Application of the Polar Coordinate Technique in the Study of Technical-Tactical Scoring Actions in Taekwondo.

The objective of this study was to design, validate and update an observation tool to analyse the technical-tactical actions by which taekwondo players win points. An ad hoc observational tool was developed for subsequent use in HOISAN software by viewing seven finals (14 viewings) in the Rome 2019 Grand Prix, collecting data (1,382 technical/tactical actions) from both winners and losers (women, n = 3; men, n = 4). An observational methodology based on a nomothetic, follow-up and multidimensional (N/F/M) observational design was used. In the statistical analysis, to check the validity of the generalizability analysis, the Category/Observer (C/O) and Observer/Category (O/C) models were employed, and to determine reliability between observations (intra- and interobserver), the Pearson, Spearman, Kendall's tau-b and Cohen's kappa correlation coefficients were applied. One point were awarded for every penalty given against the opponent. Two points were obtained for a circular technique to the trunk protector (in winners) or by scoring a point for a punch plus a penalty against the opponent, three points in melee actions, anticipatory actions with the left side (winners), or after a punch action, and circular technique (losers). Four and five points were only obtained by winners, in a direct attack with the right leg, turning (five points) or simultaneous (four points). The results of this study provide information on the most effective technical-tactical actions in taekwondo for scoring points in a contest.

Data Mining and Polar Coordinates in the Analysis by Gender of Finishing Behaviors in Professional Basketball Pick and Roll.

The open nature of basketball gives it a large uncertainty that makes hard the tactical analysis of the situations that happen in the game. Specifically, screens are one of the offensive tactical elements most used in basketball and one example of a tactical situation that needs the highest preparation level to get a good performance in the competition. The aim of this study is to differentiate these player behaviors by gender using data mining and polar coordinates analysis. Therefore, one ad hoc observational tool made by 17 criteria and 97 exhaustive and mutually exclusive (E/ME) categories has been designed and validated using the data quality analysis (correlation coefficients and concordance index 0.98) and generalizability analysis (G coefficients 0.94) to perform such a study. The observational design is nomothetic, punctual, and multidimensional. A total of 176 ball screens situations have been analyzed for the men's category and 118 for women's category, corresponding to three different teams of each gender playing in the highest competition level in Spain during the 2018/2019 season using Hoisan software tool. The analysis of the relationships among behaviors has been performed using Polar Coordinates analysis as well as data mining analysis: clustering and decision tree classifier. Results show significant relationships that allow us to tactically interpret the pick and roll situations in men's and women's professional basketball players in Spain, allowing us to develop more intervention programs which will optimize training and improve players performance.

Test para evaluar la rapidez específica en porteras de balonmano de la preselección nacional cubana / Teste para avaliar a velocidade específica dos goleiros nacionais cubanos de pré-seleção de handebol / Test to evaluate the specific speed in female handball goalkeepers of the Cuban national preselection

RESUMEN Introducción: El portero de balonmano debe poseer una excelente condición física para superar las múltiples exigencias actuales del juego. En el juego ofensivo, se constata un aumento en la velocidad de las acciones, fuerza y la resistencia de los jugadores y un elevado bagaje técnico-táctico, entre otros, por lo que los porteros necesitan destacar la rapidez específica en su posición en los que se encuentran los desplazamientos defensivos ante los lanzamientos a portería. Objetivo: El estudio que se presenta tuvo por objetivo diseñar un test para la evaluación y control de la rapidez específica de las porteras de la preselección nacional cubana de balonmano. En la investigación, participaron las tres porteras de la selección nacional cubana de balonmano que se preparaban para el ciclo olímpico 2012-2016, y que posteriormente asistieron al Campeonato Panamericano La Habana, 2015. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron métodos teóricos y empíricos como el sistémico estructural funcional, la observación directa y la medición. Resultados: Se presentaron los resultados de los análisis llevados a cabo en el estudio. De acuerdo con las observaciones realizadas a los entrenamientos de la preparación, se constató que no se contaba con un instrumento para evaluar y controlar la rapidez específica de la posición de las porteras, se incluían en el control y evaluación de las jugadoras de campo; por lo que no se tenía una valoración del estado de esta capacidad esencial en esta posición en el balonmano. Conclusiones: Tras la aplicación del test y la valoración de los especialistas y los miembros de la comisión nacional de balonmano, se incorporó el Test en el Programa de Preparación Integral del Deportista de la disciplina por los resultados alcanzados de manera ascendente por las porteras durante la preparación y la competencia.

SÍNTESE Introdução: O goleiro de handebol deve possuir uma excelente condição física para superar as múltiplas exigências atuais do jogo. No jogo ofensivo, há um aumento na velocidade das ações, força e resistência dos jogadores e um alto background técnico-táctico, entre outros, portanto os goleiros precisam destacar a velocidade específica em sua posição na qual os deslocamentos defensivos antes dos chutes a gol são encontrados. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi elaborar um teste para a avaliação e controle da velocidade específica dos goleiros da equipe nacional cubana de pré-seleção de handebol. A pesquisa envolveu os três goleiros da seleção nacional cubana de handebol que se preparavam para o ciclo olímpico 2012-2016, e que posteriormente participaram do Campeonato Pan-Americano de 2015 em Havana. Materiais e métodos: Foram utilizados métodos teóricos e empíricos, tais como sistêmico estrutural funcional, observação direta e medição. Resultados: Foram apresentados os resultados das análises realizadas no estudo. De acordo com as observações feitas nas sessões de treinamento da preparação, verificou-se que não havia nenhum instrumento para avaliar e controlar a velocidade específica da posição dos goleiros, eles foram incluídos no controle e avaliação dos jogadores de campo; portanto, não houve avaliação do estado desta capacidade essencial nesta posição no handebol. Conclusões: Após a aplicação do teste e a avaliação dos especialistas e dos membros da comissão nacional de handebol, o teste foi incorporado ao Programa de Preparação Integral do Desportista da disciplina devido aos resultados alcançados de forma ascendente pelos goleiros durante a preparação e a competição.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The handball goalkeeper must have an excellent physical condition to overcome the multiple current demands of the game. In the offensive game, there is an increase in the speed of the actions, strength and endurance of the players and a high technical-tactical background, among others, so the goalkeepers need to highlight the specific speed in their position in which are the defensive movements before the shots on goal. Objective: The present study aimed to design a test for the evaluation and control of the specific speed of the goalkeepers of the Cuban national handball team. The three goalkeepers of the Cuban national handball team who were preparing for the 2012-2016 Olympic cycle, and who later attended the Pan American Championship in Havana, 2015, participated in the research. Materials and methods: Theoretical and empirical methods were used, such as functional structural systemic, direct observation and measurement. Results: The results of the analyses carried out in the study were presented. According to the observations made during the training sessions, it was found that there was no instrument to evaluate and control the specific speed of the goalkeepers' position, they were included in the control and evaluation of the field players; therefore, there was no assessment of the state of this essential capacity in this position in handball. Conclusions: After the application of the test and the evaluation of the specialists and the members of the national handball commission, the Test was incorporated into the Comprehensive Preparation Program for the Athlete of the discipline due to the results achieved in an ascending manner by the goalkeepers during the preparation and competition.

Estrategia de superación para entrenadores de béisbol, categoría social en La Isla de la Juventud / Strategy of improvement for baseball coaches, social category in the Isle of Youth

RESUMEN El béisbol es un deporte de espectáculo que atrae gran cantidad de espectadores. Su práctica se realiza desde edades muy tempranas teniendo en cuenta aquellos elementos que permiten al practicante una correcta asimilación de los elementos del juego. Para elevar los resultados de los atletas de Béisbol se hace necesario perfeccionar la preparación de los entrenadores conductores del proceso de adiestramiento deportivo, donde la superación ejerce un papel primordial. El diagnóstico realizado a la preparación de los equipos de Béisbol de la categoría social, mediante el empleo de métodos científicos de los niveles teórico, empírico y estadísticos, reveló insuficiencias teórico-práctico-metodológicas de los profesores de este deporte en el municipio especial Isla de la Juventud, los cuales repercuten desfavorablemente en sus resultados y la preparación de los atletas, ello motiva a proponer una estrategia de superación para el mejoramiento del profesional guía de dicho proceso. La estrategia de superación en su concepción, propone acciones indispensables en las cuales se conjugan las leyes, categorías y principios del Béisbol, además se ofrecen nuevas formas para concebir el proceso de superación en la Isla de la Juventud, tales como los cursos de superación referidos a la Didáctica del deporte, los talleres pedagógicos-metodológicos y las actividades de autosuperación.

ABSTRACT Baseball is a spectacle sport that attracts a large number of spectators. Its practice is carried out from very early ages taking into account those elements that allow the practitioner a correct assimilation of the elements of the game. In order to raise the results of baseball athletes, it is necessary to perfect the preparation of the coaches who lead the process of sports training, where overcoming exercises a primordial role. The diagnosis made, with the use of scientific methods of the theoretical, empirical and statistical levels, to the preparation of the Baseball teams of the social category, revealed theoretical-practical-methodological insufficiencies of the coaches of this sport in the special municipality Isla of Youth, which have an unfavorable impact on their results and the preparation of athletes, which leads to propose a strategy of improvement for the improvement of the professional who leads that process. The strategy of overcoming in its conception, proposes strategic actions in which the laws, categories and principles are combined, in addition new ways are offered to conceive the process of improvement in the Isle of Youth, such as the improvement courses referred to the Didactics of sport, pedagogical-methodological workshops and self-improvement activities.