Pathophysiological Link between Insulin Resistance and Adrenal Incidentalomas.

Adrenal incidentalomas are incidentally discovered adrenal masses greater than one centimeter in diameter. An association between insulin resistance and adrenal incidentalomas has been established. However, the pathophysiological link between these two conditions remains incompletely characterized. This review examines the literature on the interrelationship between insulin resistance and adrenal masses, their subtypes, and related pathophysiology. Some studies show that functional and non-functional adrenal masses elicit systemic insulin resistance, whereas others conclude the inverse. Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and the anabolic effects on adrenal gland tissue, which have insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors, offer possible pathophysiological links. Conversely, autonomous adrenal cortisol secretion generates visceral fat accumulation and insulin resistance. Further investigation into the mechanisms and timing of these two pathologies as they relate to one another is needed and could be valuable in the prevention, detection, and treatment of both conditions.

Hell's Itch: A Unique Reaction to UV Exposure.

We present a survey-based exploration of Hell's Itch, a severe dermatologic reaction often mistaken for sunburn, that reveals distinct symptoms including intense pain, unrelenting itching, paresthesia, and even suicidal ideation, differentiating it from a typical sunburn.

Cutaneous Manifestations of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use in Bodybuilders and the Dermatologist's Role in Patient Care.

Young adults have been increasingly facing pressure to achieve an appealing athletic physique, often influenced by social media influencers on platforms like Instagram. This viewpoint highlights the association between image-centric social media, dissatisfied body image, the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) to achieve desired results, and the overlooked dermatological side effects of AAS, including acne and acne fulminans. We underscore the importance of recognizing acne fulminans as an indicator of possible AAS abuse and encourage dermatologists to actively identify and address AAS use to improve their patients' well-being.

Potential Therapeutic Targets for Combination Antibody Therapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections.

Despite advances in antimicrobial therapy and even the advent of some effective vaccines, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) remains a significant cause of infectious disease, primarily due to antibiotic resistance. Although P. aeruginosa is commonly treatable with readily available therapeutics, these therapies are not always efficacious, particularly for certain classes of patients (e.g., cystic fibrosis (CF)) and for drug-resistant strains. Multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa infections are listed on both the CDC's and WHO's list of serious worldwide threats. This increasing emergence of drug resistance and prevalence of P. aeruginosa highlights the need to identify new therapeutic strategies. Combinations of monoclonal antibodies against different targets and epitopes have demonstrated synergistic efficacy with each other as well as in combination with antimicrobial agents typically used to treat these infections. Such a strategy has reduced the ability of infectious agents to develop resistance. This manuscript details the development of potential therapeutic targets for polyclonal antibody therapies to combat the emergence of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa infections. In particular, potential drug targets for combinational immunotherapy against P. aeruginosa are identified to combat current and future drug resistance.