Glucocorticoid receptors in immunological subtypes of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia cells: a Pediatric Oncology Group Study.

Glucocorticoid receptors were quantitated by a whole cell method in cells from 593 children with acute leukemia at the time of diagnosis. Leukemia cells were also immunologically typed and divided into early pre-B- (not reactive with antibodies to T-lymphocyte antigens, surface immunoglobulin-negative, cytoplasmic immunoglobulin-negative), pre-B- (not reactive with antibodies to T-lymphocyte antigens, surface immunoglobulin-negative, cytoplasmic immunoglobulin-positive), B- (not reactive with antibodies to T-lymphocyte antigens, surface immunoglobulin-positive), and T- (reactive with antibodies to T-lymphocyte antigens) subtypes. There was a median of 9.7 X 10(3) sites per cell in the 359 with early pre-B-acute lymphocytic leukemia, a median of 8.1 X 10(3) sites per cell from 103 patients with pre-B-cell leukemia, and a median of 4.0 X 10(3) sites per cell from 116 patients with T-cell leukemia. The distributions per cell were significantly different among these 3 groups (P less than 0.0001). The 15 patients with B-cell disease had a median of 3.2 X 10(3) sites per cell. At the time of analysis, remission induction data are available for most of these patients. Within the early pre-B- group 291 patients with a median receptor number of 9.9 X 10(3) achieved remission, while 13 with a median receptor number of 4.8 X 10(3) did not. These distributions were significantly different (P = 0.034). Within the pre-B- and T-cell groups the distributions of receptor numbers for responders and non-responders were not significantly different. We conclude that each immunological subtype has characteristic receptor distribution. High receptor number within the null group is associated with the ability of the patient to achieve remission; however, the range of values within each patient group is too broad to use this assay as a predictor of response for any individual patient.

An alternative approach to the quantitation of glucocorticoid-receptor complexes in the nuclei of lymphoid cells.

We have developed a rapid and convenient method for the quantitative assessment of nuclear translocation of glucocorticoid-receptor complexes in lymphoid cells. In this assay, cells are incubated with [3H]dexamethasone at 4 C or 21 C, treated for 15 min at 4 C with the sulfhydryl blocking reagent sodium tetrathionate or methyl methanethiolsulfonate, and then ruptured with the neutral detergent Triton X-100 to separate the nuclei from the cytoplasmic constituents. When cells are incubated with [3H]dexamethasone at 21 C, an average of 45-60% of the specifically bound cellular radiolabel remains with the nuclei. In contrast, less than 15% of the hormone remains with the nuclei when cells are labeled at 4 C. In rat thymocytes, quantitatively similar results were obtained using this new method and a conventional method of isolating nuclei (homogenization of cells in a hypotonic buffer). For both methods, preincubation of the labeled cells with the sulfhydryl blocking reagents was essential to prevent release of the nuclear hormone (or hormone-receptor complex) by a sulfhydryl-dependent labilizing activity apparently located in the cytoplasm. The new method has been successfully used to quantitate uptake of nuclear [3H]dexamethasone-receptor complexes in rat thymocytes, human lymphocytes, and human leukemia cells of lymphoid and myeloid origin. It should prove successful for separating nuclear from cytoplasmic glucocorticoid-receptor complexes in a wide variety of cells, many of which resist disruption by more conventional techniques.

Comparison between x-ray and bone scan detection of bone metastases in patients with rhabdomyosarcoma.

A comparison of radiographic and 99mTechnetium methyldiphosphonate scintigraphic evaluations for extent of skeletal disease was made retrospectively in 17 pediatric patients with Group III and IV rhabdomyosarcoma. Thirteen children had evidence of skeletal metastases. Of these, four exhibited multiple sites of blastic as well as lytic skeletal involvement on x-rays that were not detected by bone scans: two at the time of initial diagnosis, and two at relapse in children with prior radiotherapy to involved bones. In three additional patients a greater extent of bony disease was evident on x-rays than on bone scan. Neither the pathology of the tumor, lytic versus blastic quality of the bone lesion, nor lesion size per se was found to correlate with the failure to detect them on the bone scan. Although bone scans have greater sensitivity than x-rays for the detection of metastatic bone involvement in several adult and pediatric neoplasms, in the case of rhabdomyosarcoma, the radiographic exam appears to be a more sensitive indicator in some patients and should be considered an essential study in the evaluation of skeletal involvement by this tumor.

Immunologic and clinicopathologic features of common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen-positive childhood T-cell leukemia. A Pediatric Oncology Group Study.

The immunologic and clinicopathologic features of common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA)-positive and CALLA-negative T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and of CALLA-positive non-T, non-B ALL (common ALL) of childhood were compared. Twenty-seven percent of children with T-ALL had blasts that expressed CALLA. This expression was not associated with a significantly different incidence of expression of sheep erythrocyte-rosette receptors, glucocorticoid receptors, peanut agglutinin receptors, or T-cell antigens. CALLA-positive T-cell blasts were more likely to express a p24 leukemia-associated antigen (CD9, 50% versus 8%) and Ia antigens (39% versus 8%) than were CALLA-negative blasts. Patients with CALLA-positive and CALLA-negative T-ALL had similar clinicopathologic features at diagnosis. In contrast, compared to patients with common ALL, patients with CALLA-positive T-ALL were older, had higher leukocyte counts, and an increased incidence of splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and mediastinal mass, similar to patients with CALLA-negative T-ALL. Patients with CALLA-positive T-ALL were more likely to achieve a complete remission (95% versus 83%, P = 0.055) and tended to have an increased duration of event-free survival (P = 0.07) than did patients with CALLA-negative T-ALL. The expression of T-cell antigens is more important than the expression of CALLA in defining biologically similar subgroups of childhood ALL. Preliminary evidence suggests that within T-ALL the expression of CALLA may be prognostically important.

High glucocorticoid receptor content of leukemic blasts is a favorable prognostic factor in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

We have previously shown that the number of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) per cell in malignant lymphoblasts from children with newly diagnosed pre-B- and early pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has a positive correlation with the probability of successful remission induction (Quddus et al, Cancer Res, 45:6482, 1985). We report now on the long-term outcome for these patients treated on a single protocol with 3 different treatment arms, all of which included glucocorticoid pulses during maintenance therapy. GR were quantitated in leukemic cells from 546 children with ALL at the time of diagnosis. Immunophenotyping studies were performed on all specimens. Prior studies showed that in pre-B- and early pre-B-cell ALL, successful remission induction was associated with a median GR number of 9,900 sites/cell, whereas induction failure was associated with a median receptor number of 4,800 sites/cell. Long-term follow-up of these patients shows an association between higher GR number and improved prognosis. The 5-year event-free survival of 61.0% (SE 2.8%) for patients whose leukemic cells had greater than 8,000 receptors/cell and 47.3% (SE 3.3%) for those with less than 8,000 receptors/cell is significantly different (P < .001). This difference remains significant when adjusted multivariately for blast immunophenotype and clinical risk factors (P < .001) or for treatment type (P < .001). We conclude that GR number greater than 8,000 sites/leukemic cell is a favorable prognostic marker for children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. This finding offers deeper insights into molecular mechanisms of anti-leukemia therapy and suggests that manipulation of steroid receptor number might augment the antitumor response, thus opening new avenues for basic and clinical research.