Parent and Well-Sibling Communication in Families With a Child Who Has a Life-Limiting Condition: Quantitative Survey Data.

OBJECTIVE: Living with a child with a life-limiting condition (LLC), for which there is no hope of cure and premature death is expected, places much stress on a family unit. Familial communication has the potential to serve as a buffer when children are faced with stressful situations. The overall aim of the study was to learn more about illness-related communication between parents and well-siblings, giving particular consideration to the amount of illness-related communication, and sibling satisfaction with familial communication. METHODS: Participants included 48 well-siblings (aged 6-21 years) of children with LLCs and their parents. Parents and well-siblings independently completed validated measures of familial communication and sibling functioning. Parents also provided demographic information and completed a questionnaire assessing amount of illness-related information provided to well-siblings. RESULTS: Parents reported that 47.8% of well-siblings never or rarely initiated conversations about their sibling's illness. Moreover, 52.2% of well-siblings never or rarely spoke about death. Amount of illness-related communication between parents and well-siblings was most strongly predicted by parental resilience and well-sibling age. Parents engaged in significantly more illness-related communication with girls than boys (t(44)=-2.28, p = .028). Well-siblings (p < .01) and parents (p < .05) rated satisfaction with familial communication significantly higher than published norms. The only significant predictor of well-sibling satisfaction with familial communication was greater familial cohesion. Family communication variables were not significantly correlated with measures of sibling functioning (all p's>.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides new information regarding parent and well-sibling communication in families who have a child with a LLC.

Living with a child who has a life-limiting condition: The functioning of well-siblings and parents.

BACKGROUND: Living with a child who has a life-limiting condition (LLC) is likely to have a major impact on all family members. There is a need to have a clearer understanding of the nature and extent of this impact on parents and well-siblings. The current study aimed to investigate the psychosocial functioning of well-siblings and parents living with a child with an LLC. Further, the study aimed to assess the resilience resources of both well-siblings and parents, giving consideration to how these relate to psychosocial functioning. METHODS: Participants included 48 well-siblings (6-21 years) and 42 parents of children with LLCs. Parents and well-siblings independently completed validated measures of child and adult functioning and personal resilience. Parents provided demographic information about the patient and family. RESULTS: The emotional, social and school functioning of well-siblings in the current study was found to be significantly poorer than published norms (all p's < .01). Parental self-reported depression, anxiety and stress scores were also all significantly poorer than published norms (all p's < .01). There was negligible agreement between well-sibling self-reported functioning and parental proxy-report of the well-siblings functioning (all r's < .126, all p's > .464). Sibling self-reported resilience was positively correlated with each of the measures of psychosocial functioning (all r's > .318, p's < .05). Parental resilience was significantly negatively correlated with depressive symptoms (r = -.369, p < .05) and anxiety symptoms (r = -.473, p < .01) but not stress scores (r = -.074, p = .644). CONCLUSION: Family members living with a child who has an LLC were found to have significantly poorer psychosocial functioning than published norms. Although one cannot infer a causal direction from the current study, greater self-reported well-sibling and parental resilience were associated with aspects of better self-reported psychosocial functioning. Future studies should assess the impact of psychosocial interventions aimed at enhancing the resilience and functioning of both well-siblings and parents.

Staphylococcus aureus immunodominant surface antigen B is a cell-surface associated nucleic acid binding protein.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus immunodominant surface antigen B (IsaB) elicits an immune response during septicemia and is generally classified as a virulence factor, but its biological function remains completely undefined. In an attempt to identify staphylococcal RNA-binding proteins, we designed an RNA Affinity Chromatography assay and subsequently isolated IsaB. RESULTS: Western analysis indicated that IsaB was both secreted and cell-surface associated. Gel Shift analysis confirmed the RNA binding activity but revealed that IsaB bound to any nucleic acid without sequence specificity. IsaB exhibited the highest affinity for double-stranded DNA followed by single-stranded DNA and RNA. Because extracellular DNA has been shown to play a role in biofilm formation, we investigated the biofilm-forming capacity of an isogenic isaB deletion mutant but we found that IsaB did not contribute to biofilm formation under any conditions tested. CONCLUSION: IsaB is an extracellular nucleic acid binding protein, with little to no sequence specificity, but its role in virulence remains unclear.

Cognitive outcomes in febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome treated with the ketogenic diet.

Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) is a newly recognized epileptic encephalopathy in which previously healthy school-aged children present with prolonged treatment-resistant status epilepticus (SE). Survivors are typically left with pharmacoresistant epilepsy and severe cognitive impairment. Various treatment regimens have been reported, all with limited success. The ketogenic diet (KD) is an alternative treatment of epilepsy and may be an appropriate choice for children with refractory SE. We report 2 previously healthy children who presented with FIRES and were placed on the KD during the acute phase of their illness. Both children experienced resolution of SE and were maintained on the KD, along with other anticonvulsant medications, for several months. Both were able to return to school, with some academic accommodations. These cases highlight the potential value of the KD as a preferred treatment in FIRES, not only in the acute setting but also for long-term management. Early KD treatment might optimize both seizure control and cognitive outcome after FIRES.