary administration of serotonin or spiperone, a 5-HT2 serotonin blocker. Spiperone was shown to inhibit the damaging action of picrylsulfonic acid during the first ten days of the beginning of modeling, and to accelerate reparative processes.

[On the issue of pylorostenosis modeling].

Pylorostenosis was modeled by putting a slightly compressing ligature in the boundary between the antral part of the stomach and the duodenum. Subcompensated pylorostenosis developed on the 10th day; decompensated pylorostenosis developed on the 15th day.

[Characteristics of the gastric and duodenal mucosa in participants in the cleanup of the sequelae of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station]. / Osobennosti sliziatoi obolochki zheludka i dvenadtsatperstnoi kishki u uchastnikov likvidatsii posledstvii avarii na Chernobyl'skoi AES.

Morphological electron-microscopic evaluation of gastroduodenal mucosa in subjects who worked in the zone of radionuclide contamination after the Chernobyl accident in 1986-1987 and therefore exposed to low-dose ionizing radiation (18, 62 sGy on the average) discovered deficiency of tissue immunocompetent cells, dystrophic changes in the epithelium and stroma. In epithelial cells there were structural shifts in microvillae, organoids and nuclei. Epithelium, stroma and endothelium of blood vessels contained dark cells with thick hyaloplasm.

[The characteristics of peptic ulcer in subjects with concomitant ischemic heart disease]. / Osobennosti iazvennoi bolezni u lits s soputstvuiushchei ishemicheskoi bolezn'iu serdtsa.

AIM: The study of clinical running of gastric or duodenal ulcer in associated coronary heart disease (CHD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 209 CHD patients with gastric ulcer (GU) or duodenal ulcer (DU) were examined clinically plus histological examination of gastric or duodenal mucosa biopsies was made. RESULTS: In CHD patients GU occurred more frequently (56%) than DU. The lesions involved more frequently lesser curvature of the stomach and pyloric part of the stomach. Males developed ulcers 3.5 times more frequently than females. Ulcers tended to a painless course without season exacerbations. The disease manifested first with gastric bleeding in 52% of the patients. GU and DU ran with frequent recurrences and long-term exacerbations (76% of patients) which coincided in time with CHD exacerbations. 68% of patients developed exacerbations within 10 days after myocardial infarction or aortocoronary bypass operation. Helicobacter pylori was present as a resolving factor in arising ulcer in 26% of patients. Microcirculatory disorders, reduced blood flow speed in gastric or duodenal mucosa, hypocoagulation syndrome, dyslipidemia provoked exacerbations in 62% of patients. Examinations of biopsies from gastric and duodenal mucosa showed marked dystrophic changes in the mucosa, its connective tissue basis in the vessels in the presence of mild inflammation at ulcer site. CONCLUSION: The onset of ulcers and erosions in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract in CHD may be due to circulatory disorders in gastric mucosa. The main factors of aggression are hypoxia, hypoxia-induced trophic defects in gastric and duodenal mucosa, circulatory disorders.

[The characteristics of gastroduodenal pathology in the workers of a plant for plastic construction materials]. / Osobennosti gastroduodenal'noi patologii u rabochikh zavoda stroitel'nykh plastikov.

Out of 162 workers exposed to chemicals in the manufacture of construction plastics an outpatient and inpatient examination revealed gastrointestinal problems in 84.3%, vegetative nervous disorders in 62.6% of the examinees. In a random sample of 47 workers high acid production occurred in 63.3% and erosions, ulcers, cicatrices in the stomach and duodenum in 45.2% of them. No HLA genetic predisposition to duodenal ulcer was reported. Histological findings on gastroduodenal mucosa biopsies were indicative of the dystrophy in the chief and lining cells of the gastric glands, epithelium and stroma with formation of the dark cells. The authors insist on consideration of the above facts in examination and treatment of workers exposed to chemicals at construction plastics plants.

[Complicated form of chronic stomach ulcer]. / Oslozhnennaia forma khornicheskoi iazvy zheludka.

Stomach ulcer is one of the most important problems of gastroenterology. Complicated, often recurring, giant and refractory stomach ulcers are most complex in the pathogenetic and treatment regard. The chronic and often recurring course of the disease, high percent of complications including such severe ones as perforation and bleeding, malignization, penetration and stenosis quite often result in a partial or complete disability in patients. As is well known, it is generally the most active and capable part of population that suffers from this disease.

[Frequency of relapse and gigantic stomach ulcers]. / Chasto retsidiviruiushchie i gigantskie iazvy zheludka.

Frequently recurrent stomach ulcers are ulcers that exacerbate 2-3 times per year. Indolent ulcers are ulcers for which there is no healing during three months of continuous treatment.

Effect of serotonin on gonadal function.

The role of endogenous serotonin in the regulation of spermato- and oogenesis was studied in experiments on rabbits. The involvement of the peripheral serotoninergic structures in the studied processes is demonstrated.

[Structural and functional heterogeneity of cardiomyocytes during hemodynamic loading of the rat heart]. / O strukturno-funktsional'noi geterogennosti kardiomiotsitov pri gemodinamicheskoi peregruzke serdtsa u krys.

Ultrastructural studies of cardiomyocytes during experimental aorta coarctation enabled one to divide them into 6 types: with mitochondrial swelling and enlargement of the sarcoplasmic reticulum; with primary damage to myofibrils; with disintegration of ultrastructure because of edema; with hypertrophy and hyperplasia of ultrastructures; without essential changes in organelles; and with concomitant changes in mitochondria and myofibrils. Such different reactions of cardiomyocytes are regarded as an adaptation mechanism that ensures the maintenance of heart function under extreme conditions.

[Ultrastructural characteristics of autorosette formation in vivo]. / Ul'trastrukturnaia kharakteristika autorozetkoobrazovaniia in vivo.

The interaction of extravascular erythrocytes with lymphocytes, macrophages, polymorphonuclear leucocytes and fibroblast like cells in human gastric ulcer and in post-ulcer scar was studied by means of electron microscopy and cytochemical methods. It was shown that such interaction results in autologous rosette formation. There were also autorosette in the capillaries where autorosette forming cells were endothelial cells and lymphocytes. Many kinds of autorosette forming cells were connected with some peculiarities of ulcer process in the stomach.